This work was partly funded by a University of Nottingham Early Career award to DS. RM is funded by the Higher Committee for Education Development of Iraq.

Etik Beyanı: Bütün bu deneyler hayvan bakımı ve Nottingham Üniversitesi etik kurallara uyun. Tırnak için Heparin Boncuk 1. Hazırlık <ol><li> Kullanmadan önce PBS içinde iyice heparin boncuk yıkayın. Not: boncuk PBS içinde bir çamur olarak 4 ° C &#39;de muhafaza edilebilir. <ol><li> PBS, 1 ml damla bir 20 ul pipet ile stoktan bunları kaldırarak aşılama için boncuk seçin. Daha sonra 3 santimetrelik bir petri tabağına PBS 20 ul damla içine boncuk aktarmak için 2 ul ayarlanmış bir mikropipet kullanın. P2 pipet ile seçilen boncuklar transfer diseksiyon mikroskobu stereo kullanarak, boyutuna göre boncuk seçin ve; Bu yaklaşık 100 mikron çapında idealdir. </li></ol></li><li> Boncuk PBS çıkarın. 20 ul pipet ve ince bir saatçi pensesi ile kılcal hareket ile artık sıvı sıvının en çıkarın. Not: fiili büyüme yüzden mümkün olduğunca ortadan kaldırmak için önemlidirbu boncuklar ilave edildiğinde r seyreltilmez. </li><li> Boncuklar üzerine, doğrudan büyüme faktörü Pipet. FGF18 için PBS içinde% 0.1 BSA içinde 0.5 mg / ml&#39;de yeniden rekombinant FGF18 0.5 ul ekle. Buharlaşan sıvının önlemek için çanağın kenarları etrafında birkaç damla su koyun. </li><li> Oda sıcaklığında 1 saat için boncuklan inkübe edin. Pasteur pipeti ile çanak su damlalarını ve aşılama için hazır buz üzerine yerleştirin. </li><li> Onlara görselleştirmek yardımcı olmak için aşılama öncesi (saydam boncuk için) aktarım işlemlerinin% 2 fenol kırmızısı 4-5 boncuk Gerekirse. Embriyo transfer olmadan önce PBS içinde durulayın. </li></ol> Tırnak için AG 1-X2 Boncuk 2. Hazırlık <ol><li> 0,2 N formik asit ile Türevlendirilen boncuk Kullanımdan önce. <ol><li> Bu kullanım, 1.5 ml mikrosantrifüj tüp boncuk aktarmak için bir spatula yapmak için. 0,2 N formik asit 1 ml ilave edin ve 1 saat süre ile bir çalkalama platformu üzerinde yıkayın. </li><li> Sonra P1000 pipet ile formik asit çıkarın ve 1 ile değiştirinml su. 1 saat yıkayın ve formik asit kalan çıkarmak için altı kez tekrarlayın. </li><li> P1000 pipet ile kalan sıvıyı çıkarın ve 4 ° C&#39;de boncuk saklayın. Not: Bu aşamada bütün artık suyun ayrılması için gerekli değildir. </li></ol></li><li> 3 cm&#39;lik bir petri kabına küçük bir spatula kullanılarak stoktan yaklaşık 5-10 ul hacmi tanelerin küçük pelet çıkarın ve DMSO&#39;nun 1 ml ekleyin (ya da ilaç içinde çözünmekte çözücü hangisi geçerli ise). Not: Bu doğru boyutta olanlar seçmek için hangi birkaç yüz boncuk sağlamalıdır. </li><li> Sonra başka bir 3 santimetrelik bir petri tabağına bir çözücü 20 ul damla yaklaşık 100 um çapında boncuklar aktarmak için 2 ul ayarlanmış bir P2 pipet kullanın. </li><li> 20 ul pipet ve 2 ul pipet ile herhangi bir kalıntı çözücü ile çözücü çıkarın. İlacın 20 ul uygulanacak değiştirin. Not: tutarlılığı (ya da hiç çözücü kullanılır) DMSO içinde 100 uM bir konsantrasyonda ilaç çözünmesi için,Bazı küçük molekül inhibitörleri olarak -80 ° C de 20 ul ve deposuna kısım kararsızdır ve tekrarlanan donma-çözülme önlemek için en iyisidir. Gerekirse o boncuk iliklerine önce istenilen konsantrasyonda ilacın sulandırmak. Etkili konsantrasyon, her bir ilaç için ampirik olarak tespit edilmesi gerekebilir. </li><li> 1 saat süreyle inkübe edin. Bu moleküllerin çoğu ışığa duyarlı olarak ışıktan koruyun. </li><li> Suda çözünmüş% 2 fenol kırmızısı 20 ul içine 2 ul ayarlanmış bir p2 pipet ile aktarım işlemlerinin 4-5 boncuk aşılama önce. Boncuk görselleştirmek için bir stereo mikroskop kullanarak bu adımı gerçekleştirin. İnce saatçiler forseps ile tek bir boncuk veya bir tel döngü çıkarın ve embriyo aktarmadan önce PBS içinde yıkayın. Bu faaliyetin kaybına neden olabilir kullanımdan önce fazla 15 dakika 2% fenol kırmızısı boncuk bırakmayın. </li></ol> 3. Tungsten İğneleri hazırlanması <ol><li> 3-4 cm uzunlukta ince tungsten tel kesin. Ucuna tel tek parça takınBunsen beki bir cam Pasteur pipeti ve eritebilir pozisyonda sabitlemek için. Bunlar, kullanım sırasında zarar görmüş, yedek olmadığından emin olmak için 10 iğne kadar hazırlayın. </li><li> Bir blowtorch ateşe telin ucunu yerleştirin ve (2-3 dk civarında) tungsten beyaz parlıyor ve ucu keskin kadar orada tutun. Not: Kullanım sırasında iğne temizlenebilir ve gerektiğinde blowtorch yeniden bilenmiş. NOT: Bu iğneler boncuklar aktarmak için döngüler yapmak için kullanılabilir. Yavaşça tezgah iğne dokunmak ve bir döngü oluşturacak şekilde viraj olacak. </li></ol> Boncuk Greft 4. hazırlanması Embriyolar <ol><li> Istenen sahne (en uzuv tomurcuk manipülasyonları için 3-5 gün) ulaşıncaya kadar kör uç yukarı gelecek şekilde yumurta kuluçkaya yatmaktadır. Kabuğunu kırmak ve daha sonra kabuk kaldırmak ve embriyo maruz forseps kullanmak künt ucunda künt forseps musluk kullanma. Yumurta kabuğu zarı emin olun da kaldırılır. Not: PBS 1-2 ml yardımcı olmak için bir Pasteur pipeti ile eklenebilirBu zar sarısı yapışıyor eğer. Yavaşça, sarısı yüzeyine PBS pipetle sarısı zarar vermemeye özen forseps ile membran tutup, yavaşça yumurta çekin. </li><li> 10 ml şırınga ile yumurta ve 19 G iğne albümin 5 ml kadar kaldırın. Embriyo sağkalım oranları azaltabilir büyük hacimlerin çıkarılması gibi yumurta mühürlemek için kullanılan bant ile temas yapmaz embriyo sağlamak için gerekli olan tek kadar götür. </li><li> Embriyo 15 100 U penisilin içeren PBS ml ve 0.1 mg streptomisin / ml sanatçılar india mürekkep 5-6 damla görselleştirmek için. 0.5-1 enjekte ml doğrudan 1 ml şırınga ile embriyo ve 25 G iğne altında. </li><li> Dihidrat etmez embriyo sağlamak için yumurtanın içine% 1 fetal buzağı serumu ve 100 U penisilin ve 0.1 mg streptomisin / ml PBS 2-3 ml ekleyin. Bilenmiş saatçiler forseps kullanarak vitellin membran kaldırmak ve gelişmekte olan ekstremite tomurcukları üzerinde amniyon açın. Embriyo kurumaz emin olun veGerekirse, daha fazla PBS / FCS ekleyin. NOT: bacak tomurcukları açıkça embriyonun kanadında eşleştirilmiş çıkıntılar olarak görülebilir. Bu aşamalarda embriyo böyle sağ tarafı normal üst olduğunu dönecek. Sonuç olarak, doğru ayağının içine doğru geriye boncuk greft ve karşı, kontrol olarak bırakıldı olanları kullanmak için, normalde daha kolaydır. </li><li> Boncuk implante edilecek uzuv tomurcuk içine bir kesi yapmak için bir bilenmiş tungsten tel kullanın. Genç aşamalarında bu zor olmasına rağmen mümkün ekstremite tomurcuk aracılığıyla tüm yol kesme kaçının. NOT: Büyük embriyoların (HH evre 22 ve üzeri) yılında aşılama için ama uzuv kendisi küçük tomurcuk olarak bu daha zor genç aşamalarında bacak tomurcuk belirli bölgeleri seçmek mümkündür. O bacak tomurcuk, yani özellikle genç aşamalarında, boncuk proksimal ekstremite kalır aşılı boncuk geçmiş büyüyecek hatırlamak da önemlidir. </li><li> Ya ekstra ince wa kullanarak büyüme faktörü veya ilaç ya bir boncuk Pick uptchmakers forseps veya tungsten iğne yapılmış bir döngü. Boncuk DMSO veya fenol kırmızısı ya batırılmış edilmişse, embriyo başvurmadan önce PBS içinde yıkayın. Forseps / tel döngü ile embriyo boncuğu aktarın. Sonra kesi içine boncuk eklemek için bilenmiş tungsten tel kullanın. </li><li> Embriyo hidrate tutulmasını sağlamak yumurta PBS / FCS 1-2 ml ekleyin, ancak bu embriyolar zarar ve boncuk yerinden neden olabilir olarak embriyo kendisi doğrudan uygulamaktan kaçının. Bantla yumurta Seal ve inkübatör dönmek. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Ovo dokuların geliştirilmesi için doğrudan uygulanabilir boncuk greft kullanımı, uygulandıkları hangi gelişim aşamasında ve pozlama süresi boyunca eşsiz kontrol vererek gelişim sırasında büyüme faktörü sinyalizasyon rolünü incelemek için güçlü bir araçtır. Molekülünün her türü için boncuk seçimi önemlidir. Her ampirik bu boncuklar üzerinde inhibitör etkinliğini test etmek için gerekli olmasına rağmen, burada anlatılan önleyicileri ve retinoik asit ...

Kuş embriyolar yıllardır 1 gelişim çalışma için güçlü bir araç sağladı. Bunların en yararlı özelliklerinden biri bunların manipüle edilmeleri nispeten kolay olmasıdır. Dış gelişimi, hücre kaderine 2,3 çalışmak için klasik bir bıldırcın piliç kimera sistemi olarak örnekler dahil olmak üzere çeşitli micromanipulations embriyo ulaşmak için yumurta açıp gerçekleştirmek mümkün kılar, geliştirme 4,5 sırasında belirli dokularda aşırı ekspresyona yönelik retrovirüslerin enjeksiyonu ve eksplant kültürü gelişimsel sinyal kaynaklarını 6 tanımlamak için. Daha yakın zamanlarda GFP ifade transgenik tavuk hattından greft ile etiketsiz bilgisayarlar arasında oluşturulan kimeralardır klasik aşılama ve genetik modifikasyon kombinasyonu gelişimi 7,8 dair önemli bilgiler sağlayabilir göstermiştir. Kuş embriyo manipüle edilebilir kolaylığı uzuv incelemek için o mükemmel bir model yapmıştırgelişimi 9. In vivo gelişmekte bacaklarda özgü büyüme faktörlerinin uygulanması bacak desenlendirme 10,11 değiştirebilir ve bu sürecin 12 içgörü sağlamaya devam faktörlerin belirlenmesinde etkili olmuştur. Bu yaklaşım aynı zamanda, kas gelişimini düzenleyen faktörleri incelemek için kullanılır olmuştur ve böyle Wnts 13, BMP 14 ve HGF 15 gibi sayısız sinyaller için roller ortaya çıkardı. Son zamanlarda bu teknik, bacak tomurcuk miyojenik gen ekspresyonunu kontrol sinyalleri araştırmak için kullanılmıştır ve FGF18 ve retinoik asit arasındaki etkileşimler MyoD ekspresyonu 16 zamanlamasını kontrol göstermiştir. Boncuklar üzerine yüklendi ve daha sonra belirlenen gelişim aşamalarında spesifik dokular doğrudan aşılanabilir büyüme faktörleri ve küçük moleküllerin bir kombinasyon kullanılarak gelişimi esnasında hemen hemen her zaman ve bölge müdahale imkanı verir. Bu inve için kullanılmıştırhücre gruplarının desenlendirme 17,18, nöral şartnamede 19, nöral krest göç 20 ve eksen uzantısı 21 dahil olmak üzere birçok süreçleri stigate. Burada tavuk bacaklarda gelişmekte olan ya da büyüme faktörleri ya da inhibitörlerin batırılmış boncuklar aşılama için bir yöntem tarif eder. Bu in situ hibridizasyon ile, kas spesifik gen ekspresyonunu analiz ederek Miyogenesis bu sinyallerin etkisini belirlemek amacıyla kullanılmıştır. Bu tür retinoik asit veya belirli bir sinyal yollarının küçük molekül inhibitörleri olarak küçük hidrofobik moleküller için büyüme faktörleri ya da AG 1-X2 boncuklar için kullanılan heparin batırılmış boncuklar, kullanılarak greft tarif eder. Bununla birlikte, diğer boncuklar da FGF&#39;ler 22 ve 23, her iki Shh teslim etmek için kullanılmıştır temin edilebilmektedir.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin acrylic beads</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H5263</td>
			<td>The acrylic-heparin beads used have been discontinued. However a replacement product is available, Heparin agarose beads, cat no H6508. These are transparent so harder to work with but can be stained with phenol red in the same way as AG 1-X2 beads,</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AG 1-X2 beads</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>140-1231</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Affi Gel blue beads</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>153-7301; 153-7302</td>
			<td>These beads have been used with a range of growth factors including Shh and FGFs and can be used to replace heparin beads</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FGF18</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>100-28</td>
			<td>Resuspend in PBS with 0/1% BSA, prepare single use aliquots of 0.5-1ul and store at -80&#176;C. Batches and suppliers can vary so different concentrations should be tested to determine an effective dose.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>U0126</td>
			<td>Cell Signalling</td>
			<td>9903</td>
			<td>Make to 20mM stock in DMSO and store in single use aliquots at -80&#176;C. Protect from light.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BMS-493</td>
			<td>Tocris Biosciences</td>
			<td>3509</td>
			<td>Resuspend in DMSO and store in single use aliquots at -80&#176;C. Protect from light.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Black Indian ink</td>
			<td>Windsor and Newton</td>
			<td>5012572003384 (30ml)</td>
			<td>While alternatives to this product are available care should be taken as some inks are toxic to embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tungsten wire, 0.1mm dia. 99.95%</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>10404</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin / streptomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P0781</td>
			<td>Dilute 100X in PBS/ink and PBS/FCS</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

grafting of beads into developing chicken embryo limbs to identify signal transduction pathways affecting gene expression

Tavuk embriyo kullanarak doğrudan büyüme faktörleri ya da gen ekspresyonu ve sinyal transdüksiyon yollarının aktivasyonu ile ilgili sinyal yollarının spesifik inhibitörleri ya da etkilerini test etmek mümkündür. Bu teknik, belirli zamanlarda için kesin olarak tanımlanmış gelişim aşamalarında sinyal molekülleri teslim izin verir. Bu embriyolar, hasat edilmiştir ve gen ekspresyonu in situ melezleme ya da immün ile gözlemlenen sinyal transdüksiyon yollarının aktivasyonu, örneğin, incelenebilir sonra. U0126, bir MEK inhibitörü batırılmış bu FGF18 batırılmış bir video heparin boncuk veya AG 1-X2 boncuk, ovo ekstremite tomurcuk içine aşılı edilir. Bu FGF18 U0126 tarafından inhibe edilir MyoD ve ERK fosforilasyonu ve endojen ve FGF18 kaynaklı hem MyoD ekspresyonunu uyardığını göstermektedir. Bir retinoik asit antagonisti batırılmış Boncuk FGF18 tarafından prematüre MyoD indüksiyon potansiyalize edebilir. Bu yaklaşım bize olabilirFarklı büyüme faktörleri ve inhibitörleri ve geniş bir yelpazesi ile ed de gelişmekte olan embriyonun diğer dokularda uyarlanmıştır.

HH aşamada 21 MyoD boyama gelişmekte Somitlerin (Şekil 1A) miyotom gözüyle görülebilir, ancak bacak miyoblastlar geliştirilmesinde ifade değildir. Şekil 1B, bir FGF18 kordon greft, aşağıdaki MyoD 6 saat boyunca in situ hibridizasyon gösterir. Karşı bacak bir ifade yoktur ise MyoD boncuk yakın miyoblastların indüklenir. U0126 batırılmış bir boncuk, MEK, MyoD (Şekil 1C) bloklar FGF18 indüksiyon spesifik bir inhibitörü olan Co-aşılama....

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Grafting of Beads into Developing Chicken Embryo Limbs to Identify Signal Transduction Pathways Affecting Gene Expression at JoVE.com

Grafting of Beads into Developing Chicken Embryo Limbs to Identify Signal Transduction Pathways Affecting Gene Expression

By grafting beads soaked in growth factors or specific inhibitors of signaling pathways into developing embryos it is possible to directly test their effects in vivo. In this protocol beads are grafted into the limb bud to determine the effects of these molecules on gene expression and signal transduction.

Gen İfade Etkileyen Sinyal İletimi Pathways tanımak Tavuk Embriyo uzuvlar Geliştirme içine Boncuk eklenme

Using chicken embryos it is possible to test directly the effects of either growth factors or specific inhibitors of signaling pathways on gene expression ...

grafting-beads-into-developing-chicken-embryo-limbs-to-identify

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

8.8K Görüntüleme.  University of Nottingham. By grafting beads soaked in growth factors or specific inhibitors of signaling pathways into developing embryos it is possible to directly test their effects in vivo. In this protocol beads are grafted into the limb bud to determine the effects of these molecules on gene expression and signal transduction.

Video: Grafting of Beads into Developing Chicken Embryo Limbs to Identify Signal Transduction Pathways Affecting Gene Expression

Expression of Fluorescent Proteins in Branchiostoma lanceolatum by mRNA Injection into Unfertilized Oocytes

We report here a robust and efficient protocol for the expression of fluorescent proteins after mRNA injection into unfertilized oocytes of the cephalochordate amphioxus, Branchiostoma lanceolatum. We use constructs for membrane and nuclear targeted mCherry and eGFP that have been modified to accommodate amphioxus codon usage and Kozak consensus sequences. We describe the type of injection needles to be used, the immobilization protocol for the unfertilized oocytes, and the overall injection set-up. This technique generates fluorescently labeled embryos, in which the dynamics of cell behaviors during early development can be analyzed using the latest in vivo imaging strategies. The development of a microinjection technique in this amphioxus species will allow live imaging analyses of cell behaviors in the embryo as well as gene-specific manipulations, including gene overexpression and knockdown. Altogether, this protocol will further consolidate the basal chordate amphioxus as an animal model for addressing questions related to the mechanisms of embryonic development and, more importantly, to their evolution.

Expression of Fluorescent Proteins in Branchiostoma lanceolatum by mRNA Injection into Unfertilized Oocytes

We report here the robust and efficient expression of fluorescent proteins after mRNA injection into unfertilized oocytes of Branchiostoma lanceolatum. The development of the microinjection technique in this basal chordate will pave the way for far-reaching technical innovations in this emerging model system, including in vivo imaging and gene-specific manipulations.

Floresan protein ifadesindeki<em&gt; Branchiostoma lanceolatum</em&gt; Döllenmemiş Oositlerinin içine mRNA Enjeksiyon

We report here a robust and efficient protocol for the expression of fluorescent proteins after mRNA injection into unfertilized oocytes of the ...

Gelişim Biyolojisi

Dual Labeling of Neural Crest Cells and Blood Vessels Within Chicken Embryos Using ChickGFP Neural Tube Grafting and Carbocyanine Dye DiI Injection

All developing organs need to be connected to both the nervous system (for sensory and motor control) as well as the vascular system (for gas exchange, fluid and nutrient supply). Consequently both the nervous and vascular systems develop alongside each other and share striking similarities in their branching architecture. Here we report embryonic manipulations that allow us to study the simultaneous development of neural crest-derived nervous tissue (in this case the enteric nervous system), and the vascular system. This is achieved by generating chicken chimeras via transplantation of discrete segments of the neural tube, and associated neural crest, combined with vascular DiI injection in the same embryo. Our method uses transgenic chickGFP embryos for intraspecies grafting, making the transplant technique more powerful than the classical quail-chick interspecies grafting protocol used with great effect since the 1970s. ChickGFP-chick intraspecies grafting facilitates imaging of transplanted cells and their projections in intact tissues, and eliminates any potential bias in cell development linked to species differences. This method takes full advantage of the ease of access of the avian embryo (compared with other vertebrate embryos) to study the co-development of the enteric nervous system and the vascular system.

Dual Labeling of Neural Crest Cells and Blood Vessels Within Chicken Embryos Using ChickGFP Neural Tube Grafting and Carbocyanine Dye DiI Injection

Here we report dual labeling of neural crest cells and blood vessels using chickGFP neural tube intraspecies grafting combined with intra-vascular DiI injection. This experimental technique allows us to simultaneously visualize and study development of the NCC-derived (enteric) nervous system and the vascular system, during organogenesis.

ChickGFP Nöral Tüp Greftleme ve Karbosiyanine Boya DiI Enjeksiyonu Kullanılarak Tavuk Embriyoları İçinde Nöral Kret Hücrelerinin ve Kan Damarlarının Çift Etiketlenimi

All developing organs need to be connected to both the nervous system (for sensory and motor control) as well as the vascular system (for gas exchange, ...

Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

The embryonic kidney of Xenopus&#160;laevis (frog), the pronephros, consists of a single nephron, and can be used as a model for kidney disease. Xenopus embryos are large, develop externally, and can be easily manipulated by microinjection or surgical procedures. In addition, fate maps have been established for early Xenopus embryos. Targeted microinjection into the individual blastomere that will eventually give rise to an organ or tissue of interest can be used to selectively overexpress or knock down gene expression within this restricted region, decreasing secondary effects in the rest of the developing embryo. In this protocol, we describe how to utilize established Xenopus fate maps to target the developing Xenopus kidney (the pronephros), through microinjection into specific blastomere of 4- and 8-cell embryos. Injection of lineage tracers allows verification of the specific targeting of the injection. After embryos have developed to stage 38 - 40, whole-mount immunostaining is used to visualize pronephric development, and the contribution by targeted cells to the pronephros can be assessed. The same technique can be adapted to target other tissue types in addition to the pronephros.

Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

Here, we present a protocol to use fate maps and lineage tracers to target injections into individual blastomeres that give rise to the kidney of Xenopus laevis embryos.

Gelişmekte olan mikroenjeksiyon Hedef Tekniği<em&gt; Xenopus</em&gt; Böbrek

The embryonic kidney of Xenopus&#160;laevis (frog), the pronephros, consists of a single nephron, and can be used as a model for kidney disease. Xenopus ...

Gene Transfer into the Chicken Auditory Organ by In Ovo Micro-electroporation

Chicken embryos are ideal model systems for studying embryonic development as manipulations of gene function can be conducted with relative ease in ovo. The inner ear auditory sensory organ is critical for our ability to hear. It houses a highly specialized sensory epithelium that consists of mechano-transducing hair cells (HCs) and surrounding glial-like supporting cells (SCs). Despite structural differences in the auditory organs, molecular mechanisms regulating the development of the auditory organ are evolutionarily conserved between mammals and aves. In ovo electroporation is largely limited to early stages at E1 - E3. Due to the relative late development of the auditory organ at E5, manipulations of the auditory organ by in ovo electroporation past E3 are difficult due to the advanced development of the chicken embryo at later stages. The method presented here is a transient gene transfer method for targeting genes of interest at stage E4 - E4.5 in the developing chicken auditory sensory organ via in ovo micro-electroporation. This method is applicable for gain- and loss-of-functions with conventional plasmid DNA-based expression vectors and can be combined with in ovo cell proliferation assay by adding EdU (5-ethynyl-2&#180;-deoxyuridine) to the whole embryo at the time of electroporation. The use of green or red fluorescent protein (GFP or RFP) expression plasmids allows the experimenter to quickly determine whether the electroporation successfully targeted the auditory portion of the developing inner ear. In this method paper, representative examples of GFP electroporated specimens are illustrated; embryos were harvested 18 - 96 hr&#160;after electroporation and targeting of GFP to the pro-sensory area of the auditory organ was confirmed by RNA in situ hybridization. The method paper also provides an optimized protocol for the use of the thymidine analog EdU to analyze cell proliferation; an example of an EdU based cell proliferation assay that combines immuno-labeling and click EdU chemistry is provided.

Gene Transfer into the Chicken Auditory Organ by In Ovo Micro-electroporation

The auditory organ mediates hearing. Here we present a modified in ovo micro-electroporation method optimized for studying auditory progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in the developing chicken auditory organ.

Tavuk İşitsel Organ gen Transferi tarafından<em&gt; Ovo olarak</em&gt; Mikro-elektroporasyon

Chicken embryos are ideal model systems for studying embryonic development as manipulations of gene function can be conducted with relative ease in ovo. ...

In Vivo Imaging of Transgenic Gene Expression in Individual Retinal Progenitors in Chimeric Zebrafish Embryos to Study Cell Nonautonomous Influences

The genetic and technical strengths have made the zebrafish vertebrate a key model organism in which the consequences of gene manipulations can be traced in vivo throughout the rapid developmental period. Multiple processes can be studied including cell proliferation, gene expression, cell migration and morphogenesis. Importantly, the generation of chimeras through transplantations can be easily performed, allowing mosaic labeling and tracking of individual cells under the influence of the host environment. For example, by combining functional gene manipulations of the host embryo (e.g., through morpholino microinjection) and live imaging, the effects of extrinsic, cell nonautonomous signals (provided by the genetically modified environment) on individual transplanted donor cells can be assessed. Here we demonstrate how this approach is used to compare the onset of fluorescent transgene expression as a proxy for the timing of cell fate determination in different genetic host environments.
In this article, we provide the protocol for microinjecting zebrafish embryos to mark donor cells and to cause gene knockdown in host embryos, a description of the transplantation technique used to generate chimeric embryos, and the protocol for preparing and running in vivo time-lapse confocal imaging of multiple embryos. In particular, performing multiposition imaging is crucial when comparing timing of events such as the onset of gene expression. This requires data collection from multiple control and experimental embryos processed simultaneously. Such an approach can easily be extended for studies of extrinsic influences in any organ or tissue of choice accessible to live imaging, provided that transplantations can be targeted easily according to established embryonic fate maps.

In Vivo Imaging of Transgenic Gene Expression in Individual Retinal Progenitors in Chimeric Zebrafish Embryos to Study Cell Nonautonomous Influences

Live tracking of individual WT retinal progenitors in distinct genetic backgrounds allows for the assessment of the contribution of cell non-autonomous signaling during neurogenesis. Here, a combination of gene knockdown, chimera generation via embryo transplantation and in vivo time-lapse confocal imaging was utilized for this purpose.

Kimerik Zebra balığı Embriyolar Bireysel Retina progenitörlerin Transgenik Gen İfade Vivo Görüntüleme Hücre otonom olmayan Etkiler Eğitim için

The genetic and technical strengths have made the zebrafish vertebrate a key model organism in which the consequences of gene manipulations can be traced ...

Tracing Gene Expression Through Detection of &#946;-galactosidase Activity in Whole Mouse Embryos

The Escherichia coli LacZ gene, encoding &#946;-galactosidase, is largely used as a reporter for gene expression and as a tracer in cell lineage studies. The classical histochemical reaction is based on the hydrolysis of the substrate X-gal in combination with ferric and ferrous ions, which produces an insoluble blue precipitate that is easy to visualize. Therefore, &#946;-galactosidase activity serves as a marker for the expression pattern of the gene of interest as the development proceeds. Here we describe the standard protocol for the detection of &#946;-galactosidase activity in early whole mouse embryos and the subsequent method for paraffin sectioning and counterstaining. Additionally, a procedure for clarifying whole embryos is provided to better visualize X-gal staining in deeper regions of the embryo. Consistent results are obtained by performing this procedure, although optimization of reaction conditions is needed to minimize background activity. Limitations in the assay should be also considered, particularly regarding the size of the embryo in whole mount staining. Our protocol provides a sensitive and a reliable method for &#946;-galactosidase detection during the mouse development that can be further applied to the cryostat sections as well as whole organs. Thus, the dynamic gene expression patterns throughout development can be easily analyzed by using this protocol in whole embryos, but also detailed expression at the cellular level can be assessed after paraffin sectioning.

Here we describe the standard protocol for the detection of &#946;-galactosidase activity in early whole mouse embryos and the method for paraffin sectioning and counterstaining. This is an easy and quick procedure to monitor gene expression during development that can also be applied to tissue sections, organs or cultured cells.

Tüm fare embriyo etkinliğinde β-galaktozidaz tespiti yoluyla Gen ifadesinin izleme

The Escherichia coli LacZ gene, encoding &#946;-galactosidase, is largely used as a reporter for gene expression and as a tracer in cell lineage studies. ...

Assessment of Ultrastructural Neuroplasticity Parameters After In Utero Transduction of the Developing Mouse Brain and Spinal Cord

The present study combines in utero transduction with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) aiming at a precise morphometrical analysis of ultrastructural parameters in unambiguously identified topographical structures, affected by a protein of interest that is introduced into the organism via viral transfer. This combined approach allows for a smooth transition from macrostructural to ultrastructural identification by following topographical navigation maps in a tissue atlas. High-resolution electron microscopy of the in-utero-transduced tissue reveals the fine ultrastructure of the neuropil and its plasticity parameters, such as cross-sectioned synaptic bouton areas, the number of synaptic vesicles and mitochondria within a bouton profile, the length of synaptic contacts, cross-sectioned axonal areas, the thickness of myelin sheaths, the number of myelin lamellae, and cross-sectioned areas of mitochondria profiles. The analysis of these parameters reveals essential insights into changes of ultrastructural plasticity in the areas of the nervous system that are affected by the viral transfer of the genetic construct. This combined method can not only be used for studying the direct effect of genetically engineered biomolecules and/or drugs on neuronal plasticity but also opens the possibility to study the in utero rescue of neuronal plasticity (e.g., in the context of neurodegenerative diseases).

The combination of transmission electron microscopy and in utero transduction is a powerful approach for studying morphological changes in the fine ultrastructure of the nervous system during development. This combined method allows deep insights into changes in structural details underlying neuroplasticity with respect to their topographical representation.

Sonra Ultrastructural nöroplastisite parametrelerinde Utero iletim gelişmekte olan fare beyin ve omurilik değerlendirilmesi

The present study combines in utero transduction with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) aiming at a precise morphometrical analysis of ...

Hemogenic Reprogramming of Human Fibroblasts by Enforced Expression of Transcription Factors

The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying specification of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) remain elusive. Strategies to recapitulate human HSC emergence in vitro are required to overcome limitations in studying this complex developmental process. Here, we describe a protocol to generate hematopoietic stem and progenitor-like cells from human dermal fibroblasts employing a direct cell reprogramming approach. These cells transit through a hemogenic intermediate cell-type, resembling the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition (EHT) characteristic of HSC specification. Fibroblasts were reprogrammed to hemogenic cells via transduction with GATA2, GFI1B and FOS transcription factors. This combination of three factors induced morphological changes, expression of hemogenic and hematopoietic markers and dynamic EHT transcriptional programs. Reprogrammed cells generate hematopoietic progeny and repopulate immunodeficient mice for three months. This protocol can be adapted towards the mechanistic dissection of the human EHT process as exemplified here by defining GATA2 targets during the early phases of reprogramming. Thus, human hemogenic reprogramming provides a simple and tractable approach to identify novel markers and regulators of human HSC emergence. In the future, faithful induction of hemogenic fate in fibroblasts may lead to the generation of patient-specific HSCs for transplantation.

This protocol demonstrates the induction of a hemogenic program in human dermal fibroblasts by enforced expression of the transcription factors GATA2, GFI1B and FOS to generate hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.

Transkripsiyon Faktörlerinin Zorunlu İfadesi Ile İnsan Fibroblastlarının Hemojenik Yeniden Programlanması

The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying specification of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) remain elusive. Strategies to recapitulate human ...

In Vitro Reconstitution of Spatial Cell Contact Patterns with Isolated Caenorhabditis elegans Embryo Blastomeres and Adhesive Polystyrene Beads

In multicellular systems, individual cells are surrounded by the various physical and chemical cues coming from neighboring cells and the environment. This tissue complexity confounds the identification of causal link between extrinsic cues and cellular dynamics. A synthetically reconstituted multicellular system overcomes this problem by enabling researchers to test for a specific cue while eliminating others. Here, we present a method to reconstitute cell contact patterns with isolated Caenorhabditis elegans blastomere and adhesive polystyrene beads. The procedures involve eggshell removal, blastomere isolation by disrupting cell-cell adhesion, preparation of adhesive polystyrene beads, and reconstitution of cell-cell or cell-bead contact. Finally, we present the application of this method to investigate the orientation of cellular division axes that contributes to the regulation of spatial cellular patterning and cell fate specification in developing embryos. This robust, reproducible, and versatile in vitro method enables the study of direct relationships between spatial cell contact patterns and cellular responses.

In Vitro Reconstitution of Spatial Cell Contact Patterns with Isolated Caenorhabditis elegans Embryo Blastomeres and Adhesive Polystyrene Beads

Tissue complexities of multicellular systems confound the identification of causal relationship between extracellular cues and individual cellular behaviors. Here, we present a method to study the direct link between contact-dependent cues and division axes using C. elegans embryo blastomeres and adhesive polystyrene beads.

İzole Caenorhabditis elegans Embriyo Blastomerler ve Yapıştırıcı Polistiren Boncuklar ile Mekansal Hücre Temas Desenleri In Vitro Reconstitution

In multicellular systems, individual cells are surrounded by the various physical and chemical cues coming from neighboring cells and the environment. ...

Laser Capture Microdissection of Mouse Embryonic Cartilage and Bone for Gene Expression Analysis

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is a powerful tool to isolate specific cell types or regions of interest from heterogeneous tissues. The cellular and molecular complexity of skeletal elements increases with development. Tissue heterogeneity, such as at the interface of cartilaginous and osseous elements with each other or with surrounding tissues, is one obstacle to the study of developing cartilage and bone. Our protocol provides a rapid method of tissue processing and isolation of cartilage and bone that yields high quality RNA for gene expression analysis. Fresh frozen tissues of mouse embryos are sectioned and brief cresyl violet staining is used to visualize cartilage and bone with colors distinct from surrounding tissues. Slides are then rapidly dehydrated, and cartilage and bone are isolated subsequently by LCM. The minimization of exposure to aqueous solutions during this process maintains RNA integrity. Mouse Meckel&rsquo;s cartilage and mandibular bone at E16.5 were successfully collected and gene expression analysis showed differential expression of marker genes for osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and chondrocytes. High quality RNA was also isolated from a range of tissues and embryonic ages. This protocol details sample preparation for LCM including cryoembedding, sectioning, staining and dehydrating fresh frozen tissues, and precise isolation of cartilage and bone by LCM resulting in high quality RNA for transcriptomic analysis.

This protocol describes laser capture microdissection for the isolation of cartilage and bone from fresh frozen sections of the mouse embryo. Cartilage and bone can be rapidly visualized by cresyl violet staining and collected precisely to yield high quality RNA for transcriptomic analysis.

Gen Ekspresyonu Analizi için Fare Embriyonik Kıkırdağı ve Kemiğinin Lazer Yakalama Mikrodizmesi

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is a powerful tool to isolate specific cell types or regions of interest from heterogeneous tissues. The cellular and ...