This project was supported by Grant Numbers HL96593 from NIH and D56HP20783 from HRSA/ HHS. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH or HRSA / HHS.

Not: Kılcal görüntüler elde etmek için satın alma süreci daha önce yayınlanmış olan ve buna karşılık gelen bir görüntü toplama ve analiz bilgisayar programı ile hala dijital kamera kullanılarak gerçekleştirilir 11 21 Bu laboratuvar analizi için görüntü elde etme basitleştirilmesi, analiz, değil videolar için hareketsiz görüntüleri kullanır.. Aşağıdaki görüntülerden kılcal miktarlarının yeni teknik anlatılmaktadır. 1. Görüntü Geliştirme Süreci <ol><li> Monokrom dijital kamera ile dijital görüntüler elde edin. Böyle bir kamera ile bir cetvel olarak bilinen uzunlukta bir nesnenin resmini alarak bilinen boyutta bir nesneye görüntüleri kalibre. Bu süreç ölçmek ve doğru bir işlem sonrasında kılcal saymak bilgisayar programı verir. İdeal yüksek hassasiyet için, bir çantası (içine kazınmış bir cetvel ile cam bilimsel üretilen parça) kullanılmalıdır. 1 mm kare piksel sayısını ölçmekbir bilgisayar programı kullanılarak kutu. Not: Bu protokolün tekrarlanabilirlik ve standardizasyon anahtarı sayılır 1 mm 2 kutu doğru yerleştirilmesi üzerine büyük ölçüde bağlıdır. </li><li> Kılcal damarların görselleştirme maksimize edecek arka plan, kılcal damarları koyulaştırmak ve hafifletmek için kontrast araçlarını kullanın. Arka plan kılcal kısımların ilk farklılaşma sonraki adımda görüntünün uygun bir kırpma için önemlidir. Bir kullanarak görüntüyü ayarlayarak bunu yapın bu tıklama yapmak için &quot;en uygun histogram.&quot; Yakalama, şiddeti, görüntü histogramı, en uygun. </li><li> Yeni bir resim olarak kılcal sayımı için ilgi (ROI) bir bölge kırpın (ilgi bölgeleri seçin). 1 mm eşit 530 piksel görüntüleri kalibre belirlendi 1 mm 2 kutu kullanın. kırpılan görüntü görüntünün çok üstünde kılcal döngüler tepe yerleştirir olmadığını kontrol edin. </li><li> Bu yüzden gelecekteki tüm görüntü ayarlamaları eşit uygulanacak görüntüyü düzleştiringörüntü. Bu klik yapmak için, işlem sekmesinde, 2D filtreler dümdüz, &quot;parlak&quot; nesne genişliğinin BG yoğunluğu &quot;75,&quot; uygulamak. </li><li> Kılcal damarlar maksimum görüntülenmiştir böylece görüntünün kontrastını kaldırın. Bunu yapmak için tıklayınız: 75 kontrast yükseltmek, sekme, ekranı ayarlamak. </li><li> Süreç sekmesini, 2D filtreler, benekleri giderin, çekirdek boyutu 7 x 7 tıklayarak kılcal damarların kenarlarını düzeltmek için görüntüyü Despeckle uygulanır. </li><li> Kılcal damarlar siyah ve beyaz arka plan yani görüntü kontrastını tamamlayın. &quot;En uygun&quot; modeline histogramı ayarlayarak bu adımı gerçekleştirin. Not: İşlenmiş görüntü adımları aşağıdaki gibi görünmelidir ne bir örnek için Temsilcisi Sonuçları Şekil 2&#39;ye bakınız. </li></ol> Kılcal sayar Sahne 2. / ölçülmesi Kılcal Yoğunluk <ol><li> Her görüntü üzerinde elle &quot;hedef nesne&quot; featur kullanarak iyi tanımlanmış bir kılcal bir bölümünü seçinnesneler program tarafından sayılacak e tanınması. Ardından, sayma algoritması tarafından göz ardı edilmesi gereken alanlara bir referans olarak, &quot;arka plan&quot; özelliğini kullanarak, arka planda küçük bir bölümünü seçin. Not: Bu olayları kombinasyonu arka plan gürültüsünü hiçe ise tüm kılcal damarların vurgulanmasına neden olur. Kantitatif (sayma) protokolü renk ve morfolojisi dayalı resmin parçaları ayırt etmek için bilgisayar işlevlerini kullanır. </li><li> Anında görüntüleme cihazları ile görüntüdeki tüm kılcal saymak sayım işlevini kullanın. Kılcal damarlar olarak arka plan gürültüsünü sayma önlemek için 5 piksel sayılan nesnelerin minimum çapı ayarlayın. </li><li> Daha güvenilir bir değerlendirme elde etmek amacıyla 4 görüntü - her birey için, 3 ortalamasını saymak. Not: Görüntü sayma işlemi sırasında gibi görünmelidir ne bir örnek için Temsilcisi Sonuçları Şekil 3&#39;e bakınız. </li></ol&gt; 3. Oluşturma ve Görüntü İşleme otomatikleştirmek için makro kullanma Not: Zaman kazanmak için, makrolar otomatik olarak bir veya birçok görüntülerde süreçlerin belirli bir dizisini gerçekleştirmek için oluşturulabilir. Bu sekanslar görüntü değişiklikleri daha hızlı yapmak için özelleştirilebilir. Özünde, bu makro görüntüleri nasıl işlendiğini hatırlıyorum ve hızlı bir şekilde ve hiçbir kullanıcı girişi ile tüm adımları uygulayın. Makrolar olmadan resim başına yaklaşık 8 dakika aksine 12 kılcal görüntülerde sayıları gerçekleştirme, makro (2 resim başına en az 3) ile 20 ile 30 dakika arasında bu laboratuarı alır. Bu nedenle, makro kullanarak 3 ila 5 kat daha verimli elle tek tek her görüntü işleme fazladır. <ol><li> Bir makro oluşturmak amacıyla, &quot;kayıt makro&quot; seçeneğini seçin ve bir resmin üzerine yukarıdaki adım 1 ve 2&#39;de açıklandığı gibi adımlar ve süreçler, istenen gerçekleştirin. İleride başvurmak için yapıldı hangi görüntü işleme adımlar dayalı makro adı. Ne zaman USIGelecekteki resimlerin makro ng, sadece &quot;run makro&quot; linkine tıklayın ve program otomatik olarak istediğiniz görüntünün (ler) için kaydedilen geliştirmeleri geçerli olacaktır. Not: Bu laboratuvar birkaç saniye içinde yöntemlerin Bölüm 1 adımlardan biri ama gerçekleştirmek için bir makro kullanır. Kullanıcı girişi gerektiren tek adım görüntüyü kırpmak için nereye, 1.2 Adım seçmektir. </li></ol>

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The authors have no conflicts of interest.

Kapilaroskopi çeşitli onkoloji, kardiyovasküler, ve romatolojik hastalık uygulamaları için gelecekte klinik olarak kullanışlı bir araç olarak söz göstermektedir. Görüntü elde etme süreci araştırmacılar arasında oldukça tutarlı, henüz görüntü işleme ve analiz için birden çok yöntem bulunamamıştır. Yöntem şu anda bilgisayar ve manuel kılcal sayımları içerir. Manuel sayıları da zaman alıcı olduğu gibi sorunlu ve kullanıcı öznellik ve yorgunluk tabi. Güncel bilgisayar tabanlı...

Mikrovasküler görüntüleme. Birçok potansiyel klinik uygulamaları ile hızla büyüyen bir alandır Örneğin 2, onkologlar olası tedavi seçenekleri içine tümör ve içgörü durumu ile ilgili değerli bilgiler veren, tümör anjiyogenez kapsamını belirlemek için mikrovasküler görüntüleme kullanıyor. 3 4 Ancak, tırnak dibi kapillaroskopisi belki mikrovasküler görüntüleme en maliyet etkin ve yaygın olarak uygulanabilir bir şeklidir. Araştırmacılar kılcal morfolojisi kan akış oranlarını incelemek ve araştırmak için bir video kapilaroskopi kullanıyor. 5&#39;in 6 video ve hareketsiz resim kapilaroskopi Hem olan yardımcıları teşhis ve sistemik skleroz gibi Raynaud fenomeni ve çeşitli bağ dokusu hastalıklarının tedavisi için bakım. 2 Kapilaroskopi yanı sıra çeşitli potansiyel kardiyovasküler uygulamalar vardır. Mevcut araştırma kullanarak tırnak dibi kapillaroskopisi önerirBu diabetes mellitus Tip 1 ve Tip 2 hastada non-diyabetik bireylere kıyasla değişmemiş kılcal yoğunlukları anormal kılcal morfolojisinin yüksek oranda gösterirler, henüz. 7-8 kapillaroskopisi da deneysel hipertansiyon çalışılmıştır. Azaltılmış kılcal yoğunluğuna yol açan yapısal kılcal seyreltme olmayan hipertansif bireylere göre hipertansif bireylerde ortaya konmuştur. 9-10 bu eski hipertansif hastaların aksine yapısal yoğunluk azalmasını sergiler, daha son araştırmalar göstermiştir (40 ve üstü yaş ortalaması) genç hipertansif hastalarda yapısal rarefaction olmadan işlevsel yoğunluk azalmasını var (yaş altı 40 yaş demek). 11 Bu fonksiyonel seyreltme önce meydana önerir ve yapısal rarefaction zamanla ilerleme olabilir. İlginçtir, hipertansif hastalar Perindopril gibi belirli antihipertansif ilaçlar ile tedavi / İndapamid normunu görüntülenenal kapiller yoğunluğu ve tedavi sonrası endotel fonksiyonu, ACE (anjiyotensin dönüştürücü enzim) inhibitörleri veya diüretik ile tedavi edilen benzer kan basıncı kontrolü olmasına rağmen düşük bir kılcal yoğunluğu korumuştur. 12 Bu, bazı antihipertansif ilaçlar kılcal ters çevirerek kılcal yoğunluğunu normale olabileceğini düşündürmektedir hipertansiyon nedeniyle seyrelme. Buna ek olarak, diğer araştırmacılar tuz alımının azaltılması hipertansif bireylerde hem işlevsel ve yapısal kılcal rarefaction tersine yol açtığını göstermiştir. 13 Bu teknolojinin çeşitli potansiyel klinik uygulamalarda rağmen, teknik olarak çok az standardizasyon kılcal yoğunluk görüntüleri miktarlarının için orada. 2 Bugüne kadar araştırmacılar kapiller yoğunluk sonuçları içi gözlemci ve gözlemciler arası bakış açısıyla yalnızca tam eğer hem tekrarlanabilir olduğunu bulduk Aynı alanda her zaman sayılır ediliyor. 1,14 15 </sup&gt; Dikkat çekici, daha önceki araştırmacılar büyük ölçüde elle yavaş ve sübjektif bir süreçtir çıplak gözle, 9 16 17 18 kullanılarak kılcal sayımları gerçekleştirdik. Kılcal görüntülerin hesaplanması için standartlaştırılmış, bilgisayar tabanlı algoritmalar teorik kapillaroskopisi klinik uygulamalarını kolaylaştıran az öznellik ile daha verimli ve tekrarlanabilir veri analizi sağlamak. Bazı araştırmacılar gerçekten. Tırnak dibi kapillaroskopik resimlerden verileri ölçmek için 1,6 19 20 Ancak, bugüne kadar tek bir yayın kapillaroskopisi verileri, 1 miktarlarının mevcut karmaşık bir yazılım programının güvenilirliğini anlatır bilgisayar tabanlı programlar kullanmış ve bu program olarak karmaşık Daha önce aynı görüş alanını saymak için şartı ile yukarıda belirtildiği. Burada izin veren standart bir algoritma kullanılarak kılcal ölçülmesi için basit, güvenilir bir protokol mevcutBirden fazla görsel alanların kullanımı. Birden fazla görsel alanların kullanımı sadece prosedürü kolaylaştırır, ama aynı zamanda kılcal sayısında normal biyolojik çeşitlilik değerlendirilmesine olanak tanımaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kılcal miktarlandınlması sürecini standartlaştıran bir tekrarlanabilir ve verimli bilgisayar tabanlı algoritma tanımlamaktır. Bu yöntemler tam otomatik olmasa da çok az kullanıcı girdisi gerektirir ve resimlerin hızlı ve güvenilir kantitatif sağlarlar.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td class="xl65">Image-Pro Premier</td>
			<td class="xl65">Media Cybernetics, Inc</td>
			<td align="right" class="xl63">9.1</td>
			<td class="xl63">Image processing software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a reproducible computerized method for quantitation of capillary density using nailfold capillaroscopy

Kapillaroskopisi doğrudan mikrodolaşımı görselleştirmek için bir, non-invaziv, verimli, nispeten ucuz ve öğrenmesi kolay yöntemdir. Kapillaroskopisi tekniği potansiyel olarak değerli dermatolojik, oftalmik, romatolojik ve kardiyovasküler klinik uygulamalar çeşitli yol açan, hastanın mikrovasküler sağlığı içgörü sağlayabilir. Buna ek olarak, tümör büyümesi, tümör içerisindeki mikrodamar yoğunluğunun ölçülmesiyle nicelendirilebilir anjiyojenez, bağlı olabilir. Ancak, orada teknikleri hiçbir standardizasyona anda küçük ve bugüne kadar sadece tek bir yayın kapillaroskopisi verilerini ölçülmesi için bir mevcut, karmaşık bilgisayar tabanlı algoritmaların güvenilirliği bildirir. 1. Bu yazıda, yeni, basit, güvenilir, standart kılcal sayma algoritması anlatılmaktadır tırnak dibi kapillaroskopisi veri miktarının belirlenmesi için. Basit, tekrarlanabilir bilgisayarlı kapillaroskopisi algoritması gibi bu daha kolaylaştıracak şekildearaştırmacılar ve klinisyenler arasında tekniğinin yaygın kullanımı. Birçok araştırmacı şu sonuçların kullanıcı yorgunluk ve öznelliği teşvik elle kapillaroskopisi görüntüleri analiz. Bu kağıt bir roman anlatır, kolay kullanımlı bir resim işleme algoritması tekrarlanabilir, yarı otomatik sayım algoritması ek olarak otomatik. Bu algoritma öznelliklerini azaltırken dakika görüntülerin analizini sağlar; Eğitim sadece bir zaman az miktarda (bizim deneyim, en az 1 saat) tekniği öğrenmek için gereklidir.

Bu görüntü işleme prosedürün amacı onlar doğru ölçülebilir, böylece arka plan görüntüsü gelen kılcal ayırt etmektir. Hem eksik görüntü işleme ve aşırı görüntü işleme kılcal ölçmek için programın yeteneği zararlıdır. Şekil 3 de görüldüğü gibi, tam olmayan bir görüntü işleme arka ayırt kılcallar zorlaştırır. Bu kullanıcı yukarıda açıklanan sayım yöntemi doğru bir kaç kılcal vurgulamak için kullanıcının yeteneğine bağlıdır çünkü kolay...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Reproducible Computerized Method for Quantitation of Capillary Density using Nailfold Capillaroscopy at JoVE.com

A Reproducible Computerized Method for Quantitation of Capillary Density using Nailfold Capillaroscopy

Capillaroscopy is a non-invasive, efficient, relatively inexpensive and easy-to-learn methodology for directly visualizing capillaries in the microcirculation. However, only one publication to date describes the reliability of a complex software program available for quantitating capillaroscopy data. Here, we present a simple, reliable protocol for quantitating capillaries using a standardized algorithm.

Kapilaroskopi kullanılarak Kılcal Yoğunluk miktar tayini için bir Tekrarlanabilir Bilgisayarlı Yöntem

Capillaroscopy is a non-invasive, efficient, relatively inexpensive and easy to learn methodology for directly visualizing the microcirculation. The ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

8.9K Görüntüleme.  Thomas Jefferson University. Capillaroscopy is a non-invasive, efficient, relatively inexpensive and easy-to-learn methodology for directly visualizing capillaries in the microcirculation. However, only one publication to date describes the reliability of a complex software program available for quantitating capillaroscopy data. Here, we present a simple, reliable protocol for quantitating capillaries using a standardized algorithm. 

Video: A Reproducible Computerized Method for Quantitation of Capillary Density using Nailfold Capillaroscopy

Photothrombotic Ischemia: A Minimally Invasive and Reproducible Photochemical Cortical Lesion Model for Mouse Stroke Studies

The photothrombotic stroke model aims to induce an ischemic damage within a given cortical area by means of photo-activation of a previously injected light-sensitive dye. Following illumination, the dye is activated and produces singlet oxygen that damages components of endothelial cell membranes, with subsequent platelet aggregation and thrombi formation, which eventually determines the interruption of local blood flow. This approach, initially proposed by Rosenblum and El-Sabban in 1977, was later improved by Watson in 1985 in rat brain and set the basis of the current model. Also, the increased availability of transgenic mouse lines further contributed to raise the interest on the photothrombosis model. Briefly, a photosensitive dye (Rose Bengal) is injected intraperitoneally and enters the blood stream. When illuminated by a cold light source, the dye becomes activated and induces endothelial damage with platelet activation and thrombosis, resulting in local blood flow interruption. The light source can be applied on the intact skull with no need of craniotomy, which allows targeting of any cortical area of interest in a reproducible and non-invasive way. The mouse is then sutured and allowed to wake up. The evaluation of ischemic damage can be quickly accomplished by triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride or cresyl violet staining. This technique produces infarction of small size and well-delimited boundaries, which is highly advantageous for precise cell characterization or functional studies. Furthermore, it is particularly suitable for studying cellular and molecular responses underlying brain plasticity in transgenic mice.

Photothrombosis is a quick, minimally-invasive technique for inducing small and well-delimited infarction in areas of interest in highly reproducible manner. It is particularly suitable for studying cellular and molecular responses underlying brain plasticity in transgenic mice.

Photothrombotic İskemi: Fare İnme Araştırmalar bir Minimal İnvaziv ve tekrarlanabilir fotokimyasal Kortikal Lezyon Model

The photothrombotic stroke model aims to induce an ischemic damage within a given cortical area by means of photo-activation of a previously injected ...

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Generation and 3-Dimensional Quantitation of Arterial Lesions in Mice Using Optical Projection Tomography

The generation and analysis of vascular lesions in appropriate animal models is a cornerstone of research into cardiovascular disease, generating important information on the pathogenesis of lesion formation and the action of novel therapies. Use of atherosclerosis-prone mice, surgical methods of lesion induction, and dietary modification has dramatically improved understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to disease development and the potential of new treatments.
Classically, analysis of lesions is performed ex vivo using 2-dimensional histological techniques. This article describes application of optical projection tomography (OPT) to 3-dimensional quantitation of arterial lesions. As this technique is non-destructive, it can be used as an adjunct to standard histological and immunohistochemical analyses.
Neointimal lesions were induced by wire-insertion or ligation of the mouse femoral artery whilst atherosclerotic lesions were generated by administration of an atherogenic diet to apoE-deficient mice.
Lesions were examined using OPT imaging of autofluorescent emission followed by complementary histological and immunohistochemical analysis. OPT clearly distinguished lesions from the underlying vascular wall. Lesion size was calculated in 2-dimensional sections using planimetry, enabling calculation of lesion volume and maximal cross-sectional area. Data generated using OPT were consistent with measurements obtained using histology, confirming the accuracy of the technique and its potential as a complement (rather than alternative) to traditional methods of analysis.
This work demonstrates the potential of OPT for imaging atherosclerotic and neointimal lesions. It provides a rapid, much needed ex vivo technique for the routine 3-dimensional quantification of vascular remodelling.

Ex vivo analysis of arterial lesions from animal models of cardiovascular disease classically relies on histological and immunohistochemical techniques. These provide 2-dimensional measurements in 3-dimensional lesions. This manuscript describes the generation of arterial lesions for quantitative analysis in 3-dimensions using optical projection tomography.

Üretim ve Farelerde arteriyel Lezyonlarının 3-Boyutlu kantitasyonu Optik Projeksiyon Tomografi ile

The generation and analysis of vascular lesions in appropriate animal models is a cornerstone of research into cardiovascular disease, generating ...

Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication

Computerized dynamic posturography with the EquiTest is an objective technique for measuring postural strategies under challenging static and dynamic conditions. As part of a diagnostic assessment, the early detection of postural deficits is important so that appropriate and targeted interventions can be prescribed. The Sensory Organization Test (SOT) on the EquiTest determines an individual&#39;s use of the sensory systems (somatosensory, visual, and vestibular) that are responsible for postural control. Somatosensory and visual input are altered by the calibrated sway-referenced support surface and visual surround, which move in the anterior-posterior direction in response to the individual&#39;s postural sway. This creates a conflicting sensory experience. The Motor Control Test (MCT) challenges postural control by creating unexpected postural disturbances in the form of backwards and forwards translations. The translations are graded in magnitude and the time to recover from the perturbation is computed.
Intermittent claudication, the most common symptom of peripheral arterial disease, is characterized by a cramping pain in the lower limbs and caused by muscle ischemia secondary to reduced blood flow to working muscles during physical exertion. Claudicants often display poor balance, making them susceptible to falls and activity avoidance. The Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI) is a noninvasive method for indicating the presence of peripheral arterial disease and intermittent claudication, a common symptom in the lower extremities. ABPI is measured as the highest systolic pressure from either the dorsalis pedis or posterior tibial artery divided by the highest brachial artery systolic pressure from either arm. This paper will focus on the use of computerized dynamic posturography in the assessment of balance in claudicants.

Individuals with intermittent claudication exhibit poor balance compared to healthy controls. Computerized dynamic posturography is an objective method for measuring an individual's postural responses to balance disturbances. This provides an objective reflection of the person&#x2019;s ability to respond to situations under which sensory stimuli are altered and unexpected perturbations occur.

Aralıklı topallama Hastalarda Postural Kontrol Değerlendirme için bilgisayarlı dinamik postürografi

Computerized dynamic posturography with the EquiTest is an objective technique for measuring postural strategies under challenging static and dynamic ...

Quantitation of Intra-peritoneal Ovarian Cancer Metastasis

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Mortality is due to diagnosis of 75% of women with late stage disease, when metastasis is already present. EOC is characterized by diffuse and widely disseminated intra-peritoneal metastasis. Cells shed from the primary tumor anchor in the mesothelium that lines the peritoneal cavity as well as in the omentum, resulting in multi-focal metastasis, often in the presence of peritoneal ascites. Efforts in our laboratory are directed at a more detailed understanding of factors that regulate EOC metastatic success. However, quantifying metastatic tumor burden represents a significant technical challenge due to the large number, small size and broad distribution of lesions throughout the peritoneum. Herein we describe a method for analysis of EOC metastasis using cells labeled with red fluorescent protein (RFP) coupled with in vivo multispectral imaging. Following intra-peritoneal injection of RFP-labelled tumor cells, mice are imaged weekly until time of sacrifice. At this time, the peritoneal cavity is surgically exposed and organs are imaged in situ. Dissected organs are then placed on a labeled transparent template and imaged ex vivo. Removal of tissue auto-fluorescence during image processing using multispectral unmixing enables accurate quantitation of relative tumor burden. This method has utility in a variety of applications including therapeutic studies to evaluate compounds that may inhibit metastasis and thereby improve overall survival.

Ovarian cancer metastasis is characterized by numerous diffuse intra-peritoneal lesions, such that accurate visual quantitation of tumor burden is challenging. Herein we describe a method for in situ and ex vivo quantitation of metastatic tumor burden using red fluorescent protein (RFP)-labeled tumor cells and optical imaging.

İçi periton Yumurtalık Kanseri Metastaz kantitasyonu

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancy in the United States.  Mortality is due to diagnosis of 75% of ...

Method of Direct Segmental Intra-hepatic Delivery Using a Rat Liver Hilar Clamp Model

Major hepatic surgery with inflow occlusion, and liver transplantation, necessitate a period of warm ischemia, and a period of reperfusion leading to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury with myriad negative consequences. Potential I/R injury in marginal organs destined for liver transplantation contributes to the current donor shortage secondary to a decreased organ utilization rate. A significant need exists to explore hepatic I/R injury in order to mediate its impact on graft function in transplantation. Rat liver hilar clamp models are used to investigate the impact of different molecules on hepatic I/R injury. Depending on the model, these molecules have been delivered using inhalation, epidural infusion, intraperitoneal injection, intravenous administration or injection into the peripheral superior mesenteric vein. A rat liver hilar clamp model has been developed for use in studying the impact of pharmacologic molecules in ameliorating I/R injury. The described model for rat liver hilar clamp includes direct cannulation of the portal supply to the ischemic hepatic segment via a side branch of the portal vein, allowing for direct segmental hepatic delivery. Our approach is to induce ischemia in the left lateral and median lobes for 60 min, during which time the substance under study is infused. In this case, pegylated-superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD), a free radical scavenger, is infused directly into the ischemic segment. This series of experiments demonstrates that infusion of PEG-SOD is protective against hepatic I/R injury. Advantages of this approach include direct injection of the molecule into the ischemic segment with consequent decrease in volume of distribution and reduction in systemic side effects.

A unique rat liver hilar clamp model was developed for studying the impact of pharmacologic molecules in ameliorating ischemia-reperfusion injury. This model includes direct cannulation of the portal supply to the ischemic liver segment via a branch of the portal vein, allowing for direct hepatic delivery.

Bir Sıçan Karaciğer Hilar Kelepçe Modeli Kullanılarak Doğrudan Segmental İçi hepatik Dağıtım Yöntemi

Major hepatic surgery with inflow occlusion, and liver transplantation, necessitate a period of warm ischemia, and a period of reperfusion leading to ...

Reproducible Arterial Denudation Injury by Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Clamping in a Murine Model

Percutaneous vascular interventions uniformly result in arterial denudation injuries that subsequently lead to thrombosis and restenosis. These complications can be attributed to impairments in re-endothelialization within the wound margins. Yet, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of re-endothelialization remain to be defined. While several animal models to study re-endothelialization after arterial denudation are available, few are performed in the mouse because of surgical limitations. This undermines the opportunity to exploit transgenic mouse lines and investigate the contribution of specific genes to the process of re-endothelialization. Here, we present a step-by-step protocol for creating a highly reproducible murine model of arterial denudation injury in the infrarenal abdominal aorta using external vascular clamping. Immunocytochemical staining of injured aortas for fibrinogen and &#946;-catenin demonstrate the exposure of a pro-thrombotic surface and the border of intact endothelium, respectively. The method presented here has the advantages of speed, excellent overall survival rate, and relative technical ease, creating a uniquely practical tool for imposing arterial denudation injury in transgenic mouse models. Using this method, investigators may elucidate the mechanisms of re-endothelialization under normal or pathological conditions.

Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of re-endothelialization following arterial denudation injury is of paramount importance in preventing thrombosis and restenosis of arteries. Here we describe a protocol for reproducible arterial denudation injury of the infrarenal abdominal aorta. The procedure was developed to investigate the underlying mechanisms that regulate endothelial regeneration using mouse models.

Bir Fare Modelinde İnfrarenal Abdominal Aort Bağlama Ekipmanları tarafından tekrarlanabilir Arter denüdasyon Yaralanma

Percutaneous vascular interventions uniformly result in arterial denudation injuries that subsequently lead to thrombosis and restenosis. These ...

A Method for Quantifying Upper Limb Performance in Daily Life Using Accelerometers

A key reason for referral to rehabilitation services after stroke and other neurological conditions is to improve one's ability to function in daily life. It has become important to measure a person's activities in daily life, and not just measure their capacity for activity in the structured environment of a clinic or laboratory. A wearable sensor that is now enabling measurement of daily movement is the accelerometer. Accelerometers are commercially-available devices resembling large wrist watches that can be worn throughout the day. Data from accelerometers can quantify how the limbs are engaged to perform activities in peoples' homes and communities. This report describes a methodology to collect accelerometry data and turn it into clinically-relevant information. First, data are collected by having the participant wear two accelerometers (one on each wrist) for 24 h or longer. The accelerometry data are then downloaded and processed to produce four different variables that describe key aspects of upper limb activity in daily life: hours of use, use ratio, magnitude ratio, and the bilateral magnitude. Density plots can be constructed that visually represent the data from the 24 h wearing period. The variables and their resultant density plots are highly consistent in neurologically-intact, community-dwelling adults. This striking consistency makes them a useful tool for determining if upper limb daily performance is different from normal. This methodology is appropriate for research studies investigating upper limb dysfunction and interventions designed to improve upper limb performance in daily life in people with stroke and other patient populations. Because of its relative simplicity, it may not be long before it is also incorporated in clinical neurorehabilitation practice.

This protocol describes a method to quantify upper limb performance in daily life using wrist-worn accelerometers.

Ivmeölçer kullanan Günlük Yaşamda Üst Ekstremite Performans miktarının Bir Yöntem

A key reason for referral to rehabilitation services after stroke and other neurological conditions is to improve one's ability to function in daily life. ...

Ablation of Ischemic Ventricular Tachycardia Using a Multipolar Catheter and 3-dimensional Mapping System for High-density Electro-anatomical Reconstruction

Ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy mainly results from endocardial scars after myocardial infarction; those scars represent zones of slow conduction that allow the occurrence and maintenance of reentrant circuits. Catheter ablation enables substrate modification of those low voltage areas and thus can help to alter the scar tissue in such a way that arrhythmias cannot appear anymore. Hospitalizations of concerned patients decrease, quality of life and outcome rise. Consequently, VT ablation represents a growing field in electrophysiology, especially for patients with endocardial scars in ischemic heart disease after myocardial infarction. However, ablation of ventricular tachycardia remains one of the most challenging procedures in the electrophysiology lab. Precise scar definition and localization of abnormal potentials are critical for ablation success. The following manuscript describes the use of a multipolar mapping catheter and 3-dimensional (3D) mapping system to create a high density electro-anatomical map of the left ventricle including a precise scar representation as well as mapping of fractionated and late potentials in order to allow a highly accurate substrate modification.

With the following protocol, we provide an approach to Ventricular Tachycardia (VT) ablation using high density mapping with a multipolar catheter and 3D mapping system enhancing the success of the procedure.

İskemik ventriküler taşikardi Multipolar kateter ve 3 boyutlu haritalama sistemi yüksek yoğunluklu elektro-anatomik imar için kullanılarak ablasyon

Ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy mainly results from endocardial scars after myocardial infarction; those scars ...

A Computerized Functional Skills Assessment and Training Program Targeting Technology Based Everyday Functional Skills

Today, many functional skills are technology-based, so development of a technology-based training program has broad importance. Here we present a computerized functional skills training program that was paired in half of the participants with a commercially available cognitive training (CCT) program.
Non-impaired older individuals (NC) aged 60+ (n=45) and similarly aged individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI; n=50) were randomized to receive 12 weeks of twice-weekly computerized functional skills training (CFST) or 12 weeks of twice-weekly sessions split between CCT and CFST. Skills trained were use of an ATM; internet banking; ticket kiosk; telephone and internet prescription refill; medication management; and internet shopping. As with previous functional capacity assessments, we focus on completion time for each simulation.
51 participants completed the training program, either by mastering all 6 tasks (34) or completing 12 weeks of training. 44 more participants completed 4 or more training sessions so they were also analyzed for improvement up to their last training session. Completion time for all 6 tests significantly improved from the baseline assessment to the final training session in both groups of participants (all p&#60;0.001 with an average improvement in task completion time of 45%). Further, there was no differential improvement in MCI and NC in the 6 tests from baseline to end of training (all t&#60;1.66, all p&#62;0.12). Finally, combined CCT plus CFST did not differ from CSFT alone on any of the percent-change score measures (all t&#60;1.64, all p&#62;0.11).
Both NC and MCI groups evidenced substantial improvements in performance. CCT supplementation led to similar functional gains with half as many training sessions. The NC participants proceeded through the training fairly rapidly even without CCT supplementation; MCI participants required more training but learned equivalently. These findings suggest that even in cases with memory impairments, functional skills can be efficiently learned with training.

This training protocol uses computerized training to teach technology-related everyday functional skills. These skills include financial skills, travel and transit, as well as medication management.

Bilgisayarlı Fonksiyonel Beceri Değerlendirme ve Eğitim Programı Hedefleme Teknolojisi Tabanlı Günlük Fonksiyonel Beceriler

Today, many functional skills are technology-based, so development of a technology-based training program has broad importance. Here we present a ...

A Reproducible Intensive Care Unit-Oriented Endotoxin Model in Rats

Sepsis and septic shock remain the leading cause of death in intensive care units. Despite significant improvements in sepsis management, mortality still ranges between 20 and 30%. Novel treatment approaches in order to reduce sepsis-related multiorgan failure and death are urgently needed. Robust animal models allow for one or multiple treatment approaches as well as for testing their effect on physiological and molecular parameters. In this article, a simple animal model is presented.
First, general anesthesia is induced in animals either with the use of volatile or by intraperitoneal anesthesia. After placement of an intravenous catheter (tail vein), tracheostomy, and insertion of an intraarterial catheter (tail artery), mechanical ventilation is started. Baseline values of mean arterial blood pressure, arterial blood oxygen saturation, and heart rate are recorded.
The injection of lipopolysaccharides (1 milligram/kilogram body weight) dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline induces a strong and reproducible inflammatory response via the toll-like receptor 4. Fluid corrections as well as the application of norepinephrine are performed based on well-established protocols.
The animal model presented in this article is easy to learn and strongly oriented towards clinical sepsis treatment in an intensive care unit with sedation, mechanical ventilation, continuous blood pressure monitoring, and repetitive blood sampling. Also, the model is reliable, allowing for reproducible data with a limited number of animals in accordance with the 3R (reduce, replace, refine) principles of animal research. While animal experiments in sepsis research cannot easily replaced, repetitive measurements allow for a reduction of animals and keeping septic animals anesthetized diminishes suffering.

Here, we present a reproducible intensive care unit-oriented endotoxin model in rats.

Sıçanlarda Tekrarlanabilir Yoğun Bakım Ünitesi Odaklı Bir Endotoksin Modeli

Sepsis and septic shock remain the leading cause of death in intensive care units. Despite significant improvements in sepsis management, mortality still ...