Work in Dr. Ogunwobi&#8217;s laboratory is supported by a Research Centers in Minority Institutions Program grant from the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (MD007599) of the National Institutes of Health. The contents of this manuscript are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIMHD or the NIH.

Etik Beyanı: Tüm hayvan çalışmaları New York Şehir Üniversitesi Hunter College Kurumsal Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Komitesi (IACUC) tarafından onaylanmıştır. 1. Ön deneme İşlemleri <ol><li> Hayvan tesis varışta, başlangıçta süzülmüş üst ve ahşap talaş yatak ile bir kafese 3 BALB / c fareler ev. Fareler yiyecek, purina kemirgen yemi ve su ücretsiz erişimi olduğundan emin olun. Kafesleri haftada bir kez temizlenmesi gerekir iken Yatak ve gıda haftada iki kez değiştirilmelidir. </li><li> Dakika başına 1 L sabit bir akış oranında oksijenle birlikte izofluran buharlaştırıcı kullanılarak farelerde, genel anestezi neden. Sistem kendine güvenen ve hassas buharlaştırıcı içerir. </li><li> Buna bağlı hassas buharlaştırıcı ve gaz / anestezik sistemine sahip bir plastik kutu içinde Pozisyon hayvan. Hayvan hangi noktada 2 buharlaştırıcı düşürmek, bilinçsiz kadar Başlangıçta 2.5 buharlaştırıcı ayarlayın. </li><li> O zaman, geçişVana hattı, kutu onu sızdırmazlık ve burun konisi onu açmadan. </li><li> Burun konisi (bakım anestezi için) düzgün yerleştirilmiş ve bağlanmış olan, hazırlık alanına hayvan hareket ettirin. </li><li> Fare başına implantasyon için 5 x 10 6 BNL 1ME A.7R.1 fare HCC hücreleri hazırla. BNL 1ME A.7R.1 ortamında büyüyen olmalıdır (% 10 ısı ile inaktive edilmiş FBS,% 1 penisilin / streptomisin ve 2 mM L-Glutamin) hava ve% 5 ile nemlendirilmiş bir kuluçka makinesi içinde 37 ° C&#39;de bir hücre kültür kabı içinde inkübe CO 2. </li><li> Bir şırınga, bir 20 G iğne sahip olan, BALB / c farelerinin karaciğerinin bir kulak memesine 5 x 10 6 BNL 1ME A.7R.1 fare hepatoselüler karsinoma hücreleri ihtiva eden PBS implant 100 ul primer tümör üretmek. Sonrası emplantasyon ev ön implantasyonu ile aynı ev gereksinimleri olan bir kafese, BALB / c farelerinde indüklenmiştir. </li><li> Deneysel uç noktada, hepatosellüler karsinom klinik kanıt vücut kondisyonu önemli azalma olarak gözlemlenebilir(genellikle 4 hafta sonra tespit) skoru. Bu noktada, metastatik yatakları akciğerlerde oluşmuş ise primer tümörler, karaciğer gelişmiştir bir olasılık mevcuttur. Bundan sonra, dolaşan tümör hücrelerinin izolasyonu ve yayılma süreci başlar. </li></ol> Tümör Hücre İzolasyonu Sirkülasyon Tüm Kanı 2. Koleksiyonu NOT: Düzgün cerrahi alan dezenfekte ve dağınıklıktan arınmış olduğundan emin olun. Tüm cerrahi aletler otoklav veya üreticinin tavsiyesine göre bir dezenfektan emmek <ol><li> Deneysel sonu noktasında insani ötenazi (tümör gelişiminin klinik kanıt) tarafından fareler Kurban. Farelerin Euthanization CO2 boğulmaya içermelidir. Anestezi onaylamak için düzgün fareler uyun doğru dağıtılır. Solunum durduracak şekilde 10 dakika - Karbondioksit 5 bir süre boyunca odaya yavaş yavaş serbest bırakılması gerekir. Intrakardiyak kan kaybından ve cervic tarafından takipal çıkığı. 5 </li><li> Tam kan toplanması için bir 1 ml şırınga bağlanmış bir 25 G iğne kullanın. 0,01 mi heparin ile şırınga Heparanize. Xyphisternum yaklaşık 45 ° açı ile aşağı iğne ile hemen Delinme cilt. Kalbi delinme yavaş yavaş iğne Advance, sonra iğnenin açısını azaltın. Mütemadiyen yerinde iğne ve şırınga tutun ve 500 ul dışarı çıkartalım - kalpten kanın 1.000 ul. </li><li> Şırınga ve iğne çıkarın ve önceden etiketlenmiş 1.5 ml&#39;lik pirojensiz tüp içine kan transferi. 5 dakika boyunca 1167 x g&#39;de 1.5 mi pirojensiz tüpe tam kan santrifüjleyin. Not: santrifüj, üç tabaka halinde, tüm kan örneğinin ayırır: kırmızı kan hücreleri, buffy coat bir ara ince tabaka, ve bir üst plazma katmanının oluşan alt ya da hematokrit katmanı. </li><li> Pipetle dikkatlice plazmayı çıkarın ve Furth için ayrı 1.5 ml pirojensiz tüp içine toplamaBu tür hücre içermeyen nükleik asitlerin 7 algılama gibi er deneyleri. </li><li> Dolaşımdaki tümör hücrelerinin (kapalı zaman eğrilerinin) izolasyonu için, kırmızı kan hücresi (RBC) lizis hazırlanmasında ayrı bir 1.5 mi pirojensiz tüp içine buffy coat toplar. Bu ince beyaz tabaka tabakası kalıntı eritrositlerde kaldırmak için gereklidir. </li></ol> Kırmızı kan hücresi (RBC) Liziz Tamponu 3. Tarif <ol><li> RBC parçalama tamponu 1 L&#39;lik bir çözelti sağlayın. </li><li> Bir amonyum klorür 500 ml Tris, 500 ml sağlayın. Daha sonra amonyum klorür 155 mM ve Tris, 10 mM bir son konsantrasyonda olan RBC parçalama tamponu 1 L&#39;lik bir çözelti oluşturmak için karıştırılır. </li><li> 7.5 arasında bir pH değerine çözeltisi Tampon. 2 8 ° C&#39;de RBC parçalama tamponu Mağaza ve kullanımdan hemen önce oda sıcaklığına getirin. </li></ol> Buffy Coat 4. RBC Liziz <ol><li> Toplanan ince beyaz tabakayı içeren steril pirojensiz bir 1.5 ml&#39;lik tübe RBC parçalama tamponu 1 ml ilave edilir. </li><li> Tüpün içeriği karıştırınbirden çok kez ters yüz. Bankta oda sıcaklığında 5 dakika boyunca karıştırılır tüpün içeriği inkübe edin. X g 1.167 5 dakika boyunca karıştırılır içeriği santrifüjleyin. </li><li> Santrifüj işleminden sonra, beyazımsı bir pelet elde edilir. Pelet herhangi bir kesinti olmadan yavaş ve dikkatli% 10 çamaşır suyu içine kırmızımsı süpernatant atın. 3.5 - pelet beyazımsı değilse, yeniden do 3.1 adımları tekrarlayın. 10 RBC parçalama tamponunda kuluçka süresinin arttırılması - 15 dakika da yararlı olabilir. </li><li> % 10 çamaşır suyu biyolojik atık arındırma 24 saat sonra tamamlandığında Güvenle biyolojik atıkların imha edin. </li></ol> Hücre Kültürü 5. Yayılım Not: Tümör hücreleri tipik olarak hızlı bir şekilde hücreler kabı içine ekilmiş hücrelerin özgün bir karışımı bol miktarda bulunan, beyaz kan hücreleri büyümektedir. Ortamının tekrar tekrar değiştirme ve kapalı zaman eğrilerinin sonraki geçişleri sonra tüm akyuvar çıkarılır ve kapalı zaman eğrilerinin nispeten saf popülasyon kalır. <ol><li> Sonraki% 10 çamaşır suyu içine süpernatant atarak, hücre kültürü içinde yayılma için tam kültür ortamı içinde en az bir kez 1 ml fosfat tamponlu salin (PBS) içinde beyaz pelet yıkayın ve süspansiyon haline getirin. </li><li> Yıkama işlemi tamamlandıktan sonra, pelet tam BNL 1ME A.7R.1 kültür ortamında (FBS,% 10 ısı,% 1 penisilin / streptomisin ve 2 mM L-Glutamin) 1 ml ekleyin ve kültür ortamında pelletini. </li><li> Bir hücre kültür çanak içine hücreleri yeniden süspanse karışımı Tohum. Hava ve% 5 CO2 ile nemlendirilmiş bir kuluçka makinesi içinde 37 ° C&#39;de hücre kültürü çanağı inkübe edin. </li><li> Her iki veya üç gün hücre kültür ortamı değiştirin. Beş ila yedi gün sonra, KTC hücre kültürü çanak yapıştırılır ve çoğalan başlamış olacak. Bu hücreler 25 pasajlar ötesinde ve tekrarlanan donma ve çözülme döngüleri 5 sonra canlı kalacaktır. </li></ol> Hepatosellüler karsinom 6. Doğrulama Tümör Hücre Hattı Sirkülasyon <ol><li> Ap gerçekleştirinzincir reaksiyonu (PCR) bazlı bir yöntem olymerase, yeni bir CTC hücre çizgileri, orijinal implante BNL 1ME A.7R.1 HCC çizgi gibi fare hücreleri kurulan onaylamak için fare β-globin geninin sadece tek bir özel DNA bölümünün yükseltilmesi için. Yöntem aslında anlatılan ve Steube ark doğrulandı. 5,8 </li><li> Belirli bir antikor kullanarak protein 3 gibi 3 (CREB3L3) bağlanma hepatosite özel işaretleyici cAMP yanıt elemanı için immün gerçekleştirin. Bu kurulan KTC gerçekten orijinal implante BNL 1ME A.7R.1 hücre hattı gibi hepatositlerin bu romanı teyit edecektir. 5 </li></ol>

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	<li>Ashworth, T. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+case+of+cancer+in+which+cells+similar+to+those+in+the+tumors+were+seen+in+the+blood+after+death.">A case of cancer in which cells similar to those in the tumors were seen in the blood after death.</a> Australian Medical Journal. 1869, 146-147 (14).</li><li>van de Stolpe, A., den Toonder, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circulating+Tumor+Cells:+What+Is+in+It+for+the+Patient?+A+Vision+towards+the+Future.">Circulating Tumor Cells: What Is in It for the Patient? A Vision towards the Future.</a> Cancers. 6, 1195-1207 (2014).</li><li>Sheng, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capture,+release+and+culture+of+circulating+tumor+cells+from+pancreatic+cancer+patients+using+an+enhanced+mixing+chip.">Capture, release and culture of circulating tumor cells from pancreatic cancer patients using an enhanced mixing chip.</a> Lab on a chip. 14, 89-98 (2014).</li><li>George, T. J., Ogunwobi, O. O., Sheng, W., Fan, Z. H., Liu, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=&#34;Tissue+is+the+issue&#34;:+circulating+tumor+cells+in+pancreatic+cancer.">&#34;Tissue is the issue&#34;: circulating tumor cells in pancreatic cancer.</a> Journal of gastrointestinal cancer. , (2014).</li><li>Ogunwobi, O. O., Puszyk, W., Dong, H. J., Liu, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epigenetic+upregulation+of+HGF+and+c-Met+drives+metastasis+in+hepatocellular+carcinoma.">Epigenetic upregulation of HGF and c-Met drives metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma.</a> PloS one. 8, e63765 (2013).</li><li>Cheng, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transparent,+biocompatible+nanostructured+surfaces+for+cancer+cell+capture+and+culture.">Transparent, biocompatible nanostructured surfaces for cancer cell capture and culture.</a> International journal of nanomedicine. 9, 2569-2580 (2014).</li><li>Yu, M., Stott, S., Toner, M., Maheswaran, S., Haber, D. 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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

In this study, how to isolate and propagate CTCs from the whole blood of a syngeneic mouse with HCC were described. The objective of this work is to enhance the ongoing studies of the mechanisms of cancer metastasis. 
A factor that contributes to the poor prognosis of many cancers is the lack of timely detection and consequent widespread dissemination of the malignancy3. CTCs originate from primary cancers and spread via the blood stream to distant organs. As such, CTCs are importan...

The cancer research community has known of the existence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) since first being observed by Thomas Ashworth in 18691. Since then, CTCs have been shown to be important in tumor metastasis and disease progression2-5. Today, solid tumors are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. CTCs are rare cells that originate from primary tumors and travel through the blood stream to different organs of which only a small fraction ultimately develop into metastasis2-5. Notably, there is positive correlation between tumor size and CTC number3,4. 
An understanding of CTC biology can contribute to the search for targeted therapy. Furthermore, CTCs may have diagnostic applications. To achieve these potential clinical applications, one needs to overcome some current challenges to studying CTCs. One challenge is related to the fact that CTCs may be present as single cells or as clusters and they may even be able to change their phenotype in response to the blood microenvironment2. Moreover, detection can be very challenging, in part, due to the low count of CTCs (a few to hundreds per milliliter) among one billionhematologic cells per milliliterin the blood6. Nevertheless, in recent years, research into the potential clinical applications of CTCs from solid organ cancers has intensified.
Despite these efforts, the challenges of studying and understanding the role of CTCs persist due to the rarity of CTCs and the inadequacy of the technological tools currently available. Despite these challenges, the tremendous potential for clinical applications continues to be an incentive to pursue research into the role of CTCs in cancer metastasis.
We were recently successful in isolating and propagating in cell culture CTCs from an orthotopic syngeneic mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastasis5. The purpose of the current paper is to describe in detail all aspects of the successful methodology. The significance of this methodology lies in the fact that this approach may be modified in order to successfully isolate and propagate in culture human CTCs, thus enhancing the possibility of in vitro studies of CTC biology. 
There are multiple potential clinical applications for the use of CTCs. CTCs may be useful for prognosis, response monitoring, screening, dynamic monitoring of tumor molecular alterations, and personalized therapy4. Therefore, a better understanding of the biology of CTCs has high potential for clinical impact.

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isolation and propagation of circulating tumor cells from a mouse cancer model

Cancer metastasis is the foremost cause of cancer-associated deaths. Recent studies have shown that circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are important in cancer metastasis. Indeed, the number of CTCs correlates with tumor size. Here, a detailed description is provided of a methodology for isolation and propagation of CTCs from a syngeneic mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) which allows for downstream analysis of potentially important molecular mechanisms of solid organ tumor metastasis. This method is efficient and reproducible. It is a non-invasive technique and, therefore, has potential to replace the invasive biopsy of tissues from humans which may be associated with complications. Therefore, the method discussed here allows for the isolation and propagation of CTCs from whole blood samples such that they can be examined and characterized. This has potential for future adaptation for clinical applications such as diagnosis, and personalized targeted therapy.

Burada tarif edilen yöntem kapalı zaman eğrilerinin izole edilebilir olduğunu göstermiştir. Fareler insanca deneysel sonu noktasında ötenazi edildi. Süreç katılan karbondioksit asfiksi, intra-kardiyak kan kaybı ve servikal dislokasyon. Prosedürün temel aşamalarının bir şeması, Şekil 2 &#39;de gösterilmiştir. Intrakardiyak eksanguinasyon yoluyla toplanan tam kan örnekleri, yukarıda tarif edilen protokol kullanılarak işlenmiştir. Bundan sonra, santrifüjleme RBC...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Propagation of Circulating Tumor Cells from a Mouse Cancer Model at JoVE.com

Isolation and Propagation of Circulating Tumor Cells from a Mouse Cancer Model

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been shown to play an important role in tumor metastasis. Here, a method for the isolation and propagation of CTCs from the whole blood of a syngeneic mouse tumor model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastasis is described.

Fare Kanser Modeli Tümör Hücreleri Sirkülasyon İzolasyonu ve Yayılım

Cancer metastasis is the foremost cause of cancer-associated deaths. Recent studies have shown that circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are important in cancer ...

isolation-propagation-circulating-tumor-cells-from-mouse-cancer

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

11.9K Görüntüleme.  Hunter College of The City University of New York. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been shown to play an important role in tumor metastasis. Here, a method for the isolation and propagation of CTCs from the whole blood of a syngeneic mouse tumor model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastasis is described.

Video: Isolation and Propagation of Circulating Tumor Cells from a Mouse Cancer Model

Multi-photon Imaging of Tumor Cell Invasion in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient management strategies. Orthotopic mouse models of oral cancer have been developed to facilitate the study of factors that impact invasion and serve as model system for evaluating anti-tumor therapeutics. In these systems, visualization of disseminated tumor cells within oral cavity tissues has typically been conducted by either conventional histology or with in vivo bioluminescent methods. A primary drawback of these techniques is the inherent inability to accurately visualize and quantify early tumor cell invasion arising from the primary site in three dimensions. Here we describe a protocol that combines an established model for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCOT) with two-photon imaging to allow multi-vectorial visualization of lingual tumor spread. The OSC-19 head and neck tumor cell line was stably engineered to express the F-actin binding peptide LifeAct fused to the mCherry fluorescent protein (LifeAct-mCherry). Fox1nu/nu mice injected with these cells reliably form tumors that allow the tongue to be visualized by ex-vivo application of two-photon microscopy. This technique allows for the orthotopic visualization of the tumor mass and locally invading cells in excised tongues without disruption of the regional tumor microenvironment. In addition, this system allows for the quantification of tumor cell invasion by calculating distances that invaded cells move from the primary tumor site. Overall this procedure provides an enhanced model system for analyzing factors that contribute to SCOT invasion and therapeutic treatments tailored to prevent local invasion and distant metastatic spread. This method also has the potential to be ultimately combined with other imaging modalities in an in vivo setting.

A comprehensive overview of the techniques involved in generating a mouse model of oral cancer and quantitative monitoring of tumor invasion within the tongue through multi-photon microscopy of labeled cells is presented. This system can serve as a useful platform for the molecular assessment and drug efficacy of anti-invasive compounds.

Oral Skuamöz Hücre Karsinomu Ortotopik Fare Modeli Tümör Hücre Invasion Multi-foton Görüntüleme

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient ...

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In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model

It is well recognized that tumor hypoxia plays an important role in promoting malignant progression and affecting therapeutic response negatively. There is little knowledge about in situ, in vivo, tumor hypoxia during intracranial development of malignant brain tumors because of lack of efficient means to monitor it in these deep-seated orthotopic tumors. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI), based on the detection of light emitted by living cells expressing a luciferase gene, has been rapidly adopted for cancer research, in particular, to evaluate tumor growth or tumor size changes in response to treatment in preclinical animal studies. Moreover, by expressing a reporter gene under the control of a promoter sequence, the specific gene expression can be monitored non-invasively by BLI. Under hypoxic stress, signaling responses are mediated mainly via the hypoxia inducible factor-1&alpha; (HIF-1&alpha;) to drive transcription of various genes. Therefore, we have used a HIF-1&alpha; reporter construct, 5HRE-ODD-luc, stably transfected into human breast cancer MDA-MB231 cells (MDA-MB231/5HRE-ODD-luc). In vitro HIF-1&alpha; bioluminescence assay is performed by incubating the transfected cells in a hypoxic chamber (0.1% O2) for 24 hr before BLI, while the cells in normoxia (21% O2) serve as a control. Significantly higher photon flux observed for the cells under hypoxia suggests an increased HIF-1&alpha; binding to its promoter (HRE elements), as compared to those in normoxia. Cells are injected directly into the mouse brain to establish a breast cancer brain metastasis model. In vivo bioluminescence imaging of tumor hypoxia dynamics is initiated 2 wks after implantation and repeated once a week. BLI reveals increasing light signals from the brain as the tumor progresses, indicating increased intracranial tumor hypoxia. Histological and immunohistochemical studies are used to confirm the in vivo imaging results. Here, we will introduce approaches of in vitro HIF-1&alpha; bioluminescence assay, surgical establishment of a breast cancer brain metastasis in a nude mouse and application of in vivo bioluminescence imaging to monitor intracranial tumor hypoxia.

In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model

Bioluminescence imaging of hypoxia inducible factor-1&alpha; activity is applied to monitor intracranial tumor hypoxia development in a breast cancer brain metastasis mouse model.

Meme Kanseri Beyin metastaz tümör Hipoksi Dynamics in vivo Biyoparlaklık Görüntüleme Fare Modeli

It is well recognized that tumor hypoxia plays an important role in promoting malignant progression and affecting therapeutic response negatively. There ...

Combination Radiotherapy in an Orthotopic Mouse Brain Tumor Model

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are the most common and aggressive adult primary brain tumors1. In recent years there has been substantial progress in the understanding of the mechanics of tumor invasion, and direct intracerebral inoculation of tumor provides the opportunity of observing the invasive process in a physiologically appropriate environment2. As far as human brain tumors are concerned, the orthotopic models currently available are established either by stereotaxic injection of cell suspensions or implantation of a solid piece of tumor through a complicated craniotomy procedure3. In our technique we harvest cells from tissue culture to create a cell suspension used to implant directly into the brain. The duration of the surgery is approximately 30 minutes, and as the mouse needs to be in a constant surgical plane, an injectable anesthetic is used. The mouse is placed in a stereotaxic jig made by Stoetling (figure 1). After the surgical area is cleaned and prepared, an incision is made; and the bregma is located to determine the location of the craniotomy. The location of the craniotomy is 2 mm to the right and 1 mm rostral to the bregma. The depth is 3 mm from the surface of the skull, and cells are injected at a rate of 2 &mu;l every 2 minutes. The skin is sutured with 5-0 PDS, and the mouse is allowed to wake up on a heating pad. From our experience, depending on the cell line, treatment can take place from 7-10 days after surgery. Drug delivery is dependent on the drug composition. For radiation treatment the mice are anesthetized, and put into a custom made jig. Lead covers the mouse's body and exposes only the brain of the mouse. The study of tumorigenesis and the evaluation of new therapies for GBM require accurate and reproducible brain tumor animal models. Thus we use this orthotopic brain model to study the interaction of the microenvironment of the brain and the tumor, to test the effectiveness of different therapeutic agents with and without radiation.

The purpose of this article is to describe the use of an orthotopic glioblastoma model for chemoradiation studies. This article will go though cell processing, implanting, and radiotherapy of the mouse using an intracranial model.

Bir Ortotopik Fare Beyin Tümörü Modelinde Kombinasyon Radyoterapi

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are the most common and aggressive adult primary brain tumors1. In recent years there has been substantial progress in the ...

Screening for Melanoma Modifiers using a Zebrafish Autochthonous Tumor Model

Genomic studies of human cancers have yielded a wealth of information about genes that are altered in tumors1,2,3. A challenge arising from these studies is that many genes are altered, and it can be difficult to distinguish genetic alterations that drove tumorigenesis from that those arose incidentally during transformation. To draw this distinction it is beneficial to have an assay that can quantitatively measure the effect of an altered gene on tumor initiation and other processes that enable tumors to persist and disseminate. Here we present a rapid means to screen large numbers of candidate melanoma modifiers in zebrafish using an autochthonous tumor model4 that encompasses steps required for melanoma initiation and maintenance. A key reagent in this assay is the miniCoopR vector, which couples a wild-type copy of the mitfa melanocyte specification factor to a Gateway recombination cassette into which candidate melanoma genes can be recombined5. The miniCoopR vector has a mitfa rescuing minigene which contains the promoter, open reading frame and 3'-untranslated region of the wild-type mitfa gene. It allows us to make constructs using full-length open reading frames of candidate melanoma modifiers. These individual clones can then be injected into single cell Tg(mitfa:BRAFV600E);p53(lf);mitfa(lf)zebrafish embryos. The miniCoopR vector gets integrated by Tol2-mediated transgenesis6 and rescues melanocytes. Because they are physically coupled to the mitfa rescuing minigene, candidate genes are expressed in rescued melanocytes, some of which will transform and develop into tumors. The effect of a candidate gene on melanoma initiation and melanoma cell properties can be measured using melanoma-free survival curves, invasion assays, antibody staining and transplantation assays.

A rapid way to screen for melanoma modifiers using a zebrafish autochthonous tumor model is presented. It takes advantage of the miniCoopR vector which allows for expression of candidate melanoma genes in melanocytes. A method to obtain melanoma-free survival curves, an invasion assay, a protocol for antibody staining of scale melanocytes and a melanoma transplantation assay are described.

Bir Zebra balığı Otokton Tümör Modeli kullanılarak Melanom Değiştiricileri için Tarama

Genomic studies of  human cancers have yielded a wealth of information about genes that are altered  in tumors1,2,3. A challenge arising from these ...

Live Imaging of Drug Responses in the Tumor Microenvironment in Mouse Models of Breast Cancer

The tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and the response to anti-cancer therapies. Three-dimensional co-culture systems are frequently used to explicate tumor-stroma interactions, including their role in drug responses. However, many of the interactions that occur in vivo in the intact microenvironment cannot be completely replicated in these in vitro settings. Thus, direct visualization of these processes in real-time has become an important tool in understanding tumor responses to therapies and identifying the interactions between cancer cells and the stroma that can influence these responses. Here we provide a method for using spinning disk confocal microscopy of live, anesthetized mice to directly observe drug distribution, cancer cell responses and changes in tumor-stroma interactions following administration of systemic therapy in breast cancer models. We describe procedures for labeling different tumor components, treatment of animals for observing therapeutic responses, and the surgical procedure for exposing tumor tissues for imaging up to 40 hours. The results obtained from this protocol are time-lapse movies, in which such processes as drug infiltration, cancer cell death and stromal cell migration can be evaluated using image analysis software.

We describe a method for imaging response to anti-cancer treatment in vivo and at single cell resolution.

Meme Kanseri Fare Modelleri Tümör Mikroçevre İlaç Yanıtlarının Görüntüleme Canlı

The tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and the response to anti-cancer therapies. Three-dimensional ...

Patient Derived Cell Culture and Isolation of CD133+ Putative Cancer Stem Cells from Melanoma

Despite improved treatments options for melanoma available today, patients with advanced malignant melanoma still have a poor prognosis for progression-free and overall survival. Therefore, translational research needs to provide further molecular evidence to improve targeted therapies for malignant melanomas. In the past, oncogenic mechanisms related to melanoma were extensively studied in established cell lines. On the way to more personalized treatment regimens based on individual genetic profiles, we propose to use patient-derived cell lines instead of generic cell lines. Together with high quality clinical data, especially on patient follow-up, these cells will be instrumental to better understand the molecular mechanisms behind melanoma progression.
Here, we report the establishment of primary melanoma cultures from dissected fresh tumor tissue. This procedure includes mincing and dissociation of the tissue into single cells, removal of contaminations with erythrocytes and fibroblasts as well as primary culture and reliable verification of the cells' melanoma origin.
Recent reports revealed that melanomas, like the majority of tumors, harbor a small subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which seem to exclusively fuel tumor initiation and progression towards the metastatic state. One of the key markers for CSC identification and isolation in melanoma is CD133. To isolate CD133+ CSCs from primary melanoma cultures, we have modified and optimized the Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting (MACS) procedure from Miltenyi resulting in high sorting purity and viability of CD133+ CSCs and CD133- bulk, which can be cultivated and functionally analyzed thereafter.

Patient Derived Cell Culture and Isolation of CD133+ Putative Cancer Stem Cells from Melanoma

This article describes the preparation of freshly obtained melanoma tissue into primary cell cultures, and how to remove contaminations of erythrocytes and fibroblasts from the tumor cells. Finally, we describe how CD133+ putative melanoma stem cells are sorted from the CD133- bulk using Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting (MACS).

Hasta Türetilen Hücre Kültürü ve CD133 İzolasyonu<sup&gt; +</supMelanom dan&gt; sağlayan olası Kanser Kök Hücreleri

Despite improved treatments options for melanoma available today, patients with advanced malignant melanoma still have a poor prognosis for ...

Initiation of Metastatic Breast Carcinoma by Targeting of the Ductal Epithelium with Adenovirus-Cre: A Novel Transgenic Mouse Model of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease involving complex cellular interactions between the developing tumor and immune system, eventually resulting in exponential tumor growth and metastasis to distal tissues and the collapse of anti-tumor immunity. Many useful animal models exist to study breast cancer, but none completely recapitulate the disease progression that occurs in humans. In order to gain a better understanding of the cellular interactions that result in the formation of latent metastasis and decreased survival, we have generated an inducible transgenic mouse model of YFP-expressing ductal carcinoma that develops after sexual maturity in immune-competent mice and is driven by consistent, endocrine-independent oncogene expression. Activation of YFP, ablation of p53, and expression of an oncogenic form of K-ras was achieved by the delivery of an adenovirus expressing Cre-recombinase into the mammary duct of sexually mature, virgin female mice. Tumors begin to appear 6 weeks after the initiation of oncogenic events. After tumors become apparent, they progress slowly for approximately two weeks before they begin to grow exponentially. After 7-8 weeks post-adenovirus injection, vasculature is observed connecting the tumor mass to distal lymph nodes, with eventual lymphovascular invasion of YFP+ tumor cells to the distal axillary lymph nodes. Infiltrating leukocyte populations are similar to those found in human breast carcinomas, including the presence of &#945;&#946; and &#947;&#948; T cells, macrophages and MDSCs. This unique model will facilitate the study of cellular and immunological mechanisms involved in latent metastasis and dormancy in addition to being useful for designing novel immunotherapeutic interventions to treat invasive breast cancer.

Activation of latent mutations with adenovirus-Cre into the mammary ductal system results in a clinically relevant metastatic breast cancer. Incorporation of a YFP promoter allows tracking of distal metastatic tumor cells. This model is useful to study latent metastasis, anti-tumor immunity, and for designing novel immunotherapies to treat breast cancer.

Meme Kanseri Bir Roman Transgenik Fare Modeli: Adenovirüs-Kretasedekine ile epiteli Hedefleme ile Metastatik Meme Kanseri Başlatma

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease involving complex cellular interactions between the developing tumor and immune system, eventually resulting in ...

Adaptation of Semiautomated Circulating Tumor Cell (CTC) Assays for Clinical and Preclinical Research Applications

The majority of cancer-related deaths occur subsequent to the development of metastatic disease. This highly lethal disease stage is associated with the presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). These rare cells have been demonstrated to be of clinical significance in metastatic breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers. The current gold standard in clinical CTC detection and enumeration is the FDA-cleared CellSearch system (CSS). This manuscript outlines the standard protocol utilized by this platform as well as two&#160;additional adapted protocols that describe the detailed process of user-defined marker optimization for protein characterization of patient CTCs and a comparable protocol for CTC capture in very low volumes of blood, using standard CSS reagents, for studying in vivo preclinical mouse models of metastasis. In addition, differences in CTC quality between healthy donor blood spiked with cells from tissue culture versus patient blood samples are highlighted. Finally, several commonly discrepant items that can lead to CTC misclassification errors are outlined. Taken together, these protocols will provide a useful resource for users of this platform interested in preclinical and clinical research pertaining to metastasis and CTCs.

Adaptation of Semiautomated Circulating Tumor Cell CTC Assays for Clinical and Preclinical Research Applications

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are prognostic in several metastatic cancers. This manuscript describes the gold standard CellSearch system (CSS) CTC enumeration platform and highlights common misclassification errors. In addition, two&#160;adapted protocols are described for user-defined marker characterization of CTCs and CTC enumeration in preclinical mouse models of metastasis using this technology.

Klinik ve Klinik Öncesi Araştırma Uygulamaları Tümör Hücre (CTC) Tahliller Sirkülasyon semiautomated adaptasyon

The majority of cancer-related deaths occur subsequent to the development of metastatic disease. This highly lethal disease stage is associated with the ...

Isolation of Cancer Stem Cells From Human Prostate Cancer Samples

The cancer stem cell (CSC) model has been considerably revisited over the last two decades. During this time CSCs have been identified and directly isolated from human tissues and serially propagated in immunodeficient mice, typically through antibody labeling of subpopulations of cells and fractionation by flow cytometry. However, the unique clinical features of prostate cancer have considerably limited the study of prostate CSCs from fresh human tumor samples. We recently reported the isolation of prostate CSCs directly from human tissues by virtue of their HLA class I (HLAI)-negative phenotype. Prostate cancer cells are harvested from surgical specimens and mechanically dissociated. A cell suspension is generated and labeled with fluorescently conjugated HLAI and stromal antibodies. Subpopulations of HLAI-negative cells are finally isolated using a flow cytometer. The principal limitation of this protocol is the frequently microscopic and multifocal nature of primary cancer in prostatectomy specimens. Nonetheless, isolated live prostate CSCs are suitable for molecular characterization and functional validation by transplantation in immunodeficient mice.

The isolation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) directly from human tissues is requisite for their biological characterization. This manuscript describes a methodology for the isolation of prostate CSCs from human tissues, while also providing tips on troubleshooting difficult steps.

İnsan Prostat Kanseri Örneklerinden Kanser Kök Hücreleri İzolasyon

The cancer stem cell (CSC) model has been considerably revisited over the last two decades. During this time CSCs have been identified and directly ...

In vitro Method to Observe E-selectin-mediated Interactions Between Prostate Circulating Tumor Cells Derived From Patients and Human Endothelial Cells

Metastasis is a process in which tumor cells shed from the primary tumor intravasate blood vascular and lymphatic system, thereby, gaining access to extravasate and form a secondary niche.&#160;The extravasation of tumor cells from the blood vascular system can be studied using endothelial cells (ECs) and tumor cells obtained from different cell lines.&#160;Initial studies were conducted using static conditions but it has been well documented that ECs behave differently under physiological flow conditions.&#160;Therefore, different flow chamber assemblies are currently being used to studying cancer cell interactions with ECs.&#160;Current flow chamber assemblies offer reproducible results using either different cell lines or fluid at different shear stress conditions.&#160;However, to observe and study interactions with rare cells such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), certain changes are required to be made to the conventional flow chamber assembly.&#160;CTCs are a rare cell population among millions of blood cells. Consequently, it is difficult to obtain a pure population of CTCs.&#160;Contamination of CTCs with different types of cells normally found in the circulation is inevitable using present enrichment or depletion techniques.&#160;In the present report, we describe a unique method to fluorescently label circulating prostate cancer cells and study their interactions with ECs in a self-assembled flow chamber system.&#160;This technique can be further applied to observe interactions between prostate CTCs and any protein of interest.

In vitro Method to Observe E-selectin-mediated Interactions Between Prostate Circulating Tumor Cells Derived From Patients and Human Endothelial Cells

Our report describes a unique method to visualize and analyze CTC/EC interactions in prostate cancer under physiological flow conditions.

Hastalar ve İnsan endotel hücrelerinden türetildiği Prostat dolaşımdaki tümör hücrelerinin arasında E-selektin aracılı Etkileşimleri gözlemleyin vitro Yöntemi

Metastasis is a process in which tumor cells shed from the primary tumor intravasate blood vascular and lymphatic system, thereby, gaining access to ...