ACD is supported by a grant from the National Institute of Health (R01-CA177875). LX is a fellow in the HHMI-funded translational medicine program at UNC Chapel Hill. JVM is supported by a T32 pre-doctoral fellowship from the Integrative Vascular Biology Program at UNC Chapel Hill. We thank Clayton Davis for assistance with confocal microscopy.

Aşağıdaki protokol Chapel Hill&#39;deki Kuzey Carolina Üniversitesi&#39;nde Laboratuar Hayvanları Tıp Bölümü tarafından kurulan yönergelere göre yürütülür. 1. Başlamadan Önce Aşağıdaki Malzeme ve Reaktifler hazırlayın <ol><li> 400 mi, düşük glukoz ilave tarafından AT ortamı hazırlanması (1 g / L D-glikoz veya LG) Dulbecco&#39;nun Modifiye 50 ml ısı ile inaktive edilmiş fetal büyükbaş hayvan serumu, 5 mi antibiyotik antimikotik 50 mi Nu-serum IV ile Eagle ortamı (DMEM), ve ticari kiti hFGF, VEGF, hEGF, R3-IGF-1 ve heparin bileşenleri. </li><li> 500 ml FACS tamponu (% 0.5 BSA ve PBS içinde 2 mM EDTA) hazırlanması; steril 0.22 mikron filtre fincan süzülür. </li><li> Sterilize veya dezenfekte kurulu diseksiyon. </li><li> Diseksiyon pimleri, cerrahi makas ve dissektörleri sterilize edin. </li></ol> 2. AK İzolasyon (Gün 1 ~ 5 saat) <ol><li> Karbon dioksit ya da diğer yöntemlerle uyumlu wit ile fare Euthanizeh Kurumsal Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Komitesi (IACUC) politikaları. Not: boyutu değişen Çoklu meme tümörleri (5 - 15 mm çapında), örneğin C3-etiketi olarak tek bir genetiği değiştirilmiş fare geliştirmek TEC izolasyonu için hepsini hasat emin olabilir. Tek bir AK izolasyonu için üç 1 cm 3 tümörlere orthotopically farelerde aşılanan tümörler, havuz, iki kullanıyorsanız. Burada bir göstergesi olarak meme tümörleri kullanımı, ancak protokol tümör tipleri için modifiye edilebilir. </li><li> Püskürtme veya% 75 h / h etanol içinde bol miktarda fare ventral yan silerek fare dezenfekte. </li><li> Bir steril bir muhafaza içinde ya da temiz bir tezgah aseptik teknikler kullanılarak makas ve dissektörleri bir çift tümörlerin rezeke. <ol><li> Uzatın ve diseksiyon gemide farelerin uzuvlarını pin. Periton açmadan makas ile orta hat ventral kesi yapmak. Deri ve tümörler yer alır meme bezleri doğru periton arasında yana doğru parçalara ayır.Periton açmayın. </li><li> Vergi sadece tümörün meme bezlerinin doku, normal meme marjları dışarıda bırakarak. Dikkatlice örneğin, deri ve kaslar gibi non-tümör dokuları keserek ve buz üzerinde LG-DMEM 30 ml ihtiva eden bir konik bir tüp içinde parçalara tümörleri yerleştirin. </li></ol></li><li> Doku kültürü kaputu tümör örnekleri getirin; 2 kez - Steril LG-DMEM 1 ile dokuları yıkayın. </li><li> Steril doku kültürü petri konik tüp aktarın tümörleri, çanak LG-DMEM 2 ml ekleyin ve parçalar halinde steril bir makas &lt;5 mm kıyma. </li><li> PBS içinde dispase 1 ml (stok = Hank Dengelenmiş Tuz Çözeltisi içinde 2 mg / ml, HBSS anılacaktır) kolajenaz 5 ml (stok = HBSS 2.5 U / ml) ve deoksiribonükleaz 75 ul (stok = 1 mg / ml ) petri içine. Toplam hacmi şimdi ~ 10 ml&#39;dir. </li><li> (Önceden ayarlanmış ayrışma pr bir doku ayıracı tüp petri kollajenaz / doku karışımı aktarın ve iki kez 60 saniye boyunca bir doku dissociator çalıştırmakdissociator üzerinde Ogram: kaçak başına 1,270 toplam mermi). Işık 37 ° C &#39;de 75 dakika süre ile bir çalkalama çalkalayarak kuluçkalayın. </li><li> Filtre 50 ml konik tüp üzerinde 100 mikron hücre süzgecinden doku sindirmek. FACS tamponu, 5 ml ile durulayın filtre kalan hücrelerin yıkayın. 5 dakika boyunca 280 xg&#39;de Spin ve dikkatli hücre pelletini bozmadan süpernatant aspire. </li><li> Steril su 9 ml stok RBC parçalama tamponu (10x) 1 ml seyreltilir. Hemen 10 liziz tamponu (1x) ml ile Lyse kırmızı kan hücreleri 280 x g&#39;de 5 dakika dönerler. Not: az kan görünür ise, bu adım atlanabilir. </li><li> FACS tampon, 10 ml içinde süspanse. Tripan mavisi 10 ul hücre süspansiyonu, 10 ul karıştırın ve bir hemositometre kullanılarak canlı hücreleri sayın. </li><li> ~ 10 7 hücre / 100 ul hücreleri tekrar süspansiyon. Hücre süspansiyonunun 100 ul başına FcR bloğunun 10 ul ekleyin ve 10 dakika boyunca buz üzerinde inkübe edilir. </li><li> Göre sıçan-anti-fare PE-konjuge CD31 antikoru ekle. Bazen 15 dakika ve fiske tüp - Tablo 1-10 buz üzerinde inkübe edin. </li><li> 5 dakika boyunca 280 x g&#39;de tüp ve spin FACS tampon 10 ml ekleyin. Süpernatantı dikkatlice çıkarın ve FACS tamponu, 5 ml ile tekrar hücre pelletini yıkayın. Santrifüj pelet hücreleri. Rahatsız edici hücre pelet olmadan Süpernatant aspire. </li><li> . Tablo 2&#39;ye göre FACS tamponu ve anti-PE mikroboncukları ekleme 10 boyunca buz üzerinde inkübe - 15 dakika. Bazen Flick tüpü. </li><li> 5 dakika boyunca 280 xg&#39;de FACS tampon maddesi ve santrifüj örnekleri 10 ml ilave edilir; Yine FACS tamponu ve santrifüj 5 ml ile bir kez yıkanır. Rahatsız pelet olmadan Süpernatant aspire. </li><li> FACS tampon 300 ul hacim kazandırın. G x 280 35 mikron hücre-süzgeç başlıklı tüp 5 dakika boyunca Spin. Gerekirse 2 tüpleri ve daha geniş bir hacim kullanın. </li><li> Kaput manyetik multistand ve manyetik sütun ayarlama ayırıcı bir sütun takın ve FACS tamponu 2 ml sütun dengeye. </li><li> AspiratFACS tampon 1 ml e - süpernatan ve 0,5 hücre pelletini. </li><li> Dengelenmiş bir manyetik sütun üzerinden bir hücre süspansiyonu geçirin. </li><li> FACS tamponu 2 ml sütun üç kez yıkayın ve 15 ml&#39;lik bir tüp (FT fraksiyonu) akış-through (FT) toplar. </li><li> Ayırıcı rahatsız sütun almak ve başka bir 15 ml tüp (Elüat fraksiyonu) içine FACS tampon, 2 ml ile elüte. Tüm hücreleri sütunda kapalı olduğundan emin olmak için piston kullanın. Her FACS tamponu 2 ml elüsyon iki kez daha tekrarlayın. </li><li> 5 dakika boyunca 280 xg&#39;de eluatın Spin. </li><li> Süpernatantı ve AT medya 10 ml pelletini. </li><li> Aynı şekilde Elüat kısmını bölmek (~ 6 mi) 10 cm jelatin kaplı tabaklara. Üç 1 cm3 tümörlerde levhası, en az dört plaka hücreler yıkandı. Çok plakalı farklı konsantrasyonlarda Alternatif olarak, plak elüte hücreler (örn.,, 0.5 ml, 1 mi, 1.5 mi, dört plakalar halinde, ayrılmış malzeme içinde 3 ml tohum) bir sağlamak içint az bir levha seyrek taşınan hücreleri ile tohumlanır. (- 2.0 x 10 5 ekli hücreler, yani yaklaşık 1.0) bağlı hücrelerin confluency ~% 1 ertesi gün olduğunu kontrol edin. Not: EC koloniler, diğer hücre tipleri ile kirlenmiş olmadan meydana böylece hücreler, seyrek kaplama gerekir. </li><li> Bir adet 10 cm&#39;lik çanak Plaka FT kesir hücreleri O / N kurtarmak izin. Ertesi gün birleştirilebilmeli% 100 - plaka 80 olup olmadığını kontrol edin. (-80 ° C) 250 ul hücre dondurma bir cryotube medya ve sıvı azot içinde saklayın ertesi gün hücreleri aşağı dondurun. Not: FT fraksiyon daha sonraki bir aşamada ve / veya izole AT klonlarının AT gen ekspresyon analizi için bir negatif kontrol olarak, tümör hücre izolasyonu için de kullanılabilir. </li><li> 3 gün - her 2 ortamı değiştirmek. 10 gün - Koloniler 7 sonra oluşturmaya başlar. Küçük AK kolonileri gibi erken çanak altındaki ince uçlu işaretleyici ile koloniler gün 3. Mark olarak tespit edilebilir. </li><li> Non-spesifik c kazıyaraksteril 200 ul pippet ucu ile tanımlanan kolonileri çevreleyen arşın. </li></ol> 3. Colony Seçimi kullanma Klonlama Yüzükler <ol><li> 3 gün - her 2 ortamı değiştirmek. 7 gün - EC saflığı yaklaşık en az 5, LDL (DII-Ac-LDL) eklenerek kontrol edilebilir. 10 ml AK ortamı başına LDL&#39;nin 50 ul ekleyin ve 3 inkübe - floresan mikroskop altında hücrelerin kontrol etmeden 4 saat. Not: Birden fazla LDL + AT klonları günde 7 ~ gözlenen olabilir. </li><li> Boyutu 5 mm - bunlar 3 çapları ulaştığında AT koloniler hasat başlayın. (En iyi sonuçlar için küçük LDL + hücreler ile paketlenir büyük koloniler seçin.) </li><li> Klonlama halkaları, önceden-kaplama% 0.5 jelatin ile bir kaç 6 oyuklu plakalar ile AK hasat önce. Aspire jelatin, her iyi AT medya 2 ml ekleyin, ve gerektiği kadar bir kuluçka tabak tutun. </li><li> Başka hiçbir hücre tipleri klonlama halkası içinde sıkışıp emin olmak için kolonilerin kenarlarında olmayan EC kazımak. </li><li> Kullanmafaz-kontrast mikroskobu (10X 4X ya da objektif), kültür çanak altındaki ince uçlu işaretleyici ile anahat AK koloni içeren alanlar. </li><li> 10 ml PBS ile plaka yıkanır ve aspire plaka PBS çok ince bir tabaka bırakmak. (Önemli: küçük bir miktar (~ 0.5 ml) PBS klonlama halka işlemi sırasında canlı hücreleri tutacak, aynı zamanda, doku yapıştırıcı yapıştırmak için suya ihtiyaç duyar.) </li><li> Uygun boyutta bir klonlama halka seçin. Bir yüzük almak için diseksiyon forseps bir çift kullanın ve bir 10 ul pipet ucu ile eşit klonlama halkası üzerine doku yapıştırıcı küçük bir miktar uygulayın. Not: klonlama halkalar üzerinde doku yapıştırıcı (küçük halka için ~ 0,2 ul) Sadece az miktarda kullanın ve emin doku yapıştırıcısı iyi sızdırmazlık sağlamak için alt yüzeyi etrafında eşit olarak yayılır olun. Aşırı doku yapıştırıcı ısı üretir ve hücreleri öldürebilir filmler oluşturur. </li><li> AK kolonisi üzerinde klonlama halkasını yerleştirin. Yavaşça ri tutkal klonlama halkasını bastırınplaka üzerine ng. Koloniler halka yapıştırma önce kurumuş olmadığından emin olun. </li><li> Hemen klonlama halka içine enzimatik hücre dekolmanı çözeltisinin 25 ul pipetlemeyin ve ~ 1 dk inkübe veya hücreleri gevşek bağlanmış kadar. </li><li> Önceden ısıtılmış EC ortamı ihtiva eden bir 6-yuvalı plakanın bir kuyuya klonlama halkası damla damla pipeti hücreleri. (Önemli: hücrelerini dağıtmak için plaka sallamayın; AK sıkı kümeler halinde büyümek için tercih ediyor.) 50 ile klonlama halkasını yıkayın - mümkün olduğunca çok sayıda hücreleri toplamak için 100 ul AK medya ve aynı 6-kuyuya tüm yıkar transferi . </li><li> 10 cm çanak bazı koloniler hasat için çok küçük ise, koloniler daha birkaç gün büyümesine izin, 10 ml taze medya ekleyin ve tekrar klonlama halka prosedürü tekrarlayın. </li><li> 10 cm&#39;lik bir doku kültürü tabağına genişletmeden önce, bir 6-yuvalı plaka 3 çukurlara hücreler% 100 birleşmiş, ve transfer - 80 kadar 6-yuvalı plakalar içinde hasat koloniler büyütün. Kirletici hücreleri kazımak. TekrarlamaGerekirse - klonlama halka prosedürünün bir tur (3.10 3.5 Adımları). Genişletirken - (% 70 ~ 60) nispeten konfluent hücreleri tutun. AK Çok seyrek kaplama varsa büyüyen vermeyebilir. </li><li> Vb FACS, boyanması, PCR tarafından EC karakterize Dil-Ac-LDL floresan ve FACS için PE veya diğer floresan antikorlarla engel olabilir unutmayın. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Folkman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anti-angiogenesis:+new+concept+for+therapy+of+solid+tumors.">Anti-angiogenesis: new concept for therapy of solid tumors.</a> Ann. Surg. 175 (3), 409-416 (1972).</li><li>Butler, J. M., Kobayashi, H., Rafii, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Instructive+role+of+the+vascular+niche+in+promoting+tumour+growth+and+tissue+repair+by+angiocrine+factors.">Instructive role of the vascular niche in promoting tumour growth and tissue repair by angiocrine factors.</a> Nat. Rev. Cancer. 10 (2), 138-146 (2010).</li><li>Franses, J. W., Baker, A. B., Chitalia, V. C., Edelman, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stromal+endothelial+cells+directly+influence+cancer+progression.">Stromal endothelial cells directly influence cancer progression.</a> Sci. Transl. Med. 3 (66), 66ra5 (2011).</li><li>Calabrese, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+perivascular+niche+for+brain+tumor+stem+cells.">A perivascular niche for brain tumor stem cells.</a> Cancer Cell. 11 (1), 69-82 (2007).</li><li>Beck, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+vascular+niche+and+a+VEGF-Nrp1+loop+regulate+the+initiation+and+stemness+of+skin+tumours.">A vascular niche and a VEGF-Nrp1 loop regulate the initiation and stemness of skin tumours.</a> Nature. 478 (7369), 399-403 (2011).</li><li>Aird, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+cell+heterogeneity.">Endothelial cell heterogeneity.</a> Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 2 (1), a006429 (2012).</li><li>Dudley, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+endothelial+cells.">Tumor endothelial cells.</a> Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 2 (3), a006536-a006536 (2012).</li><li>Aird, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+heterogeneity+of+tumor+endothelium.">Molecular heterogeneity of tumor endothelium.</a> Cell Tissue Res. 335 (1), 271-281 (2009).</li><li>Voyta, J. C., Via, D. P., Butterfield, C. E., Zetter, B. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+isolation+of+endothelial+cells+based+on+their+increased+uptake+of+acetylated-low+density+lipoprotein.">Identification and isolation of endothelial cells based on their increased uptake of acetylated-low density lipoprotein.</a> J. Cell Biol. 99 (6), 2034-2040 (1984).</li><li>Zovein, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fate+tracing+reveals+the+endothelial+origin+of+hematopoietic+stem+cells.">Fate tracing reveals the endothelial origin of hematopoietic stem cells.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 3 (6), 625-636 (2008).</li><li>Beijnum, J. R., Rousch, M., Castermans, K., van der Linden, E., Griffioen, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+endothelial+cells+from+fresh+tissues.">Isolation of endothelial cells from fresh tissues.</a> Nat. Protoc. 3 (6), 1085-1091 (2008).</li><li>Xiao, L., Harrell, J. C., Perou, C. M., Dudley, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+stable+molecular+signature+in+mammary+tumor+endothelial+cells+that+persists+in+vitro.">Identification of a stable molecular signature in mammary tumor endothelial cells that persists in vitro.</a> Angiogenesis. 17 (3), 511-518 (2014).</li><li>Beijnum, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+expression+of+tumor+angiogenesis+dissected:+specific+targeting+of+colon+cancer+angiogenic+vasculature.">Gene expression of tumor angiogenesis dissected: specific targeting of colon cancer angiogenic vasculature.</a> Blood. 108 (7), 2339-2348 (2006).</li><li>McDonald, D. M., Choyke, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+of+angiogenesis:+from+microscope+to+clinic.">Imaging of angiogenesis: from microscope to clinic.</a> Nat. Med. 9 (6), 713-725 (2003).</li><li>Baluk, P., Hashizume, H., McDonald, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+abnormalities+of+blood+vessels+as+targets+in+cancer.">Cellular abnormalities of blood vessels as targets in cancer.</a> Curr. Opin. Genetics Dev. 15 (1), 102-111 (2005).</li><li>Ghosh, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor-derived+endothelial+cells+exhibit+aberrant+Rho-mediated+mechanosensing+and+abnormal+angiogenesis+in+vitro.">Tumor-derived endothelial cells exhibit aberrant Rho-mediated mechanosensing and abnormal angiogenesis in vitro.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105 (32), 11305-11310 (2008).</li><li>Amin, D. N., Hida, K., Bielenberg, D. R., Klagsbrun, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+endothelial+cells+express+epidermal+growth+factor+receptor+(EGFR)+but+not+ErbB3+and+are+responsive+to+EGF+and+to+EGFR+kinase+inhibitors.">Tumor endothelial cells express epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) but not ErbB3 and are responsive to EGF and to EGFR kinase inhibitors.</a> Cancer Res. 66 (4), 2173-2180 (2006).</li><li>Hida, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor-associated+endothelial+cells+with+cytogenetic+abnormalities.">Tumor-associated endothelial cells with cytogenetic abnormalities.</a> Cancer Res. 64 (22), 8249-8255 (2004).</li><li>Dudley, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcification+of+multipotent+prostate+tumor+endothelium.">Calcification of multipotent prostate tumor endothelium.</a> Cancer Cell. 14 (3), 201-211 (2008).</li><li>Dunleavey, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vascular+channels+formed+by+subpopulations+of+PECAM1(+)+melanoma+cells.">Vascular channels formed by subpopulations of PECAM1(+) melanoma cells.</a> Nat. Comm. 5, 5200 (2014).</li><li>St Croix, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genes+expressed+in+human+tumor+endothelium.">Genes expressed in human tumor endothelium.</a> Science. 289 (5482), 1197-1202 (2000).</li><li>Bhati, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+characterization+of+human+breast+tumor+vascular+cells.">Molecular characterization of human breast tumor vascular cells.</a> Am. J. Pathol. 172 (5), 1381-1390 (2008).</li><li>Johnson, C. S., Chung, I., Trump, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epigenetic+silencing+of+CYP24+in+the+tumor+microenvironment.">Epigenetic silencing of CYP24 in the tumor microenvironment.</a> J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 121 (1-2), 338-342 (2010).</li><li>Gimbrone, M. A., Cotran, R. S., Folkman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+vascular+endothelial+cells+in+culture.+Growth+and+DNA+synthesis.">Human vascular endothelial cells in culture. Growth and DNA synthesis.</a> J. Cell Biol. 60 (3), 673-684 (1974).</li><li>Burridge, K. A., Friedman, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environment+and+vascular+bed+origin+influence+differences+in+endothelial+transcriptional+profiles+of+coronary+and+iliac+arteries.">Environment and vascular bed origin influence differences in endothelial transcriptional profiles of coronary and iliac arteries.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 299 (3), H837-H846 (2010).</li><li>Zhang, J., Burridge, K. A., Friedman, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+differences+between+endothelial+transcriptional+profiles+of+coronary+and+iliac+arteries+revealed+by+microarray+analysis.">In vivo differences between endothelial transcriptional profiles of coronary and iliac arteries revealed by microarray analysis.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 295 (4), H1556-H1561 (2008).</li><li>Paruchuri, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+pulmonary+valve+progenitor+cells+exhibit+endothelial/mesenchymal+plasticity+in+response+to+vascular+endothelial+growth+factor-A+and+transforming+growth+factor-beta2.">Human pulmonary valve progenitor cells exhibit endothelial/mesenchymal plasticity in response to vascular endothelial growth factor-A and transforming growth factor-beta2.</a> Circ. Res. 99 (8), 861-869 (2006).</li><li>Wylie-Sears, J., Aikawa, E., Levine, R. A., Yang, J. -. H., Bischoff, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitral+valve+endothelial+cells+with+osteogenic+differentiation+potential.">Mitral valve endothelial cells with osteogenic differentiation potential.</a> Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 31 (3), 598-607 (2011).</li><li>Ginsberg, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+direct+reprogramming+of+mature+amniotic+cells+into+endothelial+cells+by+ETS+factors+and+TGF&#946;+suppression.">Efficient direct reprogramming of mature amniotic cells into endothelial cells by ETS factors and TGF&#946; suppression.</a> Cell. 151 (3), 559-575 (2012).</li><li>Sapino, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+CD31+by+cells+of+extensive+ductal+in+situ+and+invasive+carcinomas+of+the+breast.">Expression of CD31 by cells of extensive ductal in situ and invasive carcinomas of the breast.</a> J. Path. 194 (2), 254-261 (2001).</li><li>Maddaluno, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EndMT+contributes+to+the+onset+and+progression+of+cerebral+cavernous+malformations.">EndMT contributes to the onset and progression of cerebral cavernous malformations.</a> Nature. 498 (7455), 492-496 (2013).</li><li>Cooley, B. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TGF-&#946;+signaling+mediates+endothelial-to-mesenchymal+transition+(EndMT)+during+vein+graft+remodeling.">TGF-&#946; signaling mediates endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) during vein graft remodeling.</a> Sci. Transl. Med. 6 (227), 227ra34-227ra34 (2014).</li><li>Garcia, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tie1+deficiency+induces+endothelial-mesenchymal+transition.">Tie1 deficiency induces endothelial-mesenchymal transition.</a> EMBO Rep. 13 (5), 431-439 (2012).</li><li>Xiao, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+endothelial+cells+with+distinct+patterns+of+TGF&#946;-driven+endothelial-to-mesenchymal+transition.">Tumor endothelial cells with distinct patterns of TGF&#946;-driven endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition.</a> Cancer Res. 75 (7), 1244-1254 (2015).</li><li>Kusumbe, A. P., Ramasamy, S. K., Adams, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coupling+of+angiogenesis+and+osteogenesis+by+a+specific+vessel+subtype+in+bone.">Coupling of angiogenesis and osteogenesis by a specific vessel subtype in bone.</a> Nature. 507 (7492), 323-328 (2014).</li><li>Wang, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+clonally+expanding+haematopoietic+compartment+in+bone+marrow.">Identification of a clonally expanding haematopoietic compartment in bone marrow.</a> EMBO J. 32 (2), 219-230 (2012).</li><li>Sawamiphak, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ephrin-B2+regulates+VEGFR2+function+in+developmental+and+tumour+angiogenesis.">Ephrin-B2 regulates VEGFR2 function in developmental and tumour angiogenesis.</a> Nature. 465 (7297), 487-491 (2010).</li><li>Chi, J. -. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+cell+diversity+revealed+by+global+expression+profiling.">Endothelial cell diversity revealed by global expression profiling.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100 (19), 10623-10628 (2003).</li><li>Nolan, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+signatures+of+tissue-specific+microvascular+endothelial+cell+heterogeneity+in+organ+maintenance+and+regeneration.">Molecular signatures of tissue-specific microvascular endothelial cell heterogeneity in organ maintenance and regeneration.</a> Dev. Cell. 26 (2), 204-219 (2013).</li><li>Ingram, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vessel+wall-derived+endothelial+cells+rapidly+proliferate+because+they+contain+a+complete+hierarchy+of+endothelial+progenitor+cells.">Vessel wall-derived endothelial cells rapidly proliferate because they contain a complete hierarchy of endothelial progenitor cells.</a> Blood. 105 (7), 2783-2786 (2005).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Nedeniyle olarak saf birincil TEC kültürleri, insan göbek damar EC (HUVEC), 13 gibi ticari olarak temin AT hatları veya primer EC ile in vitro çalışmalar, birçok ikame TEC elde zorluklar. Ancak, normal dokulardan bu AK popülasyonları sadece normal benzerlerinden belirgin farklılık TEC için bir vekil olarak hizmet edebilir. Örneğin, TEC in vivo fenotipik ve fonksiyonel anormal ve bu anormalliklerin bazıları, in vitro 14-18 yılında iletilebilir o...

Endotel hücreleri (EC), katı tümörlerin gelişimi sırasında gereklidir. Yaygınlaştırılması ve uzak bölgelerde metastaz tohumlama uykuda tümörlerde anjiyojenik anahtarın başlangıcından itibaren, AK tümör büyümesini 1. sürdürmek için kan, oksijen sağlayan kanallar ve besin oluştururlar. Son zamanlarda önerildiği gibi, AK perfüzyon bağımsız fonksiyonlara sahip ve kanser kök hücreleri ve diğer tümör stromal hücrelerinin 2-5 gelişimini destekler bir niş oluşturmaktadır. Böylece, son derece tümör spesifik in vitro kültür EC (TEC) tümör anjiyogenez ve tümör hücreleri ile çapraz konuşma aracılık eden yeni moleküler mekanizmaları ışık tutacak rutin fonksiyonel çalışmalar için izin verir saflaştırılmış. AK kökenli 6 dokuya bağlı olarak son derece uzmanlaşmış. Farklı olması nedeniyle tümör tiplerinin heterojen ve tümör mikro ortama, TEC, aynı zamanda, bir tümör spesifik uzmanlık o yansıtan benzersiz özellikler gösterebilirdamarsal f. Örneğin, farklı tip veya tümörlerin 7,8 sınıflarda izole TEC gen ifade imzaları çarpıcı farklılıklar bulunmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, TEC olmayan EC, özellikle de tümör bağlantılı fibroblastlar ve tümör hücreleri, sık sık birlikte saflaştırma genom çapında sentezleme analiz karıştırabilir. Bu istenmeyen hücre tipleri TEC kültürlerinin in vitro genişlemesi uzun vadeli dayanan çalışmalarında, özellikle sorunludur. Burada anlatılan sürekli tümörler ve diğer dokulardan saf AK kültürleri üreten bir yüksek sadakat yöntemidir. AK kesirler ve ko-saflaştırılmış non-EC çıkarılması immünomanyetik kolon zenginleştirme ardından, ilave bir klonlama halka adımı 9 kullanılan saf AK koloniler yakalamak için. Her koloni olmayan EC kirlenmesine neden ortaya çıkması olmadan birden geçişleri için kültürde genişletilebilir. Bu yöntem aynı zamanda endo çalışmaları için ideal olan tek bir izolasyon prosedürü, birden fazla AK klonlar verirendotel heterojenlik. ZsGreen l / s / l muhabiri fareler kültür 10 ZsGreen floresan korumak &quot;kader-eşleştirilmiş&quot; ve silinmez işaretli AK üretmek için değerli bir araçtır: Ayrıca, Cdh5 CRE gösterilmiştir. Protokol küçük ayarlamalar ile, bu yöntem, farklı tümör tiplerinin veya normal dokulara uyarlanabilir olmalıdır.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibiotic-Antimycotic&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A5955</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle&#39;s medium (1 g/L D-glucose) (LG-DMEM)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11885-084</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGM-2 Bullet Kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>CC4176</td>
			<td>Not all components used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (Hyclone)</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>SH30071.03</td>
			<td>Heat inactivated at 56&#176;C for 30 min</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nu-Serum IV</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>CB-51004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hank&#39;s Balanced Salt Solution (HBBS)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14175-095</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14190-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS buffer&#160;</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>0.5 % BSA and 2 mM EDTA in PBS, filtered through a 0.22 &#956;m filter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>75% v/v ethanol for disinfection</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-PE microbeads&#160;</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td>130-048-801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA) fraction V, 7.5%</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15260-37</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell freezing media (Bambanker)</td>
			<td>Wako Chemicals</td>
			<td>302-14681</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase type II&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Worthington Biochemical</td>
			<td>LS004176</td>
			<td>Make stock concentration 2 mg/ml in HBSS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deoxyribonuclease I (DNase)</td>
			<td>Worthington Biochemical</td>
			<td>LS002004</td>
			<td>Make stock concentration 1 mg/mL in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dil-Ac-LDL</td>
			<td>Biomedical Technologies</td>
			<td>BT-902</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA, 0.5M, pH 8.0</td>
			<td>Cellgro</td>
			<td>46-034-CL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Enzymatic cell detachment solution (Accutase)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A6964-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin, 2 % in water, tissue culture grade</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G1393-100ML</td>
			<td>Dilute in PBS to make 0.5 % gelatin solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse FcR Blocking Reagent&#160;</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td>130-092-575</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neutral protease (Dispase)</td>
			<td>Worthington Biochemical</td>
			<td>LS02104</td>
			<td>Make stock concentration 2.5 U/mL in HBSS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE-rat anti-mouse CD31 antibody</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>553373</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RBC lysis buffer (BD Pharm Lyse)</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>555899</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile water</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan blue, 0.4 %&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15250-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mm tissue culture dishes</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL conical tubes (sterile)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL conical tubes (sterile)&#160;</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well tissue culture plates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue-dissociator tubes (gentleMACS) C tubes)&#160;</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td>130-093-237</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Separator&#160; (MidiMACS)</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td>130-042-302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer 100 &#956;m&#160;</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352360</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cloning rings (assorted sizes)</td>
			<td>Bel-Art Products</td>
			<td>378470000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryotubes</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting board</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Sterilize or disinfect with 75% v/v ethanol before use&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting forceps and scissors</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Sterilize before use&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting pins 2&#34;</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Sterilize before use&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS tubes with 35 &#956;m filter cap</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter cup (Stericup, 0.22 &#956;m)</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SCGPU05RE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine-tip marker</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemocytometer</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LS Columns</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td>130-042-401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic Multistand</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td>130-042-303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue adhesive (Vetbond)</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>1469SB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5810R</td>
			<td>Or a centrifuge with similar capacity for 15 mL and 50 mL conical tube centrifugation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue culture hood</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue dissociator (gentleMACS)</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td>130-093-235</td>
			<td>Preset program &#34;m_impTumor_01&#34; used for tissue dissociation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Liquid nitrogen freezer</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microplate or rotary shaker</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phase contrast light microscope</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and culture expansion of tumor-specific endothelial cells

Taze izole edilmiş tümör spesifik endotel hücreleri (TEC), tümör anjiyogenez moleküler mekanizmaları araştırmak ve kanseri için yeni anjiyojenez inhibitörleri geliştirmek için bir in vitro model olarak hizmet etmek için de kullanılabilir. Ancak, fare endotel hücreleri (EC) in vitro genişleme uzun vadeli sebebiyle dışı AT ile fenotipik kültüründe sürüklenme (endotel-to-mezenkimal geçiş) ve kontaminasyona zordur. Bu hali hazırda kültür eş saflaştınldı fibroblast veya tümör hücreleri tarafından outcompeted edilir TEC için de geçerlidir. Burada, koloni seçimi ve in vitro genişleme birleştiğinde immünomanyetik zenginleşme yararlanır yüksek sadakat izolasyon yöntemi tarif edilmektedir. Bu yaklaşım stromal veya tümör hücrelerini kontamine tamamen ücretsizdir saf AK kesirler oluşturur. Aynı zamanda, bu soy takip Cdh5 CRE gösterilmiştir: protokolü ile birlikte kullanıldığında ZsGreen l / s / l raportör fareler, burada tarif edilen, hücrenin kontrol etmek için bir değerli bir araçtırBu farelerden izole AK koloniler olarak saflık kültüründe dayanıklı ve parlak ZsGreen floresan göstermektedir.

AT en yetişkin dokularda 11 toplam hücre popülasyonunun sadece küçük bir bölümünü temsil etmektedir. Tam hücre dışı matrisin (ECM) ile bağ dokulardan EC maksimal salınmasını sağlayan tek bir hücre süspansiyonu içine hasat doku sindirimi önemlidir. Bizim tecrübelerimize göre, CD31 aracılı immünomanyetik seçim yalnızca zenginleştirilmiş değil saf AK kesirler sağlar; Bu nedenle, başka önemli bir adım klonlama halkaları (Şekil 1) kullanılarak AT kolonilerin...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Culture Expansion of Tumor-specific Endothelial Cells at JoVE.com

Isolation and Culture Expansion of Tumor-specific Endothelial Cells

We report a reliable method to isolate and culture primary tumor-specific endothelial cells from genetically engineered mouse models.

Tümör spesifik Endotel Hücreleri İzolasyon ve Kültürü Genişleme

Freshly isolated tumor-specific endothelial cells (TEC) can be used to explore molecular mechanisms of tumor angiogenesis and serve as an in vitro model ...

isolation-and-culture-expansion-of-tumor-specific-endothelial-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

11.1K Görüntüleme.  University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. We report a reliable method to isolate and culture primary tumor-specific endothelial cells from genetically engineered mouse models. 

Video: Isolation and Culture Expansion of Tumor-specific Endothelial Cells

Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods

Developing wisdom teeth are easy-accessible source of stem cells during the adulthood which could be obtained by routine orthodontic treatments. Human pulp-derived stem cells (hDPSCs) possess high proliferation potential with multi-lineage differentiation capacity compare to the ordinary source of adult stem cells1-8; therefore, hDPSCs could be the good candidates for autologous transplantation in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Along with these benefits, possessing the mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) features, such as immunolodulatory effect, make hDPSCs more valuable, even in the case of allograft transplantation6,9,10. Therefore, the primary step for using this source of stem cells is to select the best protocol for isolating hDPSCs from pulp tissue. In order to achieve this goal, it is crucial to investigate the effect of various isolation conditions on different cellular behaviors, such as their common surface markers &amp; also their differentiation capacity.
Thus, here we separate human pulp tissue from impacted third molar teeth, and then used both existing protocols based on literature, for isolating hDPSCs,11-13 i.e. enzymatic dissociation of pulp tissue (DPSC-ED) or outgrowth from tissue explants (DPSC-OG). In this regards, we tried to facilitate the isolation methods by using dental diamond disk. Then, these cells characterized in terms of stromal-associated Markers (CD73, CD90, CD105 &amp; CD44), hematopoietic/endothelial Markers (CD34, CD45 &amp; CD11b), perivascular marker, like CD146 and also STRO-1. Afterwards, these two protocols were compared based on the differentiation potency into odontoblasts by both quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) &amp; Alizarin Red Staining. QPCR were used for the assessment of the expression of the mineralization-related genes (alkaline phosphatase; ALP, matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein; MEPE &amp; dentin sialophosphoprotein; DSPP).14

The method described isolation and characterization of human Dental Pulp Stem Cells (hDPSCs) by using either enzymatic dissociation of pulp (DPSC-ED) or direct outgrowth of stem cells from pulp tissue explants (DPSC-OG). Then followed by in vitro comparative differentiation of both types of hDPSCs into odontoblasts.

İnsan Diş Pulp Kök Hücre İzolasyonu, Karakterizasyonu ve Karşılaştırmalı Farklılaşma İki Farklı Yöntemler Kullanılarak Daimi Dişler türetilen

Developing wisdom teeth are easy-accessible source of stem cells during the adulthood which could be obtained by routine orthodontic treatments. Human ...

Tıp

Patient Derived Cell Culture and Isolation of CD133+ Putative Cancer Stem Cells from Melanoma

Despite improved treatments options for melanoma available today, patients with advanced malignant melanoma still have a poor prognosis for progression-free and overall survival. Therefore, translational research needs to provide further molecular evidence to improve targeted therapies for malignant melanomas. In the past, oncogenic mechanisms related to melanoma were extensively studied in established cell lines. On the way to more personalized treatment regimens based on individual genetic profiles, we propose to use patient-derived cell lines instead of generic cell lines. Together with high quality clinical data, especially on patient follow-up, these cells will be instrumental to better understand the molecular mechanisms behind melanoma progression.
Here, we report the establishment of primary melanoma cultures from dissected fresh tumor tissue. This procedure includes mincing and dissociation of the tissue into single cells, removal of contaminations with erythrocytes and fibroblasts as well as primary culture and reliable verification of the cells' melanoma origin.
Recent reports revealed that melanomas, like the majority of tumors, harbor a small subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which seem to exclusively fuel tumor initiation and progression towards the metastatic state. One of the key markers for CSC identification and isolation in melanoma is CD133. To isolate CD133+ CSCs from primary melanoma cultures, we have modified and optimized the Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting (MACS) procedure from Miltenyi resulting in high sorting purity and viability of CD133+ CSCs and CD133- bulk, which can be cultivated and functionally analyzed thereafter.

Patient Derived Cell Culture and Isolation of CD133+ Putative Cancer Stem Cells from Melanoma

This article describes the preparation of freshly obtained melanoma tissue into primary cell cultures, and how to remove contaminations of erythrocytes and fibroblasts from the tumor cells. Finally, we describe how CD133+ putative melanoma stem cells are sorted from the CD133- bulk using Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting (MACS).

Hasta Türetilen Hücre Kültürü ve CD133 İzolasyonu<sup&gt; +</supMelanom dan&gt; sağlayan olası Kanser Kök Hücreleri

Despite improved treatments options for melanoma available today, patients with advanced malignant melanoma still have a poor prognosis for ...

Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters

For almost 30 years, scientists have demonstrated that human fetal ICCs transplanted under the kidney capsule of nude mice matured into functioning endocrine cells, as evidenced by a significant increase in circulating human C-peptide following glucose stimulation1-9. However in vitro, genesis of insulin producing cells from human fetal ICCs is low10; results reminiscent of recent experiments performed with human embryonic stem cells (hESC), a renewable source of cells that hold great promise as a potential therapeutic treatment for type 1 diabetes. Like ICCs, transplantation of partially differentiated hESC generate glucose responsive, insulin producing cells, but in vitro genesis of insulin producing cells from hESC is much less robust11-17. A complete understanding of the factors that influence the growth and differentiation of endocrine precursor cells will likely require data generated from both ICCs and hESC. While a number of protocols exist to generate insulin producing cells from hESC in vitro11-22, far fewer exist for ICCs10,23,24. Part of that discrepancy likely comes from the difficulty of working with human fetal pancreas. Towards that end, we have continued to build upon existing methods to isolate fetal islets from human pancreases with gestational ages ranging from 12 to 23 weeks, grow the cells as a monolayer or in suspension, and image for cell proliferation, pancreatic markers and human hormones including glucagon and C-peptide. ICCs generated by the protocol described below result in C-peptide release after transplantation under the kidney capsule of nude mice that are similar to C-peptide levels obtained by transplantation of fresh tissue6. Although the examples presented here focus upon the pancreatic endoderm proliferation and &#946;&#160;cell genesis, the protocol can be employed to study other aspects of pancreatic development, including exocrine, ductal, and other hormone producing cells.

A protocol to isolate, culture, and image islet cell clusters (ICCs) derived from human fetal pancreatic cells is described.&#160; The method details the steps necessary to generate ICCs from tissue, culture as monolayers or in suspension as aggregates, and image for markers of proliferation and pancreatic cell fate decisions.

İnsan Fetal Pankreas Hücre Kümeleri İzolasyon, Kültür ve Görüntüleme

For almost 30 years, scientists have demonstrated that human fetal ICCs transplanted under the kidney capsule of nude mice matured into functioning ...

Isolation, Cryopreservation and Culture of Human Amnion Epithelial Cells for Clinical Applications

Human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs) derived from term or pre-term amnion membranes have attracted attention from researchers and clinicians as a potential source of cells for regenerative medicine. The reason for this interest is evidence that these cells have highly multipotent differentiation ability, low immunogenicity, and anti-inflammatory functions. These properties have prompted researchers to investigate the potential of hAECs to be used to treat a variety of diseases and disorders in pre-clinical animal studies with much success.
hAECs have found widespread application for the treatment of a range of diseases and disorders. Potential clinical applications of hAECs include the treatment of stroke, multiple sclerosis, liver disease, diabetes and chronic and acute lung diseases. Progressing from pre-clinical animal studies into clinical trials requires a higher standard of quality control and safety for cell therapy products. For safety and quality control considerations, it is preferred that cell isolation protocols use animal product-free reagents. 
We have developed protocols to allow researchers to isolate, cryopreserve and culture hAECs using animal product-free reagents. The advantage of this method is that these cells can be isolated, characterized, cryopreserved and cultured without the risk of delivering potentially harmful animal pathogens to humans, while maintaining suitable cell yields, viabilities and growth potential. For researchers moving from pre-clinical animal studies to clinical trials, these methodologies will greatly accelerate regulatory approval, decrease risks and improve the quality of their therapeutic cell population.

We describe a protocol to isolate and culture human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs) using animal product-free reagents in accordance with current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) guidelines.

İzolasyon, Kriyoprezervasyon ve Kültür Klinik Uygulamaları İnsan Amniyon Epitel Hücreleri

Human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs) derived from term or pre-term amnion membranes have attracted attention from researchers and clinicians as a ...

Isolation of Human Lymphatic Endothelial Cells by Multi-parameter Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting

Lymphatic system disorders such as primary lymphedema, lymphatic malformations and lymphatic tumors are rare conditions that cause significant morbidity but little is known about their biology. Isolating highly pure human lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) from diseased and healthy tissue would facilitate studies of the lymphatic endothelium at genetic, molecular and cellular levels. It is anticipated that these investigations may reveal targets for new therapies that may change the clinical management of these conditions. A protocol describing the isolation of human foreskin LECs and lymphatic malformation lymphatic endothelial cells (LM LECs) is presented. To obtain a single cell suspension tissue was minced and enzymatically treated using dispase II and collagenase II. The resulting single cell suspension was then labelled with antibodies to cluster of differentiation (CD) markers CD34, CD31, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-3 (VEGFR-3) and PODOPLANIN. Stained viable cells were sorted on a fluorescently activated cell sorter (FACS) to separate the CD34LowCD31PosVEGFR-3PosPODOPLANINPos LM LEC population from other endothelial and non-endothelial cells. The sorted LM LECs were cultured and expanded on fibronectin-coated flasks for further experimental use.

The goal of this protocol is to isolate lymphatic endothelial cells lining human lymphatic malformation cyst-like vessels and foreskins using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Subsequent cell culturing and expansion of these cells permits a new level of experimental sophistication for genetic, proteomic, functional and cell differentiation studies.

Çoklu-parametre floresans ile aktive edilen hücre sınıflandırma İnsan lenfatik endotel hücreleri İzolasyonu

Lymphatic system disorders such as primary lymphedema, lymphatic malformations and lymphatic tumors are rare conditions that cause significant morbidity ...

Isolation and Culture of Primary Endothelial Cells from Canine Arteries and Veins

Cardiovascular disease is studied in both human and veterinary medicine. Endothelial cells have been used extensively as an in vitro model to study vasculogenesis, (tumor) angiogenesis, and atherosclerosis. The current standard for in vitro research on human endothelial cells (ECs) is the use of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) and Human Umbilical Artery Endothelial Cells (HUAECs). For canine endothelial research, only one cell line (CnAOEC) is available, which is derived from canine aortic endothelium. Although currently not completely understood, there is a difference between ECs originating from either arteries or veins. For a more direct approach to in vitro functionality studies on ECs, we describe a new method for isolating Canine Primary Endothelial Cells (CaPECs) from a variety of vessels. This technique reduces the chance of contamination with fast-growing cells such as fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, a problem that is common in standard isolation methods such as flushing the vessel with enzymatic solutions or mincing the vessel prior to digestion of the tissue containing all cells. The technique we describe was optimized for the canine model, but can easily be utilized in other species such as human.

Novel isolation methods of primary endothelial cells from blood vessels are needed. This protocol describes a new technique that completely inverts blood vessels of interest, exposing only the endothelial side to enzymatic digestion. The resulting pure endothelial cell culture can be used to study cardiovascular diseases, disease modelling, and angiogenesis.

Köpek arter ve venlerin Primer Endotel Hücreleri İzolasyon ve Kültür

Cardiovascular disease is studied in both human and veterinary medicine. Endothelial cells have been used extensively as an in vitro model to study ...

Isolation of Endothelial Progenitor Cells from Healthy Volunteers and Their Migratory Potential Influenced by Serum Samples After Cardiac Surgery

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are recruited from the bone marrow under pathological conditions like hypoxia and are crucially involved in the neovascularization of ischemic tissues. The origin, classification and characterization of EPCs are complex; notwithstanding, two prominent sub-types of EPCs have been established: so-called &#34;early&#34; EPCs (subsequently referred to as early-EPCs) and late-outgrowth EPCs (late-EPCs). They can be classified by biological properties as well as by their appearance during in vitro culture. While &#34;early&#34; EPCs appear in less than a week after culture of peripheral blood-derived mononuclear cells in EC-specific media, late-outgrowth EPCs can be found after 2-3 weeks. Late-outgrowth EPCs have been recognized to be directly involved in neovascularization, mainly through their ability to differentiate into mature endothelial cells, whereas &#34;early&#34; EPCs express various angiogenic factors as endogenous cargo to promote angiogenesis in a paracrine manner. During myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), various factors control the homing of EPCs to regions of blood vessel formation.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a chemokine-like pro-inflammatory and ubiquitously expressed cytokine and was recently described to function as key regulator of EPCs migration at physiological concentrations1. Interestingly, MIF is stored in intracellular pools and can rapidly be released into the blood stream after several stimuli (e.g. myocardial infarction). 
This protocol describes a method for the reliable isolation and culture of early-EPCs from adult human peripheral blood based on CD34-positive selection with subsequent culture in medium containing endothelial growth factors on fibronectin-coated plates for use in in vitro migration assays against serum samples of cardiac surgical patients. Furthermore, the migratory influence of MIF on chemotaxis of EPCs compared to other well-known angiogenesis-stimulating cytokines is demonstrated.

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are crucially involved in the neovascularization of ischemic tissues. This method describes the isolation of human EPCs from peripheral blood, as well as the identification of their migratory potential against serum samples of cardiac surgical patients.

Kalp Damar Cerrahisi sonra serum Örnekleri etkilenerek Sağlıklı Gönüllüler ve Bunların Göçmen Potansiyelden Endotel Ata Hücreleri İzolasyon

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are recruited from the bone marrow under pathological conditions like hypoxia and are crucially involved in the ...

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Magnetized miR-modified Endothelial Cells

To date, the available surgical and pharmacological treatments for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are limited and often palliative. At the same time, gene and cell therapies are highly promising alternative approaches for CVD treatment. However, the broad clinical application of gene therapy is greatly limited by the lack of suitable gene delivery systems. The development of appropriate gene delivery vectors can provide a solution to current challenges in cell therapy. In particular, existing drawbacks, such as limited efficiency and low cell retention in the injured organ, could be overcome by appropriate cell engineering (i.e., genetic) prior to transplantation. The presented protocol describes the efficient and safe transient modification of endothelial cells using a polyethyleneimine superparamagnetic magnetic nanoparticle (PEI/MNP)-based delivery vector. Also, the algorithm and methods for cell characterization are defined. The successful intracellular delivery of microRNA (miR) into human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) has been achieved without affecting cell viability, functionality, or intercellular communication. Moreover, this approach was proven to cause a strong functional effect in introduced exogenous miR. Importantly, the application of this MNP-based vector ensures cell magnetization, with accompanying possibilities of magnetic targeting and non-invasive MRI tracing. This may provide a basis for magnetically guided, genetically engineered cell therapeutics that can be monitored non-invasively with MRI.

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Magnetized miR-modified Endothelial Cells

This manuscript describes the efficient, non-viral delivery of miR to endothelial cells by a PEI/MNP vector and their magnetization. Thus, in addition to genetic modification, this approach allows for magnetic cell guidance and MRI detectability. The technique can be used to improve the characteristics of therapeutic cell products.

Hazırlık ve<em&gt; İn Vitro</em&gt; Mıknatıslanmış karakterizasyonu Endotel Hücreleri miR-modifiye

To date, the available surgical and pharmacological treatments for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are limited and often palliative. At the same time, gene ...

Assessment of the Anticoagulant and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Endothelial Cells Using 3D Cell Culture and Non-anticoagulated Whole Blood

In vivo, endothelial cells are crucial for the natural anticoagulation of circulating blood. Consequently, endothelial cell activation leads to blood coagulation. This phenomenon is observed in many clinical situations, like organ transplantation in the presence of pre-formed anti-donor antibodies, including xenotransplantation, as well as in ischemia/reperfusion injury. In order to reduce animal experimentation according to the 3R standards (reduction, replacement and refinement), in vitro models to study the effect of endothelial cell activation on blood coagulation would be highly desirable. However, common flatbed systems of endothelial cell culture provide a surface-to-volume ratio of 1 - 5 cm2 of endothelium per mL of blood, which is not sufficient for natural, endothelial-mediated anticoagulation. Culturing endothelial cells on microcarrier beads may increase the surface-to-volume ratio to 40 - 160 cm2/mL. This increased ratio is sufficient to ensure the &#34;natural&#34; anticoagulation of whole blood, so that the use of anticoagulants can be avoided. Here an in vitro microcarrier-based system is described to study the effects of genetic modification of porcine endothelial cells on coagulation of whole, non-anticoagulated human blood. In the described assay, primary porcine aortic endothelial cells, either wild type (WT) or transgenic for human CD46 and thrombomodulin, were grown on microcarrier beads and then exposed to freshly drawn non-anticoagulated human blood. This model allows for the measurement and quantification of cytokine release as well as activation markers of complement and coagulation in the blood plasma. In addition, imaging of activated endothelial cell and deposition of immunoglobulins, complement- and coagulation proteins on the endothelialized beads were performed by confocal microscopy. This assay can also be used to test drugs which are supposed to prevent endothelial cell activation and, thus, coagulation. On top of its potential to reduce the number of animals used for such investigations, the described assay is easy to perform and consistently reproducible.

We present an in vitro model which allows the study and analysis of coagulation in whole, non-anticoagulated blood. Anticoagulation in the system depends on the natural anticoagulation effect of healthy endothelial cells and endothelial cell activation will result in clotting.

Endotel hücreleri kullanarak 3D hücre kültürü ve sigara anticoagulated tam kan antikoagülan ve anti-enflamatuar özellikleri değerlendirilmesi

In vivo, endothelial cells are crucial for the natural anticoagulation of circulating blood. Consequently, endothelial cell activation leads to blood ...

Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations

Many hamstring injuries that occur during physical activity occur while the muscles are lengthening, during eccentric hamstring muscle actions. Opposite of these eccentric hamstring actions are concentric quadriceps actions, where the larger and likely stronger quadriceps straighten the knee. Therefore, to stabilize the lower limbs during movement, the hamstrings must eccentrically combat against the strong knee-straightening torque of the quadriceps. As such, eccentric hamstring strength expressed relative to concentric quadricep strength is commonly referred to as the &#34;functional ratio&#34; as most movements in sports require simultaneous concentric knee extension and eccentric knee flexion. To increase the strength, resiliency, and functional performance of the hamstrings, it is necessary to test and train the hamstrings at different eccentric speeds. The main purpose of this work is to provide instructions for measuring and interpreting eccentric hamstring strength. Techniques for measuring the functional ratio using isokinetic dynamometry are provided and sample data will be compared. Additionally, we briefly describe how to address hamstring strength deficiencies or unilateral strength differences using exercises that specifically focus on increasing eccentric hamstring strength.

The hamstrings are a group of muscles that are sometimes problematic for athletes, resulting in soft tissue injury in the lower limbs. To prevent such injuries, functional training of the hamstrings requires intensive eccentric contractions. Additionally, hamstring function should be tested in relation to quadricep function at different contraction speeds.

Kas dengesizlikleri: Test ve fonksiyonel eksantrik Hamstring gücü atletik nüfus eğitim

Many hamstring injuries that occur during physical activity occur while the muscles are lengthening, during eccentric hamstring muscle actions. Opposite ...