ACD is supported by a grant from the National Institute of Health (R01-CA177875). LX is a fellow in the HHMI-funded translational medicine program at UNC Chapel Hill. JVM is supported by a T32 pre-doctoral fellowship from the Integrative Vascular Biology Program at UNC Chapel Hill. We thank Clayton Davis for assistance with confocal microscopy.

Das folgende Protokoll wird gemäß den Leitlinien, die von der Abteilung für Labortiermedizin an der University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill niedergelassen. 1. Bereiten Sie das folgende Material und Reagenzien vor dem Start <ol><li> Vorbereitung EC Medien durch Hinzu 400 ml niedrigen Glucose (1 g / l D-Glucose oder LG) Dulbeccos modifiziertem Eagle-Medium (DMEM) mit 50 ml hitzeinaktiviertes fötales Rinderserum, 50 ml Nu-Serum IV, 5 ml Antibiotika-Antimykotika, und hFGF, VEGF, hEGF, R3-IGF-1 und Heparin-Komponenten aus dem im Handel erhältlichen Kits. </li><li> Vorbereitung 500 ml FACS-Puffer (0,5% BSA und 2 mM EDTA in PBS); filtriert durch ein steriles 0,22 um Filtertasse. </li><li> Zu sterilisieren oder zu desinfizieren Sezieren Bord. </li><li> Dissektion Stifte, chirurgische Scheren und Dissektoren sterilisieren. </li></ol> 2. EG-Isolation (Tag 1, ~ 5 Stunden) <ol><li> Euthanize Maus mit Kohlendioxid oder einem anderen Verfahren konform with der Institutional Animal Care und Verwenden Committee (IACUC) Politiken. Hinweis: Mehrere Brusttumoren unterschiedlicher Größe (von 5 bis 15 mm Durchmesser) in einem einzigen genetisch veränderten Maus zu entwickeln, wie beispielsweise C3-Tag, sollten Sie alle von ihnen für TEC Isolation zu ernten. Bei Verwendung von Tumoren, die orthotop bei Mäusen eingepflanzt werden, Pool zwei vor drei 1 cm 3 Tumoren für eine einzige EG-Isolation. Hier verwenden wir Brusttumoren als Demonstration, aber das Protokoll kann für andere Tumorarten modifiziert werden. </li><li> Desinfizieren Maus durch Sprühen oder mit reichlichen Menge von 75% v / v Ethanol Abwischen des Mausbauchseite. </li><li> Resezieren Tumoren mit einer Schere und Dissektoren unter aseptischen Bedingungen in eine sterile Haube oder an einer Sterilbank. <ol><li> Ausstrecken und die Glieder der Mäuse Stift auf einem Seziertisch Bord. Machen Sie eine Mittellinie Bauchschnitt mit der Schere ohne Öffnen des Bauchfells. Lateral zerlegen zwischen der Haut und dem Bauchfell zu den Brustdrüsen, wo Tumore befinden.Das Bauchfell nicht öffnen. </li><li> Verbrauch nur Tumorgewebe von den Brustdrüsen, Weglassen normalen Brust Margen. Sorgfältig schneiden Sie Nicht-Tumor-Gewebe wie Haut und Muskeln, und legen Sie sezierten Tumoren in einem konischen Röhrchen mit 30 ml DMEM-LG auf Eis. </li></ol></li><li> Bringen Tumorproben zur Gewebekultur Kapuze; waschen Gewebe mit sterilem LG-DMEM 1-2 mal. </li><li> Transfer Tumoren von der konischen Röhrchen in einen sterilen Gewebekulturpetrischale, 2 ml DMEM-LG in der Schale, und Hackfleisch mit einem Paar von sterilen Schere in Stücke &lt;5 mm. </li><li> 5 ml Collagenase (stock = 2 mg / ml in Hanks Balanced Salt Solution, im Folgenden HBSS), 1 ml Dispase (stock = 2,5 U / ml in HBSS) und 75 &amp; mgr; l Desoxyribonuclease (lieferbar = 1 mg / ml in PBS ) in die Petrischale. Gesamtvolumen ist jetzt ~ 10 ml. </li><li> Übertragen Sie die Kollagenase / Gewebemischung aus der Petrischale mit einem gewebe Dissociator Rohr und auf einem Gewebe Dissociator für 60 Sekunden laufen zweimal (voreingestellt Dissoziation prOgram auf der Dissociator: 1270 Gesamt Schuss pro Lauf). Inkubieren mit leichten Schütteln auf einem Schüttler für 75 min bei 37 ° C. </li><li> Filter verdaute Gewebe durch ein 100 &amp; mgr; m Zellsieb über einem 50 ml konischen Röhrchen. Rinse-Filter mit 5 ml FACS-Puffer, um jegliche verbleibenden Zellen zu waschen. Spin bei 280 xg für 5 Minuten und der Überstand vorsichtig abzusaugen, ohne das Zellpellet zu stören. </li><li> Verdünnen Sie 1 ml der Stamm RBC Lysispuffer (10x) in 9 ml sterilem Wasser. Lyse der roten Blutzellen mit 10 ml Lyse-Puffer (1x) und unmittelbar Spin 5 min bei 280 x g. Hinweis: Dieser Schritt kann übersprungen, wenn wenig Blut sichtbar ist. </li><li> Resuspendiere in 10 ml FACS-Puffer. Mischen Sie 10 ul der Zellsuspension mit 10 ul Trypanblau, und zählen lebende Zellen mit einer Zählkammer. </li><li> Die Zellen bei ~ 10 7 Zellen / 100 ul. Zugabe von 10 &amp; mgr; l FcR-Block pro 100 ul Zellsuspension, und Inkubieren auf Eis für 10 min. </li><li> In Ratten-Anti-Maus-PE-konjugierten CD31 Antikörpers nach. Tabelle 1 auf Eis inkubieren 10-15 min und das Röhrchen klopfen, gelegentlich. </li><li> 10 ml FACS-Puffer auf das Rohr und Schleudern bei 280 × g für 5 min. Den Überstand vorsichtig abnehmen und waschen Sie das Zellpellet erneut mit 5 ml FACS-Puffer. Zentrifuge Zellen zu pelletieren. Überstand wird abgesaugt, ohne störende Zellpellet. </li><li> Hinzufügen FACS-Puffer und Anti-PE-Mikrokügelchen gemäß Tabelle 2 auf Eis inkubieren. 10 - 15 min. Flick Rohr gelegentlich. </li><li> 10 ml FACS-Puffer und Spin-Proben bei 280 × g für 5 min; sofort abwaschen mit 5 ml FACS-Puffer und Zentrifuge wieder. Überstand wird abgesaugt, ohne störende Pellet. </li><li> Das Volumen auf 300 ul in FACS-Puffer. Spin durch 35 &amp; mgr; m-Sieb Zell Röhrchen mit 5 min bei 280 x g. Benutzen Sie 2 Rohre und ein größeres Volumen, wenn nötig. </li><li> Einrichten Magnet mehrgerüstigen und magnetischen Spalten in Haube, fügen Sie eine Spalte mit dem Separator und ins Gleichgewicht der Säule mit 2 ml FACS-Puffer. </li><li> Aspirate des Überstandes und Resuspendieren des Zellpellets in 0,5 - 1 ml FACS-Puffer. </li><li> Übergeben Sie die Zellsuspension durch die äquilibriert magnetischen Spalte. </li><li> Dreimal mit 2 ml FACS-Puffer Die Säule, und sammeln Flow-Through (FT) in einem 15-ml-Tube (FT-Fraktion). </li><li> Nehmen Sie die Spalte aus dem Separator und Elution mit 2 ml FACS-Puffer in einen anderen 15 ml-Röhrchen (Eluatfraktion). Verwenden Sie Kolben, um sicherzustellen, alle Zellen aus der Säule. Wiederholung der Elution noch zwei Mal mit 2 ml FACS-Puffer jedesmal. </li><li> Spin des Eluats bei 280 × g für 5 min. </li><li> Entfernen des Überstandes und Resuspendieren des Pellets in 10 ml EC Medien. </li><li> Ebenso teilen die Eluatfraktion (~ 6 ml) in 10 cm Gelatine beschichteten Schalen. Seit drei 1 cm 3 Tumoren, Platte eluiert Zellen in mindestens vier Platten. Alternativ Platte eluiert Zellen in unterschiedlichen Konzentrationen in mehrere Platten (z. B. Saatgut, 0,5 ml, 1 ml, 1,5 ml und 3 ml des Eluates in vier Platten), um sicherzustellen, daß einet mindestens eine Platte ist dünn mit eluierten Zellen ausgesät. Prüfen, ob die Konfluenz der anhaftenden Zellen ist bei ~ 1% am nächsten Tag (dh ungefähr 1,0 bis 2,0 x 10 5 anhaftenden Zellen). Anmerkung: Die Zellen brauchen spärlich zu plattierenden sodass EC Kolonien können, ohne von anderen Zelltypen kontaminierten bilden. </li><li> Platte FT-Fraktion in einem 10 cm-Schale zu lassen Zellen zu gewinnen O / N. Überprüfen Sie, ob die Platte 80-100% konfluent am nächsten Tag. Frieren Sie die Zellen nach unten (-80 ° C) in 250 ul zellgefrierenden Medien in einem Kryoröhrchen und speichern sie in flüssigem Stickstoff am nächsten Tag. Anmerkung: FT-Fraktion kann zur Tumorzellisolierung zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt und / oder als Negativkontrolle für EC Genexpressionsanalyse der isolierten EC-Klone verwendet werden. </li><li> Ändern Medien alle 2 - 3 Tage. Kolonien beginnen, nach 7 bilden - 10 Tage. Kleine EG Kolonien können so früh wie Tag 3. Markieren Sie die Kolonien mit einer feinen Spitze-Markierung auf dem Boden der Schale identifiziert werden. </li><li> Abkratzen unspezifische cEllen rund um die identifizierten Kolonien mit einer sterilen 200 ul Pippet Spitze. </li></ol> 3. Colony Auswahl mit Cloning Ringe <ol><li> Ändern Medien alle 2 - 3 Tage. 7 Tage - EC Reinheit kann durch LDL (Dil-Ac-LDL) zusätzlich bei etwa 5 überprüft werden. In 50 ul LDL pro 10 ml EC-Medium und Inkubation für 3-4 h vor der Überprüfung der Zellen unter dem Fluoreszenzmikroskop. Hinweis: Mehrere LDL + EC-Klone konnten bei ~ Tag 7 beobachtet werden. </li><li> Beginnen Ernten EC Kolonien, wenn sie Durchmessern von 3 erreichen - 5 mm in der Größe. (Wählen Sie große Kolonien, die mit kleinen LDL + Zellen, die für beste Ergebnisse gepackt werden.) </li><li> Vor der Ernte EG mit Clonierungsringen, Vorstrich ein paar 6-Well-Platten mit 0,5% Gelatine. Saugen Sie Gelatine, 2 ml EC Medien in jede Vertiefung, und halten Sie die Platten in einen Inkubator, bis sie benötigt. </li><li> Abkratzen Nicht-EG an den Rändern der Kolonien, um sicherzustellen, dass keine anderen Zelltypen werden mit dem Klonen Ring eingefangen werden. </li><li> Mit einemPhasenkontrastmikroskop (4X oder 10X-Objektiv), Exposé mit einer feinen Spitze-Markierung auf dem Boden der Kulturschale die Bereiche mit EC Kolonien. </li><li> Waschen Sie die Platte mit 10 ml PBS und lassen Sie eine sehr dünne Schicht aus PBS in der Platte beim Ansaugen. (Wichtig: eine kleine Menge (~ 0,5 ml) PBS werden die Zellen während des Klonen-Ring-Verfahren am Leben zu erhalten; auch muss Gewebekleber Wasser zu binden.) </li><li> Wählen Sie eine Klonierung Ring entsprechender Größe. Verwenden Sie ein Paar Pinzette zu holen ein Ring, und mit einer 10 ul Pipettenspitze eine kleine Menge von Gewebekleber gleichmäßig auftragen auf das Klonen Ring. Hinweis: Verwenden Sie nur eine minimale Menge (~ 0,2 &amp; mgr; l für einen kleinen Ring) der Gewebekleber zum Klonen Ringe, und stellen Sie sicher, Gewebekleber wird gleichmäßig über die Bodenfläche verteilt, um eine gute Abdichtung zu gewährleisten. Übermäßige Gewebekleber erzeugt Wärme und bildet Filme, die Zellen zu töten kann. </li><li> Legen Sie das Klonen Ring über die EG-Kolonie. Drücken Sie vorsichtig das Klonen Ring um die ri klebenng auf die Platte. Stellen Sie sicher, dass die Kolonien werden nicht vor dem Kleben der Ring getrocknet. </li><li> Unmittelbar Pipettieren von 25 ul der enzymatischen Zellablösung Lösung in den Klonierungsvektor Ring und inkubiere ~ 1 min oder bis die Zellen sind lose befestigt. </li><li> Pipet-Zellen bei der Klonierung Ring tropfenweise in eine Vertiefung einer 6-Well-Platte mit vorgewärmten EG Medien. (Wichtig: die Platte, um Zellen zu dispergieren, nicht schütteln; EG lieber in dichten Trauben wachsen.) Waschen Sie das Klonen Ring mit 50-100 ul EG Medien, um so viele Zellen wie möglich zu sammeln und übertragen alle Waschanlagen in den gleichen 6-Well- . </li><li> Wenn einige Kolonien in der 10 cm-Schale zu klein, um zu ernten, 10 ml frischem Medium, lassen die Kolonien wachsen für ein paar Tage, und wiederholen Sie den Klonen Ring Prozedur erneut. </li><li> Wachsen geernteten Kolonien in Platten mit 6 Vertiefungen bis 80 - 100% konfluent waren, und die Übertragungszellen zu 3 Vertiefungen einer Platte mit 6 Vertiefungen, zuvor in einer 10 cm-Gewebekulturschale expandierenden ihnen. Abkratzen Verunreinigung Zellen. Wiederholeneine weitere Runde des Klonens Ringverfahren (Schritte von 3,5 bis 3,10), wenn nötig. Halten Zellen relativ konfluent (~ 60-70%) bei der Erweiterung. EG kann aufhören zu wachsen, wenn überzogen zu spärlich. </li><li> Charakterisieren EG durch FACS, Färbung, PCR usw. Beachten Sie, dass Dil-Ac-LDL ist fluoreszierend und können mit PE oder andere fluoreszierende Antikörper für FACS stören. </li></ol>

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Path. 194 (2), 254-261 (2001).</li><li>Maddaluno, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EndMT+contributes+to+the+onset+and+progression+of+cerebral+cavernous+malformations.">EndMT contributes to the onset and progression of cerebral cavernous malformations.</a> Nature. 498 (7455), 492-496 (2013).</li><li>Cooley, B. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TGF-&#946;+signaling+mediates+endothelial-to-mesenchymal+transition+(EndMT)+during+vein+graft+remodeling.">TGF-&#946; signaling mediates endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) during vein graft remodeling.</a> Sci. Transl. Med. 6 (227), 227ra34-227ra34 (2014).</li><li>Garcia, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tie1+deficiency+induces+endothelial-mesenchymal+transition.">Tie1 deficiency induces endothelial-mesenchymal transition.</a> EMBO Rep. 13 (5), 431-439 (2012).</li><li>Xiao, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+endothelial+cells+with+distinct+patterns+of+TGF&#946;-driven+endothelial-to-mesenchymal+transition.">Tumor endothelial cells with distinct patterns of TGF&#946;-driven endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition.</a> Cancer Res. 75 (7), 1244-1254 (2015).</li><li>Kusumbe, A. P., Ramasamy, S. K., Adams, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coupling+of+angiogenesis+and+osteogenesis+by+a+specific+vessel+subtype+in+bone.">Coupling of angiogenesis and osteogenesis by a specific vessel subtype in bone.</a> Nature. 507 (7492), 323-328 (2014).</li><li>Wang, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+clonally+expanding+haematopoietic+compartment+in+bone+marrow.">Identification of a clonally expanding haematopoietic compartment in bone marrow.</a> EMBO J. 32 (2), 219-230 (2012).</li><li>Sawamiphak, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ephrin-B2+regulates+VEGFR2+function+in+developmental+and+tumour+angiogenesis.">Ephrin-B2 regulates VEGFR2 function in developmental and tumour angiogenesis.</a> Nature. 465 (7297), 487-491 (2010).</li><li>Chi, J. -. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+cell+diversity+revealed+by+global+expression+profiling.">Endothelial cell diversity revealed by global expression profiling.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100 (19), 10623-10628 (2003).</li><li>Nolan, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+signatures+of+tissue-specific+microvascular+endothelial+cell+heterogeneity+in+organ+maintenance+and+regeneration.">Molecular signatures of tissue-specific microvascular endothelial cell heterogeneity in organ maintenance and regeneration.</a> Dev. Cell. 26 (2), 204-219 (2013).</li><li>Ingram, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vessel+wall-derived+endothelial+cells+rapidly+proliferate+because+they+contain+a+complete+hierarchy+of+endothelial+progenitor+cells.">Vessel wall-derived endothelial cells rapidly proliferate because they contain a complete hierarchy of endothelial progenitor cells.</a> Blood. 105 (7), 2783-2786 (2005).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Aufgrund der Schwierigkeiten bei der reinen Primär TEC Kulturen, viele in vitro-Studien Ersatz TEC mit handelsüblichen EC Linien oder primäre EC wie humane Nabelvenen-EC (HUVEC) 13. Jedoch können diese EG-Populationen aus normalen Geweben dienen nur als Proxy für TEC, die sich deutlich von ihren normalen Gegenstücken unterscheiden. Zum Beispiel sind TEC phänotypisch und funktionell abnormalen in vivo und einige dieser Anomalien können tragbare in vitro 14-18</s...

Endothelzellen (EC) sind bei der Entwicklung von soliden Tumoren essentiell. Von Einleitung der Angiogenese-Schalter in ruhenden Tumoren zu Verbreitung und Aussaat von Metastasen an entfernten Stellen, EG bilden die Leitungen, die Blut, Sauerstoff bereitzustellen und Nährstoffe, um das Tumorwachstum 1 aufrecht zu erhalten. Wie vor kurzem vorgeschlagen, EC auch Perfusions-unabhängige Funktionen und bilden eine Nische, die das Wachstum von Krebs-Stammzellen und anderen Tumor Stromazellen 2-5 unterstützt. So hochgereinigte Tumor-spezifischen EG (TEC) für die in-vitro-Kultur ermöglicht Routine funktionelle Studien, die Licht auf neuartigen molekularen Mechanismen der Vermittlung der Tumorangiogenese und Übersprechen mit Tumorzellen zu vergießen wird. EC sind hochspezialisierte Abhängigkeit von dem Ursprungsgewebe 6. Aufgrund der Heterogenität der verschiedenen Tumorarten und der Tumor-Mikroumgebung kann TEC auch einzigartige Funktionen, die eine tumorspezifische Spezialisierung o widerspiegeln anzeigenf das Gefäßsystem. Zum Beispiel gibt es auffallende Variabilität der Genexpressions in TEC aus unterschiedlichen Typen oder Qualitäten von Tumoren 7,8 isoliert. Allerdings können häufige Co-Reinigung von Nicht-EG, insbesondere Tumor-assoziierten Fibroblasten und Tumorzellen, mit TEC verwechseln genomweite Expressionsanalysen. Diese unerwünschten Zelltypen sind besonders problematisch, in Studien, die auf langfristigen in vitro Expansion des TEC Kulturen verlassen. Hier beschrieben wird ein High-Fidelity-Verfahren, die durchweg reine EG Kulturen von Tumoren und anderen Geweben produziert. Nach immunomagnetische Spalte Bereicherung der EG-Fraktionen und Entfernen von co-gereinigten Nicht-EG, um eine zusätzliche Klonen-Ring Schritt reine EG Kolonien verwendet 9 zu erfassen. Jede Kolonie in Kultur für mehrere Passagen, ohne die Entstehung von gefährdend Nicht-EG erweitert werden. Dieses Verfahren ergibt ebenfalls mehrere EC-Klone aus einer einzelnen Isolierungsverfahren, die ideal für die Untersuchung von Endothelial Heterogenität. Darüber hinaus wird gezeigt, dass CDH5 cre: ZsGreen l / s / l-Reporter-Mäuse sind ein wertvolles Werkzeug zur Erzeugung von &quot;Schicksal-mapped&quot; lesbar und dauerhaft markierte EC, die ZsGreen Fluoreszenz in Kultur 10 aufrecht zu erhalten. Mit geringfügigen Anpassungen des Protokoll sollte dieses Verfahren an verschiedene Tumortypen oder normalen Geweben sein.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Antibiotic-Antimycotic&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A5955</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&#039;s Modified Eagle&#039;s medium (1 g/L D-glucose) (LG-DMEM)</td><td>Gibco</td><td>11885-084</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EGM-2 Bullet Kit&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Lonza</td><td>CC4176</td><td>Not all components used</td></tr><tr><td>Fetal bovine serum (Hyclone)</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>SH30071.03</td><td>Heat inactivated at 56 &amp;deg;C for 30 min</td></tr><tr><td>Nu-Serum IV</td><td>Corning</td><td>CB-51004</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hank&#039;s Balanced Salt Solution (HBBS)</td><td>Gibco</td><td>14175-095</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)</td><td>Gibco</td><td>14190-144</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FACS buffer&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.5 % BSA and 2 mM EDTA in PBS, filtered through a 0.22 &amp;mu;m filter</td></tr><tr><td>75% v/v ethanol for disinfection</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-PE microbeads&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Miltenyi Biotech</td><td>130-048-801</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA) fraction V, 7.5%</td><td>Gibco</td><td>15260-37</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell freezing media (Bambanker)</td><td>Wako Chemicals</td><td>302-14681</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Collagenase type II&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Worthington Biochemical</td><td>LS004176</td><td>Make stock concentration 2 mg/ml in HBSS</td></tr><tr><td>Deoxyribonuclease I (DNase)</td><td>Worthington Biochemical</td><td>LS002004</td><td>Make stock concentration 1 mg/ml in PBS</td></tr><tr><td>Dil-Ac-LDL</td><td>Biomedical Technologies</td><td>BT-902</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EDTA, 0.5M, pH 8.0</td><td>Cellgro</td><td>46-034-CL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Enzymatic cell detachment solution (Accutase)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A6964-100ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gelatin, 2% in water, tissue culture grade</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G1393-100ML</td><td>Dilute in PBS to make 0.5% gelatin solution</td></tr><tr><td>Mouse FcR Blocking Reagent&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Miltenyi Biotech</td><td>130-092-575</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Neutral protease (Dispase)</td><td>Worthington Biochemical</td><td>LS02104</td><td>Make stock concentration 2.5 U/ml in HBSS</td></tr><tr><td>PE-rat anti-mouse CD31 antibody</td><td>BD Pharmingen</td><td>553373</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RBC lysis buffer (BD Pharm Lyse)</td><td>BD Pharmingen</td><td>555899</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sterile water</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypan blue, 0.4 %&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>15250-061</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10 mm tissue culture dishes</td><td>Corning</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15 ml conical tubes (sterile)</td><td>Corning</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50 ml conical tubes (sterile)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Corning</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6-well tissue culture plates</td><td>Corning</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tissue-dissociator tubes (gentleMACS) C tubes)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Miltenyi Biotech</td><td>130-093-237</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell Separator&amp;nbsp; (MidiMACS)</td><td>Miltenyi Biotech</td><td>130-042-302</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell strainer 100 &amp;mu;m&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Corning</td><td>352360</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cloning rings (assorted sizes)</td><td>Bel-Art Products</td><td>378470000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cryotubes</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissecting board</td><td></td><td></td><td>Sterilize or disinfect with 75% v/v ethanol before use&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Dissecting forceps and scissors</td><td></td><td></td><td>Sterilize before use&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Dissecting pins 2&quot;</td><td></td><td></td><td>Sterilize before use&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>FACS tubes with 35 &amp;mu;m filter cap</td><td>Corning</td><td>352235</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Filter cup (Stericup, 0.22 &amp;mu;m)</td><td>Millipore</td><td>SCGPU05RE</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fine-tip marker</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hemocytometer</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LS Columns</td><td>Miltenyi Biotech</td><td>130-042-401</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnetic Multistand</td><td>Miltenyi Biotech</td><td>130-042-303</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tissue adhesive (Vetbond)</td><td>3M</td><td>1469SB</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>5810R</td><td>Or a centrifuge with similar capacity for 15 ml and 50 ml conical tube centrifugation</td></tr><tr><td>Tissue culture hood</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tissue dissociator (gentleMACS)</td><td>Miltenyi Biotech</td><td>130-093-235</td><td>Preset program &quot;m_impTumor_01&quot; used for tissue dissociation&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Liquid nitrogen freezer</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microplate or rotary shaker</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phase contrast light microscope</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

isolation and culture expansion of tumor-specific endothelial cells

Frisch isolierte Tumor-spezifische Endothelzellen (TEC) kann zur molekularen Mechanismen der Tumorangiogenese zu erforschen und dienen als ein in vitro-Modell für die Entwicklung neuer Inhibitoren der Angiogenese bei Krebs ist. Jedoch ist die langfristige in-vitro-Expansion von murinen Endothelzellen (EC) herausfordernde aufgrund phänotypischer Drift in Kultur (endothelial-to-mesenchymale Transition) und Verunreinigungen mit Nicht-EC. Dies gilt insbesondere für die TEC die leicht durch co-gereinigte Fibroblasten oder Tumorzellen in Kultur outcompeted werden. Hier wird ein High-Fidelity-Isolierungsverfahren, die die Vorteile der Anreicherung immun gepaart mit Kolonie-Auswahl und in vitro Expansion dauert beschrieben. Dieser Ansatz erzeugt reine EG Fraktionen, die völlig frei von verunreinigenden Stromazellen oder Tumorzellen sind. Es wird auch gezeigt, dass die linien zurückzuführen CDH5 cre: ZsGreen l / s / l Reportermäusen, mit dem Protokoll, beschrieben, sind ein wertvolles Werkzeug, um Zell verifizierenReinheit der isolierten EG Kolonien aus diesen Mäusen zeigen, langlebige und brillante ZsGreen Fluoreszenz in Kultur.

EC stellen nur geringfügige einen Bruchteil der gesamten Zellpopulation in den meisten Geweben von Erwachsenen 11. Es ist daher wichtig, vollständig zu verdauen, die geerntete Gewebe in eine Einzelzellsuspension, die die maximale Freisetzung von EC von extrazellulärer Matrix (ECM) und Bindegewebe gewährleistet. Nach unserer Erfahrung bietet CD31-vermittelte immunomagnetische Auswahl nur angereicherten aber nicht reine EG Fraktionen; Daher ist ein weiterer entscheidender Schritt, die physische Entfernung v...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Culture Expansion of Tumor-specific Endothelial Cells at JoVE.com

Isolation and Culture Expansion of Tumor-specific Endothelial Cells

We report a reliable method to isolate and culture primary tumor-specific endothelial cells from genetically engineered mouse models.

Isolierung und Kultur Expansion von tumorspezifischen Endothelzellen

Freshly isolated tumor-specific endothelial cells (TEC) can be used to explore molecular mechanisms of tumor angiogenesis and serve as an in vitro model ...

isolation-and-culture-expansion-of-tumor-specific-endothelial-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

11.1K Aufrufe.  University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. We report a reliable method to isolate and culture primary tumor-specific endothelial cells from genetically engineered mouse models. 

Serie: Isolation and Culture Expansion of Tumor-specific Endothelial Cells

Ex vivo Expansion of Tumor-reactive T Cells by Means of Bryostatin 1/Ionomycin and the Common Gamma Chain Cytokines Formulation

It was reported that breast cancer patients have pre-existing immune responses against their tumors1,2. However, such immune responses fail to provide complete protection against the development or recurrence of breast cancer. To overcome this problem by increasing the frequency of tumor-reactive T cells, adoptive immunotherapy has been employed. A variety of protocols have been used for the expansion of tumor-specific T cells. These protocols, however, are restricted to the use of tumor antigens ex vivo for the activation of antigen-specific T cells. Very recently, common gamma chain cytokines such as IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21 have been used alone or in combination for the enhancement of anti-tumor immune responses3. However, it is not clear what formulation would work best for the expansion of tumor-reactive T cells. Here we present a protocol for the selective activation and expansion of tumor-reactive T cells from the FVBN202 transgenic mouse model of HER-2/neu positive breast carcinoma for use in adoptive T cell therapy of breast cancer. The protocol includes activation of T cells with bryostatin-1/ionomycin (B/I) and IL-2 in the absence of tumor antigens for 16 hours. B/I activation mimics intracellular signals that result in T cell activation by increasing protein kinase C activity and intracellular calcium, respectively4. This protocol specifically activates tumor-specific T cells while killing irrelevant T cells. The B/I-activated T cells are cultured with IL-7 and IL-15 for 24 hours and then pulsed with IL-2. After 24 hours, T cells are washed, split, and cultured with IL-7 + IL-15 for additional 4 days. Tumor-specificity and anti-tumor efficacy of the ex vivo expanded T cells is determined.

Ex vivo Expansion of Tumor-reactive T Cells by Means of Bryostatin 1/Ionomycin and the Common Gamma Chain Cytokines Formulation

An efficient protocol for the ex vivo expansion of tumor-reactive T cells from tumor-draining lymph nodes or other secondary lymphoid tissues of tumor-bearing hosts is described. This protocol selectively expands tumor-specific T cells for use in adoptive immunotherapy of breast cancer.

Ex vivo Expansion von Tumor-reaktiven T-Zellen mittels Bryostatin 1/Ionomycin und der Gemeinsamen gamma-Kette Zytokine Formulation

It was reported that breast cancer patients have pre-existing immune responses against their tumors1,2. However, such immune responses fail to provide ...

Forschung

Immunologie und Infektion

Isolation of Human Endothelial Cells from Normal Colon and Colorectal Carcinoma - An Improved Protocol

Primary cells isolated from human carcinomas are valuable tools to identify pathogenic mechanisms contributing to disease development and progression. In particular, endothelial cells (EC) constituting the inner surface of vessels, directly participate in oxygen delivery, nutrient supply, and removal of waste products to and from tumors, and are thereby prominently involved in the constitution of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor endothelial cells (TECs) can be used as cellular biosensors of the intratumoral microenvironment established by communication between tumor and stromal cells. TECs also serve as targets of therapy. Accordingly, in culture these cells allow studies on mechanisms of response or resistance to anti-angiogenic treatment. Recently, it was found that TECs isolated from human colorectal carcinoma (CRC) exhibit memory-like effects based on the specific TME they were derived from. Moreover, these TECs actively contribute to the establishment of a specific TME by the secretion of different factors. For example, TECs in a prognostically favorable Th1-TME secrete the anti-angiogenic tumor-suppressive factor secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine-like 1 (SPARCL1). SPARCL1 regulates vessel homeostasis and inhibits tumor cell proliferation and migration. Hence, cultures of pure, viable TECs isolated from human solid tumors are a valuable tool for functional studies on the role of the vascular system in tumorigenesis. Here, a new up-to-date protocol for the isolation of primary EC from the normal colon as well as CRC is described. The technique is based on mechanical and enzymatic tissue digestion, immunolabeling, and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS)-sorting of triple-positive cells (CD31, VE-cadherin, CD105). With this protocol, viable TEC or normal endothelial cell (NEC) cultures could be isolated from colon tissues with a success rate of 62.12% when subjected to FACS-sorting (41 pure EC cultures from 66 tissue samples). Accordingly, this protocol provides a robust approach to isolate human EC cultures from normal colon and CRC.

Tumor endothelial cells are important determinants of the tumor microenvironment and the course of the disease. Here, a protocol for the isolation of pure and viable endothelial cells from human colorectal carcinoma and normal colon to be used in drug testing and pathogenesis research is described.

Isolierung der menschlichen Endothelzellen aus normalen Colon und kolorektalen Karzinom - eine verbesserte Protokoll

Primary cells isolated from human carcinomas are valuable tools to identify pathogenic mechanisms contributing to disease development and progression. In ...

Krebsforschung

Tissue Engineering of a Human 3D in vitro Tumor Test System

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Current therapeutic strategies are predominantly developed in 2D culture systems, which inadequately reflect physiological conditions in vivo. Biological 3D matrices provide cells an environment in which cells can self-organize, allowing the study of tissue organization and cell differentiation. Such scaffolds can be seeded with a mixture of different cell types to study direct 3D cell-cell-interactions. To mimic the 3D complexity of cancer tumors, our group has developed a 3D in vitro tumor test system.	
	Our 3D tissue test system models the in vivo situation of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), which we established with our decellularized porcine jejunal segment derived biological vascularized scaffold (BioVaSc). In our model, we reseeded a modified BioVaSc matrix with primary fibroblasts, microvascular endothelial cells (mvECs) and the S462 tumor cell line. For static culture, the vascular structure of the BioVaSc is removed and the remaining scaffold is cut open on one side (Small Intestinal Submucosa SIS-Muc). The resulting matrix is then fixed between two metal rings (cell crowns).	
	Another option is to culture the cell-seeded SIS-Muc in a flow bioreactor system that exposes the cells to shear stress. Here, the bioreactor is connected to a peristaltic pump in a self-constructed incubator. A computer regulates the arterial oxygen and nutrient supply via parameters such as blood pressure, temperature, and flow rate. This setup allows for a dynamic culture with either pressure-regulated pulsatile or constant flow.	
	In this study, we could successfully establish both a static and dynamic 3D culture system for MPNSTs. The ability to model cancer tumors in a more natural 3D environment will enable the discovery, testing, and validation of future pharmaceuticals in a human-like model.

Tissue Engineering of a Human 3D in vitro Tumor Test System

Methods to create human 3D tumor tissues as test systems are described. These technologies are based on a decellularized Biological Vascularized Scaffold (BioVaSc), primary human cells and a tumor cell line, which can be cultured under static as well as under dynamic conditions in a flow bioreactor.

Tissue Engineering eines Menschen 3D<em&gt; In-vitro-</em&gt; Tumor-Testsystem

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide.  Current therapeutic strategies are predominantly developed in 2D culture  systems, which ...

Biotechnik

Isolation of Endothelial Progenitor Cells from Human Umbilical Cord Blood

The existence of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in peripheral blood and its involvement in vasculogenesis was first reported by Ashara and colleagues1. Later, others documented the existence of similar types of EPCs originating from bone marrow2,3. More recently, Yoder and Ingram showed that EPCs derived from umbilical cord blood had a higher proliferative potential compared to ones isolated from adult peripheral blood4,5,6. Apart from being involved in postnatal vasculogenesis, EPCs have also shown promise as a cell source for creating tissue-engineered vascular and heart valve constructs7,8. Various isolation protocols exist, some of which involve the cell sorting of mononuclear cells (MNCs) derived from the sources mentioned earlier with the help of endothelial and hematopoietic markers, or culturing these MNCs with specialized endothelial growth medium, or a combination of these techniques9. Here, we present a protocol for the isolation and culture of EPCs using specialized endothelial medium supplemented with growth factors, without the use of immunosorting, followed by the characterization of the isolated cells using Western blotting and immunostaining.

The goal of this protocol is to isolate endothelial progenitor cells from umbilical cord blood. Some of the applications include using these cells as a biomarker for identifying patients with cardiovascular risk, treating ischemic diseases, and creating tissue-engineered vascular and heart valve constructs.

Isolierung der endothelialen Vorläuferzellen aus menschlichen Nabelschnurblut

The existence of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in peripheral blood and its involvement in vasculogenesis was first reported by Ashara and ...

Entwicklungsbiologie

Isolation and Large Scale Expansion of Adult Human Endothelial Colony Forming Progenitor Cells

This paper introduces a novel recovery strategy for endothelial colony forming progenitor cells (ECFCs) from heparinized but otherwise unmanipulated adult human peripheral blood within a mean of 12 days. After large scale expansion &gt;1x108 ECFCs can be obtained for further tests. Advantageously by using pHPL the contact of human cells with bovine serum antigens can be excluded. By flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry the isolated cells can be characterized as ECFC and their in vitro functionality to form vascular like structures can be tested in a matrigel assay. Further these cells can be subcutaneously injected in a mouse model to form functional, perfused vessels in vivo. After long term expansion and cryopreservation proliferation, function and genomic stability appear to be preserved. 3,4
This animal-protein free isolation and expansion method is easily applicable to generate a large quantity of ECFCs.

Endothelial colony forming progenitor cells (ECFCs) are a promising tool to study vascular homeostasis and repair.1,2 This paper introduces a novel animal-serum free method for isolation and expansion of ECFC from heparinised adult human peripheral blood with pooled human platelet lysate (pHPL) diminishing the risk of anti-bovine immunisation.

Isolation und großräumige Ausdehnung der erwachsenen Menschen Endothelial Colony Forming Progenitorzellen

This paper introduces a novel recovery strategy for endothelial colony forming progenitor cells (ECFCs) from heparinized but otherwise unmanipulated adult ...

Biologie

Isolation and Culture of Endothelial Cells from the Embryonic Forebrain

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two vascular networks of the embryonic forebrain, pial and periventricular, are spatially distinctive and have different origins and growth patterns. Endothelial cells from the pial and periventricular vascular networks have unique gene expression profiles and functions. Here we present a step-by-step protocol for isolation, culture, and verification of pure populations of endothelial cells from the periventricular vascular network (PVECs) of the embryonic forebrain (telencephalon). In this approach, telencephalon devoid of pial membrane obtained from embryonic day 15 mice is minced, digested with collagenase/dispase, and dispersed mechanically into a single cell suspension. PVECs are purified from cell suspension using positive selection with anti-CD-31/PECAM-1 antibody conjugated to MicroBeads using a strong magnetic separation method. Purified cells are cultured on collagen 1&#160;coated culture dishes in endothelial cell culture medium until they become confluent and further subcultured. PVECs obtained with this protocol exhibit cobblestone and spindle shaped phenotypes, as visualized by phase-contrast light microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Purity of PVEC cultures was established with endothelial cell markers. In our hands, this method reliably and consistently yields pure populations of PVECs. This protocol will benefit studies aimed at gaining mechanistic insights into forebrain angiogenesis, understanding PVEC interactions, and cross-talks with neuronal cell types and holds tremendous potential for therapeutic angiogenesis.

This video demonstrates an easy and reliable strategy for preparation of pure cultures of endothelial cells from the embryonic forebrain within 10-12 days and will be useful for research focused on many aspects of cerebral angiogenesis.

Isolierung und Kultivierung von Endothelzellen aus dem embryonalen Vorderhirn

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two ...

Neurowissenschaften

A Patient-Derived Xenograft Model for Venous Malformation

Venous malformation (VM) is a vascular anomaly that arises from impaired development of the venous network resulting in dilated and often dysfunctional veins. The purpose of this article is to carefully describe the establishment of a murine xenograft model that mimics human VM and is able to reflect patient heterogeneity. Hyper-activating non-inherited (somatic) TEK (TIE2) and PIK3CA mutations in endothelial cells (EC) have been identified as the main drivers of pathological vessel enlargement in VM. The following protocol describes the isolation, purification and expansion of patient-derived EC expressing mutant TIE2 and/or PIK3CA. These EC are injected subcutaneously into the back of immunodeficient athymic mice to generate ectatic vascular channels. Lesions generated with TIE2 or PIK3CA-mutant EC are visibly vascularized within 7&#8210;9 days of injection and recapitulate histopathological features of VM patient tissue. This VM xenograft model provides a reliable platform to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms driving VM formation and expansion. In addition, this model will be instrumental for translational studies testing the efficacy of novel drug candidates in preventing the abnormal vessel enlargement seen in human VM.

We present a detailed protocol to generate a murine xenograft model of venous malformation. This model is based on the subcutaneous injection of patient-derived endothelial cells containing hyper-activating TIE2 and/or PIK3CA gene mutations. Xenograft lesions closely recapitulate the histopathological features of VM patient tissue.

Ein vom Patienten abgeleitetes Xenograft-Modell für Venöse Fehlbildungen

Venous malformation (VM) is a vascular anomaly that arises from impaired development of the venous network resulting in dilated and often dysfunctional ...

Isolation and Culture of Pulmonary Endothelial Cells from Neonatal Mice

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) have shown to be convenient, easy to obtain and culture, and thus are the most widely studied endothelial cells. However, for research focused on processes like angiogenesis, permeability or many others, microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) are a much more physiologically relevant model to study 2. Furthermore, ECs isolated from knockout mice provide a useful tool for analysis of protein function ex vivo. Several approaches to isolate and culture microvascular ECs of different origin have been reported to date 3-7, but consistent isolation and culture of pure ECs is still a major technical problem in many laboratories. Here, we provide a step-by-step protocol on a reliable and relatively simple method of isolating and culturing mouse lung endothelial cells (MLECs). In this approach, lung tissue obtained from 6- to 8-day old pups is first cut into pieces, digested with collagenase/dispase (C/D) solution and dispersed mechanically into single-cell suspension. MLECS are purified from cell suspension using positive selection with anti-PECAM-1 antibody conjugated to Dynabeads using a Magnetic Particle Concentrator (MPC). Such purified cells are cultured on gelatin-coated tissue culture (TC) dishes until they become confluent. At that point, cells are further purified using Dynabeads coupled to anti-ICAM-2 antibody. MLECs obtained with this protocol exhibit a cobblestone phenotype, as visualized by phase-contrast light microscopy, and their endothelial phenotype has been confirmed using FACS analysis with anti-VE-cadherin 8 and anti-VEGFR2 9 antibodies and immunofluorescent staining of VE-cadherin. In our hands, this two-step isolation procedure consistently and reliably yields a pure population of MLECs, which can be further cultured. This method will enable researchers to take advantage of the growing number of knockout and transgenic mice to directly correlate in vivo studies with results of in vitro experiments performed on isolated MLECs and thus help to reveal molecular mechanisms of vascular phenotypes observed in vivo.

Here, we describe a protocol for isolation and culture of murine pulmonary endothelial cells. This method comprises mechanic and enzymatic lung tissue dissociation as well as a 2-step purification process using anti-PECAM-1 and anti-ICAM-2 antibodies conjugated to magnetic beads, which produces a pure endothelial cell population of mostly microvascular origin.

Isolierung und Kultivierung von pulmonaler Endothelzellen aus neugeborenen Mäusen

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells ...

Isolation of CD133+ Liver Stem Cells for Clonal Expansion

Liver stem cell, or oval cells, proliferate during chronic liver injury, and are proposed to differentiate into both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. In addition, liver stem cells are hypothesized to be the precursors for a subset of liver cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma. One of the primary challenges to stem cell work in any solid organ like the liver is the isolation of a rare population of cells for detailed analysis. For example, the vast majority of cells in the liver are hepatocytes (parenchymal fraction), which are significantly larger than non-parenchymal cells. By enriching the specific cellular compartments of the liver (i.e. parenchymal and non-parenchymal fractions), and selecting for CD45 negative cells, we are able to enrich the starting population of stem cells by over 600-fold.The proceduresdetailed in this report allow for a relatively rare population of cells from a solid organ to be sorted efficiently. This process can be utilized to isolateliver stem cells from normal murine liver as well as chronic liver injury models, which demonstrate increased liver stem cell proliferation. This method has clear advantages over standard immunohistochemistry of frozen or formalin fixed liver as functional studies using live cells can be performed after initial co-localization experiments. To accomplish the procedure outlined in this report, a working relationship with a research based flow-cytometry core is strongly encouraged as the details of FACS isolation are highly dependent on specialized instrumentation and a strong working knowledge of basic flow-cytometry procedures. The specific goal of this process is to isolate a population of liver stem cells that can be clonally expanded in vitro.

Here we describe the isolation of CD133 expressing liver stem cells and cancer stem cells from whole murine liver, a process that requires tissue digestion, cell enrichment, and flow cytometry isolation. We include methods for advanced single cell isolation and clonal expansion.

Isolierung von CD133 + Leber-Stammzellen für die klonale Expansion

Liver stem cell, or oval cells, proliferate during chronic liver injury, and are proposed to differentiate into both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. In ...

Isolation of Immune Cells from Primary Tumors

Tumors create a unique immunosuppressive microenvironment (tumor microenvironment, TME) whereby leukocytes are recruited into the tumor by various chemokines and growth factors 1,2. However, once in the TME, these cells lose the ability to promote anti-tumor immunity and begin to support tumor growth and down-regulate anti-tumor immune responses 3-4. Studies on tumor-associated leukocytes have mainly focused on cells isolated from tumor-draining lymph nodes or spleen due to the inherent difficulties in obtaining sufficient cell numbers and purity from the primary tumor. While identifying the mechanisms of cell activation and trafficking through the lymphatic system of tumor bearing mice is important and may give insight to the kinetics of immune responses to cancer, in our experience, many leukocytes, including dendritic cells (DCs), in tumor-draining lymph nodes have a different phenotype than those that infiltrate tumors 5,6 . Furthermore, we have previously demonstrated that adoptively-transferred T cells isolated from the tumor-draining lymph nodes are not tolerized and are capable of responding to secondary stimulation in vitro unlike T cells isolated from the TME, which are tolerized and incapable of proliferation or cytokine production 7,8. Interestingly, we have shown that changing the tumor microenvironment, such as providing CD4+ T helper cells via adoptive transfer, promotes CD8+ T cells to maintain pro-inflammatory effector functions 5. The results from each of the previously mentioned studies demonstrate the importance of measuring cellular responses from TME-infiltrating immune cells as opposed to cells that remain in the periphery. To study the function of immune cells which infiltrate tumors using the Miltenyi Biotech isolation system9, we have modified and optimized this antibody-based isolation procedure to obtain highly enriched populations of antigen presenting cells and tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The protocol includes a detailed dissection of murine prostate tissue from a spontaneous prostate tumor model (TRansgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate -TRAMP) 10 and a subcutaneous melanoma (B16) tumor model followed by subsequent purification of various leukocyte populations.

In this report, we describe a protocol for isolating highly purified populations of leukocytes that infiltrate tumors. This protocol is adapted from the Miltenyi Biotech protocol to enhance yield and purity for isolating cells from complex tumor tissue.

Isolierung und Kultur Expansion von tumorspezifischen Endothelzellen

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