We gratefully thank the DFG for financial support (HO 1779/21-1) as well as Katrin Kumke and Dr. Veit Schubert (IPK, Gatersleben) for technical advice.

1. Kromozom Hazırlık <ol><li> Çimlenme ve kök uçları tespit <ol><li> 22-24 ° C&#39;de 2 gün boyunca, karanlık koşullar altında bir Petri kabı içinde nemli filtre kağıdı, iki katmanlar üzerinde 10-20 arpa tohumları filizlenmeye. Bir jilet kullanılarak tohum 1-2 cm uzunluğunda güçlü kökleri kesin. </li><li> Parçalanmış buz-su içine soğuk musluk suyu ihtiva eden 500 ml&#39;lik bir cam şişe yerleştirerek buz soğukluğunda su hazırlayın. Buz soğuk su havalandırmak ve metafaz hücrelerinin sıklığını artırmak için 20 saat boyunca kök ipuçları batırmayın. </li><li> 50 ml etanol, su kökleri transfer: asetik asit (3: 1) sabitleyici 2 gün oda sıcaklığında bunları düzeltmek için. Taze hazırlanmış etanol içerisinde mağazası kökleri: asetik asit (3: 1) ile 4 ° C &#39;de sabitleyici bir yıla kadar kullanana kadar. </li></ol></li><li> Yıkama ve enzim tedavisi <ol><li> 5 dk iki kez 50 ml&#39;lik bir cam beher kullanarak 30 ml buz gibi soğuk musluk suyu ile 10-20 kökleri yıkayın. Binoküler mikroskop kullanın. Içine birer kökleri tek Transferi30 mi, 0.01 M sitrat tampon maddesi (± 0.01 M sodyum sitrat, 0.01 M sitrik asit, pH 4.8) forseps kullanılarak iki kez 5 dakika boyunca bir cam beher çalkalayarak yıkayın. Tamamen sıvının ve kesme arzu edilmeyen olmayan meristematik doku bir ustura kullanılarak filtre kağıdına kökleri yerleştirin. </li><li> Bir saat cam bitki dokusunun yumuşatmak için yaklaşık 50 dakika boyunca (Tablo 1) 37 ° C &#39;de, 1 ml enzim karışımında 20 kök uçları kadar inkübe edin. Enzim karışımı, 0.01 M sitrat tampon maddesi içinde seyreltilmiş,% 0.7 Selülaz R10,% 0.7 selülaz,% 1 ve% 1 Pektoliaz cytohelicase içerir. -20 ° C&#39;de enzim karışımı saklayın ve beş kata kadar yeniden. </li><li> Pipetleme enzim çıkarın ve artık enzimin yerine iki kez 5 mi, 0.01 M sitrat tampon maddesi ile buz kök ipuçları yıkayın. </li></ol></li><li> Kök maserasyon <ol><li> Iki kez dikkatli bir şekilde aynı saat camı 1 ml% 96 ​​etanol ile yıkayın kök uçları. Taze hazırlanmış fiksatif (25% etanol% 75 asetik asit), etanol ile değiştirin. 10-15 kullanınKök ucu başına ul fiksatif. </li><li> Diseksiyon iğne veya forseps ile 2 ml tüp içine fiksatif ile birlikte Aktarım kök uçları ve parçalanmaya kök meristemleri. Bir hücre süspansiyonu elde etmek için hücrelerin yeniden askıya almak için boru 20 kez vurun. İki ay -20 ° C hücre süspansiyonu saklayın. </li></ol></li><li> Hücre süspansiyonunun Damlama <ol><li> 50 ° C&#39;de bir sıcak plaka üzerinde su ile ıslatılmış kağıt dokusunun 2-3 katmanları yerleştirin. 30 dakika boyunca buzdolabında buz soğuk musluk suyu altında mikroskopik slaytlar bırakın. Ve bir yerde nemli kağıt mendil üstünde kayar. </li><li> Pipet 7-10 hücre süspansiyonu ul ve sıcak plaka üzerine yerleştirilir soğutulmuş slayt üzerine 20 cm mesafeden bırakın. Pipet 10 slayt hücre süspansiyonu aynı yerde asetik asit-etanol karışımı ul ve ek 2 dakika süreyle sıcak plaka slayt tutun. Islak doku olmadan sıcak plaka slayt yerleştirin ve 1 dakika boyunca kurumaya bırakın. </li></ol></li><li> Kalite kontrolü ve Saklamaslaytlar e <ol><li> Kromozom yayılması kalitesini kontrol etmek için bir faz-kontrast mikroskobu kullanarak slaytları edin. -20 ° C&#39;da bir Coplin kavanoz% 96 etanol içinde daldırarak aynı gün veya mağaza ya slaytlar kullanın. </li></ol></li><li> FISH önce slaytların Tedavi öncesi; Tüm adımlar, oda sıcaklığında yürütülür <ol><li> 2x SSC, 50 ml ihtiva eden bir Coplin kavanoza Slaytları 5 dakika boyunca (20x SSC 3 M NaCl ve 300 mM trisodyum sitrat içeren). 3-10 dakika için% 45 asetik asit 50 ml ihtiva eden bir Coplin kavanoza forseps, transfer slaytlar kullanılması. </li><li> Aktarım, 10 dakika boyunca 2 x SSC, 50 ml ihtiva eden bir Coplin kavanoza kayar. 10 dakika boyunca (2x SSC)% 4 formaldehit, 50 ml ihtiva eden bir Coplin kavanoza transfer slaytlar ve bırakın slaytlar kromozom düzeltmek için. </li><li> 50 ml 2x SSC içeren bir Coplin kavanoza, 4 dakika her biri için slaytlar 3 kez durulama formaldehit çıkarın. Dikey% 70 seri 2 dakika,% 90 ve% 100 etanol, sırasıyla, ve kuru, slaytlar için Coplin kavanoza slaytlar kurutmakpozisyon. </li></ol></li></ol> İn Situ Hibridizasyon 2. Floresan (FISH) <ol><li> Her bir slayt için deiyonize formamid 10 ul 4x hibritleme tamponu, 5 ul kullanılarak toplam 20 ul hibridizasyon solüsyonu hazırlamak (200 ul tampon 80 ul 20x SSC, 8 ul 1 M Tris-HCI pH 8.0, içeren 1.6 ul 0.5 M EDTA, 11,2 ul 10 ug / ml somon spermi ve 99,2 ul DNase içermeyen su), probun 3 ul DNase içermeyen su 2 ul. </li><li> 24 x 32 mm kapak kayma slayt ve kapak başına melezleme solüsyonu 20 ul ekleyin ve kauçuk çimento ile kapak kayma tutuklama. Sıcak bir plaka üzerinde 2 dakika boyunca 80 ° C&#39;de, aynı anda probları ile slaytlar denatüre. </li><li> Transferi nemli odasına slaytlar ve 37 ° CO / N kaçınarak ışık slaytlar kuluçkaya yatmaktadır. 2x SSC ile Coplin kavanoza slaytlar durulama kapak fişleri çıkarın. Ve 55-60 ° C 2x SSC içeren bir Coplin kavanoza yerleştirin slaytlar 20 dakika inkübe. </li><li> Oda sıcaklığında 2 dakika boyunca bir Coplin kavanoza SSC 2x slaytlar yerleştirin. Sırasıyla,% 70,% 90 ve% 100 etanol içinde seri 2 dakika boyunca, bir Coplin kavanoza slaytlar kurutmak. </li><li> Yoğun ışık önlemek antifade montaj orta / ml 4 &#39;, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindoline 1 ug (DAPI) ile slaytlar ve counterstain hava içinde kurutulur. </li></ol> 3. Mikroskobik Analizi ve Depolama <ol><li> Epifloresans mikroskop kullanılarak slaytlar analiz edin. Filtrenin seçimi prob etiketleme için kullanılan florokrom bağlıdır. Gerekirse, bir yıla kadar karanlık koşullarda 4 ° C&#39;de mağaza slaytlar. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Kromozom, hazırlanışı deney ot familyasının (Poaceae) ait olan hububat genç kökleri kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tüm analiz türler diploid genom sette 14 nispeten uzun mitotik metafaz kromozomları (11-15 mikron) ve büyük genom türlerinin (5,1-7,9 Sterlin) aittir. Çimlenmiş köklerinin uzunluğu meristematik doku maksimum elde etmek için en fazla 2 cm değildi. Bölünen hücrelerin eşitleme mitotik metafaz miktarı 10 yayılır geliştirilmiş bir 20 sa...

In situ hibridizasyon (FISH) Floresan kromozom düzeyinde tek ve yüksek kopya dizilerinin fiziksel haritalama için etkili bir araçtır. Koşul, yüksek kaliteli kromozom yayılımlarının hazırlanmasıdır. Hayvan ve bitki hücreleri için aynı derecede uygun olacaktır genel kromozom hazırlama protokolü vardır. Bitki kromozomların hazırlanması nedeniyle farklı türlerin içinde sert hücre duvarı ve çeşitli sitoplazma kıvamına özellikle zordur. Bitki kromozom hazırlanması için olan uygun yöntemlerden biri de damla yayılan tekniği ve hava-kurutma tekniği 1,2 olarak bilinen olarak adlandırılan bir damla bir tekniktir. Bu yöntem ilk olarak, in vitro yetiştirilen memeli hücrelerinin 3 Rothfels ve Siminovitch tarafından 1958 yılında tanıtıldı. Daha sonra Martin ve ark. 4 ve Kato ve diğ. 5 bitkiler için bu yöntemi uyarlanmıştır. Daha yakın zamanlarda, adlı bir yöntem &#39;SteamDrop ve# 39; örtüşmeyen kromozom 6 hazırlanması için kullanılan su buharına geliştirildi. , Yüksek nem olumlu etkisi daha erken 7 gözlenmesine rağmen, &#39;SteamDrop&#39; yüksek kaliteli kromozom hazırlıkları 6 kontrollü bir iş akışı sağlar. Buhar tedavi muhtemelen kromozomal proteinler, bazı değişikliklere bağlı kromozomların gerilmesine neden olur. Tam metafaz yeterli sayıda tutma sonraki FISH deneyler için teknik uzmanlık gerektirir yayılır rağmen metafazlarda sonuçlanan kalitesi çok yüksektir. Burada tek ve yüksek kopya probları 5,8 FISH tespiti için uygun mitotik tahıl kromozom hazırlanması için bir protokol mevcut. Bu yöntem, Kato 50% -55% bağıl nem altında gerçekleştirilir 9 (Şekil 1) tarafından tarif havada kuru damlatma yöntemi geliştirilmiş bir varyantıdır. Bu protokol daha az sayıda içerenuygulaması kolay, verimli ve tekrarlanabilir hale yıkama adımları. Biz Hordeum vulgare H. bulbosum, H. marinum, H. murinum, H. pubiflorum ve Secale cereale&#39;den için yüksek kaliteli kromozom yayılır ve FISH sonuçları elde bu protokolü kullanarak.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Hot Plate</td>
			<td>MEDAX GmbH</td>
			<td>12603</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cellulase R10</td>
			<td>Duchefa</td>
			<td>C8001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cellulase&#160;</td>
			<td>CalBioChem</td>
			<td>219466</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pectolyase</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P3026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytohelicase</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C8274</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Texas Red-12-dUTP</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>C3176</td>
			<td>direct fluorochrome&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluor488-5-dUTP</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>C11397</td>
			<td>direct fluorochrome&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorecsence microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus BX61</td>
			<td>BX61</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCD camera</td>
			<td>Orca ER, Hamamatsu</td>
			<td>C10600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4&#8217;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)&#160;</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-1200</td>
			<td>fluorecsent dye</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a fast air-dry dropping chromosome preparation method suitable for fish in plants

Kromozom yayılır hazırlanması floresan in situ hibridizasyon başarılı performansı (FISH) için bir ön koşuldur. Yüksek kaliteli bitki kromozom yayılır hazırlanması nedeniyle sert hücre duvarına zordur. Bitki kromozomlarına hazırlanması için onaylanmış yöntemlerden biri olarak adlandırılan bir damla hazırlanması da damla yayılan ya da hava-kurutma tekniği olarak bilinmektedir. Burada, mitotik kromozom hızlı hazırlanması için bir protokol tek ve yüksek kopya DNA probları BALIK tespiti için uygundur yayılır sunuyoruz. Bu yöntem, 50% -55% arasında bağıl nem altında gerçekleştirilen havada kuru damla yöntemin geliştirilmiş bir varyantıdır. Bu protokol, uygulama, kolay, verimli ve tekrarlanabilir hale yıkama aşamaları, daha az sayıda içerir. Bu yaklaşımın bariz faydaları başarılı FISH analizi için mükemmel bir önkoşul olarak hizmet veren iyi yayılmış, hasarsız ve çok sayıda metafaz kromozomları vardır. Bu protokolü kullanarak yüksek kaliteli chrom eldeosome yayılır ve Hordeum vulgare H. bulbosum, H. marinum, H. murinum, H. pubiflorum ve Secale cereale&#39;den için tekrarlanabilir FISH sonuçları.

Mitotik metafaz yayılır mikroskopik slaytlar yukarıda tarif edilen hızlı bir havayla kurumaya bırakarak kromozom hazırlama metodu ile hazırlandı (Suppl. Şekil 1). FISH analizi, her iki, tekrarlayıcı ve tek kopyalı sekansları kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Görüntüler mukabil fluorophores uyarım sağlayan bir filtre seti ile bir Epifloresans mikroskop ile elde edilen ve yüksek hassasiyetli CCD monokrom kamera tarafından ele geçirildi. Görüntü alımı için biz bir görünt?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Fast Air-dry Dropping Chromosome Preparation Method Suitable for FISH in Plants at JoVE.com

A Fast Air-dry Dropping Chromosome Preparation Method Suitable for FISH in Plants

A protocol is described for the preparation of high-quality mitotic plant chromosome spreads by a fast air-dry dropping method suitable for the FISH detection of single and high copy DNA probes.

Bitkilerde FISH için uygun bir Hızlı Hava kuru Damlama Kromozom Hazırlama Yöntemi

Preparation of chromosome spreads is a prerequisite for the successful performance of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Preparation of high ...

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Biology

13.1K Görüntüleme.  Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK). A protocol is described for the preparation of high-quality mitotic plant chromosome spreads by a fast air-dry dropping method suitable for the FISH detection of single and high copy DNA probes.

Video: A Fast Air-dry Dropping Chromosome Preparation Method Suitable for FISH in Plants

Pyrosequencing: A Simple Method for Accurate Genotyping

Pharmacogenetic research benefits first-hand from the abundance of information provided by the completion of the Human Genome Project. With such a tremendous amount of data available comes an explosion of genotyping methods. Pyrosequencing(R) is one of the most thorough yet simple methods to date used to analyze polymorphisms. It also has the ability to identify tri-allelic, indels, short-repeat polymorphisms, along with determining allele percentages for methylation or pooled sample assessment. In addition, there is a standardized control sequence that provides internal quality control. This method has led to rapid and efficient single-nucleotide polymorphism evaluation including many clinically relevant polymorphisms. The technique and methodology of Pyrosequencing is explained.


Pyrosequencing(R) is one of the most thorough yet simple methods to date used to analyze polymorphisms. This method has led to rapid and efficient single-nucleotide polymorphism evaluation including many clinically relevant polymorphisms. The technique and methodology of Pyrosequencing is explained.

Pyrosequencing: Doğru Genotiplendirme için Basit Bir Yöntem

Pharmacogenetic research benefits first-hand from the abundance of information provided by the completion of the Human Genome Project. With such a ...

Biyoloji

Preparation of Drosophila Polytene Chromosome Squashes for Antibody Labeling

Drosophila has long been a favorite model system for studying the relationship between chromatin structure and gene regulation due to the cytological advantages provided by the giant salivary gland polytene chromosomes of third instar larvae.  In this tissue the chromosomes undergo many rounds of replication in the absence of cell division giving rise to approximately 1000 copies.  The DNA remains aligned after each replicative cycle resulting in greatly enlarged chromosomes that provide a unique opportunity to correlate chromatin morphology with the localization of specific proteins.  Consequently, there has been a high level of interest in defining the epigenetic modifications present at different genes and at different stages of the transcription process. An important tool for such studies is the labeling of polytene chromosomes with antibodies to the enzyme, transcription factor, or histone modification of interest. This video protocol illustrates the squash technique used in the Johansen laboratory to prepare Drosophila polytene chromosomes for antibody labeling.

This video protocol illustrates the squash technique used in the Johansen laboratory to prepare Drosophila polytene chromosomes for antibody labeling.

Antikor Etiketleme Drosophila politen Kromozom kabak hazırlanması

Drosophila has long been a favorite model system for studying the relationship between chromatin structure and gene regulation due to the cytological ...

An ex-ovo Chicken Embryo Culture System Suitable for Imaging and Microsurgery Applications

Understanding the relationships between genetic and microenvironmental factors that drive normal and malformed embryonic development is fundamental for discovering new therapeutic strategies. Advancements in imaging technology have enabled quantitative investigation of the organization and maturing of the body plan, but later stage embryonic morphogenesis is less clear. Chicken embryos are an attractive vertebrate animal model system for this application because of its ease of culture and surgical manipulation. Early embryos can be cultured for a short time on filter paper rings, which enables complete optical access for cell patterning and fate studies1,2. Studying advanced developmental processes such as cardiac morphogenesis are traditionally performed through a window of the eggshell3-5, but this technique limits optical access due to window size. We previously developed a simple method to culture whole embryos ex-ovo on hexagonal weigh boats for up to 10 days, which enabled high resolution imaging via ultrasonography6,7. These cultures were difficult to transport, limiting the types of imaging tools available for live experiments. We here present an improved shell-less culture system with a cost-effective, portable environmental chamber. Eggs were cracked onto a hammock created by a polyurethane membrane (cling wrap) affixed circumferentially to a plastic cup partially filled with sterile water. The dimensions of the circumference and depth of the hammock were both critical to maintain surface tension, while the mechanics of the hammock and water beneath helped dampen vibrations induced by transportation. A small footprint circulating water bath was also developed to enable continuous temperature control during experimentation. We demonstrate the ability to culture embryos in this way for at least 14 days without morphogenic defect or delay and employ this system in several microsurgical and imaging applications.

An ex-ovo Chicken Embryo Culture System Suitable for Imaging and Microsurgery Applications

In this article, we present a simple methodology to enable long-term ex-ovo avian embryo culture. This technique is ideal for longitudinal experimentation requiring complete optical accessibility and/or sterile transportation in avian embryos.

Bir Eski-ovo</emGörüntüleme ve Mikrocerrahi Uygulamaları için uygundur> Tavuk Embriyo Kültürü Sistemi

Understanding the relationships between genetic and microenvironmental factors that drive normal and malformed embryonic development is fundamental for ...

Ice-Cap: A Method for Growing Arabidopsis and Tomato Plants in 96-well Plates for High-Throughput Genotyping

It is becoming common for plant scientists to develop projects that require the genotyping of large numbers of plants. The first step in any genotyping project is to collect a tissue sample from each individual plant. The traditional approach to this task is to sample plants one-at-a-time. If one wishes to genotype hundreds or thousands of individuals, however, using this strategy results in a significant bottleneck in the genotyping pipeline. The Ice-Cap method that we describe here provides a high-throughput solution to this challenge by allowing one scientist to collect tissue from several thousand seedlings in a single day 1,2. This level of throughput is made possible by the fact that tissue is harvested from plants 96-at-a-time, rather than one-at-a-time.
The Ice-Cap method provides an integrated platform for performing seedling growth, tissue harvest, and DNA extraction. The basis for Ice-Cap is the growth of seedlings in a stacked pair of 96-well plates. The wells of the upper plate contain plugs of agar growth media on which individual seedlings germinate. The roots grow down through the agar media, exit the upper plate through a hole, and pass into a lower plate containing water. To harvest tissue for DNA extraction, the water in the lower plate containing root tissue is rapidly frozen while the seedlings in the upper plate remain at room temperature. The upper plate is then peeled away from the lower plate, yielding one plate with 96 root tissue samples frozen in ice and one plate with 96 viable seedlings. The technique is named "Ice-Cap" because it uses ice to capture the root tissue. The 96-well plate containing the seedlings can then wrapped in foil and transferred to low temperature. This process suspends further growth of the seedlings, but does not affect their viability. Once genotype analysis has been completed, seedlings with the desired genotype can be transferred from the 96-well plate to soil for further propagation. We have demonstrated the utility of the Ice-Cap method using Arabidopsis thaliana, tomato, and rice seedlings. We expect that the method should also be applicable to other species of plants with seeds small enough to fit into the wells of 96-well plates.

Ice-Cap: A Method for Growing Arabidopsis and Tomato Plants in 96-well Plates for High-Throughput Genotyping

The Ice-Cap method allows one to grow plants in 96-well plates and non-destructively harvest root tissue from each seedling. DNA extracted from this root tissue can be used for genotyping reactions. We have found that Ice-Cap works well for Arabidopsis thaliana, tomato, and rice seedlings.

Ice-Cap: Büyüyen Bir Yöntem Arabidopsis</emYüksek Verim Genotiplendirme için 96-iyi Tabaklar ve Domates Tesisleri>

It is becoming common for plant scientists to develop projects that require the genotyping of large numbers of plants. The first step in any genotyping ...

Chromosome Preparation From Cultured Cells

Chromosome (cytogenetic) analysis is widely used for the detection of chromosome instability. When followed by G-banding and molecular techniques such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), this assay has the powerful ability to analyze individual cells for aberrations that involve gains or losses of portions of the genome&#160;and rearrangements involving one or more chromosomes. In humans, chromosome abnormalities occur in approximately 1 per 160 live births1,2, 60-80% of all miscarriages3,4, 10% of stillbirths2,5, 13% of individuals with congenital heart disease6, 3-6% of infertility cases2, and in many patients with developmental delay&#160;and birth defects7. Cytogenetic analysis of malignancy is routinely used by researchers and clinicians, as observations of clonal chromosomal abnormalities have been shown to have both diagnostic and prognostic significance8,9.&#160; Chromosome isolation is invaluable for gene therapy and stem cell research of organisms including nonhuman primates and rodents10-13.
Chromosomes can be isolated from cells of live tissues, including blood lymphocytes, skin fibroblasts, amniocytes, placenta, bone marrow, and tumor specimens. Chromosomes are analyzed at the metaphase stage of mitosis, when they are most condensed and therefore more clearly visible. The first step of the chromosome isolation technique involves the disruption of the spindle fibers by incubation with Colcemid, to prevent the cells from proceeding to the subsequent anaphase stage. The cells are then treated with a hypotonic solution and preserved in their swollen state with Carnoy&#39;s fixative. The cells are then dropped on to slides and can then be utilized for a variety of procedures. G-banding involves trypsin treatment followed by staining with Giemsa to create characteristic light and dark bands. The same procedure to isolate chromosomes can be used for the preparation of cells for procedures such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and spectral karyotyping (SKY)14,15.

Chromosomes can be isolated from live cells such as lymphocytes or skin fibroblasts, and from organisms including humans or mice. These chromosome preparations can be further utilized for routine G-banding and molecular cytogenetic procedures such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and spectral karyotyping (SKY).

Kültür Hücrelerinin itibaren Kromozom Hazırlık

Chromosome (cytogenetic) analysis is widely used for the detection of chromosome instability. When followed by G-banding and molecular techniques such as ...

Assessing Species-specific Contributions To Craniofacial Development Using Quail-duck Chimeras

The generation of chimeric embryos is a widespread and powerful approach to study cell fates, tissue interactions, and species-specific contributions to the histological and morphological development of vertebrate embryos. In particular, the use of chimeric embryos has established the importance of neural crest in directing the species-specific morphology of the craniofacial complex. The method described herein utilizes two avian species, duck and quail, with remarkably different craniofacial morphology. This method greatly facilitates the investigation of molecular and cellular regulation of species-specific pattern in the craniofacial complex.&#160;Experiments in quail and duck chimeric embryos have already revealed neural crest-mediated tissue interactions and cell-autonomous behaviors that regulate species-specific pattern in the craniofacial skeleton, musculature, and integument. The great diversity of neural crest derivatives suggests significant potential for future applications of the quail-duck chimeric system to understanding vertebrate development, disease, and evolution.

This article describes a method to generate chimeric embryos that are&#160;designed to test the species-specific contributions of neural crest and/or other tissues to craniofacial development.

Bıldırcın-ördek Chimeras kullanma Kraniyofasiyal Kalkınma için Türlere özgü Katılımlar değerlendirilmesi

The generation of chimeric embryos is a widespread and powerful approach to study cell fates, tissue interactions, and species-specific contributions to ...

Combined DNA-RNA Fluorescent In situ Hybridization (FISH) to Study X Chromosome Inactivation in Differentiated Female Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular technique which enables the detection of nucleic acids in cells. DNA FISH is often used in cytogenetics and cancer diagnostics, and can detect aberrations of the genome, which often has important clinical implications. RNA FISH can be used to detect RNA molecules in cells and has provided important insights in regulation of gene expression. Combining DNA and RNA FISH within the same cell is technically challenging, as conditions suitable for DNA FISH might be too harsh for fragile, single stranded RNA molecules. We here present an easily applicable protocol which enables the combined, simultaneous detection of Xist RNA and DNA encoded by the X chromosomes. This combined DNA-RNA FISH protocol can likely be applied to other systems where both RNA and DNA need to be detected.

Combined DNA-RNA Fluorescent In situ Hybridization FISH to Study X Chromosome Inactivation in Differentiated Female Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) allows the detection of nucleic acids in their native environment within cells. We here describe a protocol for the combined, simultaneous detection of RNA and DNA by means of FISH, which can be used to study X chromosome inactivation in mouse embryonic stem cells.

Kombine DNA-RNA Floresan<em&gt; In situ</em&gt; Hibridizasyon (FISH) Farklılaştırılmış Kadın Fare Embriyonik Kök Hücreleri X kromozomu inaktivasyonu Eğitim için

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular technique which enables the detection of nucleic acids in cells. DNA FISH is often used in ...

Preparation of Rat Serum Suitable for Mammalian Whole Embryo Culture

Mammalian whole embryo culture (WEC) is a widely used technique for examining pharmacological toxicity in developing mouse and rat embryos and for investigating the mechanisms of developmental processes. Immediately centrifuged (IC) rat serum is commonly used for WEC and is essential for the growth and development of cultured mouse and rat embryos ex vivo. For the culture of midgestation embryos (i.e., E8.0-12.5 for the mouse, and E10.0-14.5 for the rat), 100% rat serum is the best media for supporting the growth of the embryo ex vivo. To prepare rat serum suitable for WEC, the collected blood should be centrifuged immediately to separate the blood cells from the plasma fraction. After centrifugation, the fibrin clot forms in the upper layer; this clot should be squeezed gently using a pair of sterile forceps and subsequently centrifuged to completely separate the blood cells from the serum. In this video article, we demonstrate our standard protocol for the preparation of optimal IC rat serum, including blood collection from the abdominal aorta of male rats and extraction of the serum by centrifugation.

Mammalian whole embryo culture (WEC) is widely used in teratology and developmental biology. Immediately centrifuged rat serum is commonly provided as a medium for both mouse and rat WEC. In this video, we demonstrate our standard protocol for the preparation of high-quality rat serum suitable for mammalian WEC.

Memeli Tüm Embriyo Kültürü için uygun Rat Serum hazırlanması

Mammalian whole embryo culture (WEC) is a widely used technique for examining pharmacological toxicity in developing mouse and rat embryos and for ...

Preparation of Meiotic Chromosome Spreads from Mouse Spermatocytes

Mammalian meiosis is a dynamic developmental process that occurs in germ cells and can be studied and characterized. Using a method to spread nuclei on the surface of slides (rather than dropping them from a height), we demonstrate an optimized technique on mouse spermatocytes that was first described in 1997. This method is widely used in laboratories to study mammalian meiosis because it yields a plethora of high quality nuclei undergoing substages of prophase I. Seminiferous tubules are first placed in a hypotonic solution to swell spermatocytes. Then spermatocytes are released into a sucrose solution to create a cell suspension, and nuclei are spread onto fixative-soaked glass slides. Following immunostaining, a diversity of proteins germane to meiotic processes can be examined. For example, proteins of the synaptonemal complex, a tripartite structure that connects the chromosome axes/cores of homologs together can be easily visualized. Meiotic recombination proteins, which are involved in repair of DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recombination, can also be immunostained to evaluate progression of prophase I. Here we describe and demonstrate in detail a technique widely used to study mammalian meiosis in spermatocytes from juvenile or adult male mice.

Meiosis is the developmental process by which gametes are formed through a single round of DNA replication and two successive rounds of chromosome segregation. Mammalian meiosis can be examined by utilizing a technique to prepare meiotic chromosome spreads. Here, we demonstrate a method of preparing surface-spread nuclei from mouse spermatocytes.

Fare Spermatocytes segregasyonun kromozom hazırlanması yayılır

Mammalian meiosis is a dynamic developmental process that occurs in germ cells and can be studied and characterized. Using a method to spread nuclei on ...

Standardizing a Non-Lethal Method for Characterizing the Reproductive Status and Larval Development of Freshwater Mussels (Bivalvia: Unionida)

Actively monitoring the timing, development, and reproductive patterns of endangered species is critical when managing for population recovery. Freshwater mussels are among the most imperiled organisms in the world, but information about early larval (glochidial) development and brooding periods is still lacking for many species. Previous studies have focused on the complex life history stage when female mussels are ready to parasitize host fish, but few studies have focused on the brooding period and timing of larval development. The protocol described here allows researchers to non-lethally evaluate the state of gravidity for female mussels. The results of this study show that this method does not affect a female mussel&rsquo;s ability to stay gravid or become gravid again after sampling has been performed. The advantage of this method may permit its use on federally threatened or endangered species or other populations of high conservation concern. This protocol can be adapted for use on both preserved or live individuals and was tested on a variety of mussel species. The database provided is a repository for a breadth of information on timing of reproductive habits and will facilitate future freshwater mussel research, conservation, and recovery efforts.

Standardizing a Non-Lethal Method for Characterizing the Reproductive Status and Larval Development of Freshwater Mussels Bivalvia: Unionida

Freshwater mussel conservation is dependent on monitoring reproductive patterns and processes of species. This study standardizes a non-lethal protocol for sampling gill contents, characterizing larval development, and providing a digital repository for data collected. This protocol-database package will be an important tool for mussel researchers in recovery of imperiled species.

Tatlı Su Midyelerinin Üreme Durumunu ve Larval Gelişimini Karakterize Etmek Için Ölümcül Olmayan Bir Yöntemin Standartlaştırılması (Bivalvia: Unionida)

Actively monitoring the timing, development, and reproductive patterns of endangered species is critical when managing for population recovery. Freshwater ...