This project was supported by Midwestern University, IL Office of Research and Sponsored Programs (ORSP) and Midwestern University College of Dental Medicine-Illinois (CDMI).

1. HSV Suşlar ve Taşıma Not: Rekombinan olmayan yayılan HSV-1 (KOS) gL86 ve HSV-2 (KOS) 333gJ - V. Twiari 36,37 tarafından sağlanan kullanılan beta-galaktosidaz raportör etkinliği ile. <ol><li> 1 -80 ° C de, tek bir parça ve deposundan virüs kullanabilir: Dulbecco&#39;nun değiştirilmiş Eagle ortamı,% 20 fetal sığır serumu (FBS) ile (DMEM) 1 oranında ve kullanılana kadar yağsız süt. Viral çok depolama önce, O-nitrofenil-β-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG) ve 5-bromo-4-kloro-3-indolil-β-D-galactopyranoside (X-Gal) deneyi virüs konsantrasyonunu belirlemek. </li><li> Daha önce (Şekil 1) 14 tarif edildiği gibi, raportör virüs giriş deneyi kullanılarak her bir deney tahlili çalıştırmak için X-Gal boyaması ile virüs canlılığı ve enfeksiyon (MOI) bir çokluğunu belirlemek. </li><li> İstenen İçişleri Bakanlığı virüs (Opt-MEM) seyreltin. tek tabakalar (paraformaldehit; 0.5 ml / oyuk) saptamak lekelenme. Ayrı bir microti virüs canlılığı kontrolleri yerleştirinpolimikrobiyal tahlil plakaları paralel olarak ter plakası. </li></ol> 2. HeLa 299 Hücre İşleme <ol><li> 4.5 g / L glikoz,% 10 ısı ile inaktive edilmiş fetal büyükbaş hayvan serumu (FBS), gentamisin (50 ug / ml) ve L-glutamin ile DMEM içinde 37 ° C,% 5 CO2 de büyür. Tripsin çözeltisi ile% 80 izdiham Geçiş hücreleri (% 0.05 tripsin, etilendiamintetraasetik asit, 0.53 M EDTA, 5 ml / şişe). </li></ol> 3. C. albicans Taşıma Not: C Klinik laboratuar bir kaynaktan elde edilen albicans orta 2x yağsız süt REMMEL -80 ° C&#39;de saklanır. <ol><li> Kültür Sabouraud Dekstroz Orta (37 ° C) üzerine stok donmuş. 24 saat altkültür C sonra Fungisel ortamı üzerine albicans (37 ° C, 48 saat) kullanım için. </li><li> Mikrop tüpünü (GT) formları oluşturun (3 ml FBS, temsili koloniler almak 3 saat, 37 ° C, Abs 600, 0.3). inkübasyondan sonra, GT yıkama (HBSS; 2x, 4000 xg). (37 ısıtıldı HBSS ile yıkandı, GT ekleme# 176; C; 0.32 Abs 600). GT formları hemositometre sayımı ile tespit edildiği üzere gözlenen hücre% 99 olmalıdır. </li><li> Temsili Fungisel koloniler seçerek maya formu (YF) stok süspansiyonları olun (HBSS, 3 ml 0.32 Abs 600). YF formlarının sayısını / mikroskopik hemasitometre kullanarak ml. YF formları hemositometre sayımı ile tespit edildiği üzere gözlenen hücre% 99 olmalıdır. </li><li> Mantar stok çalışma yapmak (25 ml HBSS GT veya YF stokunun 250 ul; 37 ° C; 10 5 CFU / ml) </li></ol> 4. S. aureus Taşıma <ol><li> Mağaza S. aureus ATCC 25923 (-80 ° C; Remmel süt 2x yağsız). koyun kanlı agara Kültürü (% 5; 37 ° C; 24 saat). temsili koloniler seçin ve hisse senedi için 2 gün içinde orta tuzları mannitol transfer (37 ° C, 18 saat). </li><li> S. olun aureus stok süspansiyonu (3 mi HBSS; 1.32 Abs 600, 10 8 CFU / mL) <ol><li> S. çalışma yapmak aureus stok (100 ul25 ml HBSS stoklar; 10 5 CFU / ml). </li></ol></li></ol> 5. Candida ve S. aureus Süspansiyonlar <ol><li> Karışık C olun albicans ve S. aureus süspansiyon (250 ul YF veya GT stok ve 25 ml HBSS 100 ul S. aureus stok). </li></ol> 6. polimikrobik Biyofilm Deneyi <ol><li> 2 x 10 5 HeLa hücre / ml 200 ul (% 85 birleşen seviyesi) Tohum 96 oyuklu plakalar. Kaya plakaları (30-45 dakika; 37 ° C), inkübasyondan önce (37 ° C,% 5 CO2 kuluçka, 18 saat). Yıkama mono tabakaları (1x; Opt-MEM) daha sonra HSV ile tohum (HSV-1 (KOS) gL86 veya HSV-2 (KOS) 33 GJ - 100 ul Opt-MEM; MOI 50 ve 10). Inkübe edin (37 ° C, 3 saat,% 5 CO2). günde sadece bir virüs suşu kullanın. </li><li> Enfekte tek tabakaları yıkayın (1 x fosfat tamponlu tuzlu su, Mg + 2 ve Ca + 2 ile (PBS); 100 ul). 25 &amp; # bırakarak sıcak HBSS ile PBS değiştirin181; her bir L. <ol><li> YF, GT ve / veya S. ekle (hücre oranı = 5 hedef 100 ul: 1, n = 16), S. aureus çalışma süspansiyonlar. Tablo 1 &#39;de gösterildiği gibi inkübe edin (statik; 30 dakika; 37 ° C,% 5 CO2). </li></ol></li><li> İnkübasyondan sonra, her seferinde aspire bir sütun hemen Mg + 2 ve Ca + 2 ile 300 ul PBS ile yeniden doldurmak. (1:50 seyreltme 200 ul;, filtre sterilize RIPA) radyo-immünopresipitasyon tahlil lizis tamponu eklemek sonra da iki kez bu adımı yineleyin. </li><li> Hızla HeLa hücre lisatı daha sonra manitol tuzları (MS) ve / veya Fungisel (F) ortam (Şekil 2) üzerine 50 ul koyun Karışım. 90 ° açıyla cam çubuk bükülmüş kullanarak lizat yayıldı. (37 ° C&#39;de 18 saat) inkübe edin. El ile plaka başına koloni sayısını saymak. Kontroller S. oluşur aureus ve / veya C HSV-bulaşmamış HeLa hücrelerinde albicans bağlılık. </li></ol> 7. Görüntüleme Çalışmaları &lt;/ P&gt; <ol><li> Her yuvarlak cam lamel yıkayın (12 mm; 50 ml aseton ml beher 100). Kuru ve sterilize lamelleri (Kimwipes, cam petri). Alkol alev sterilize forseps ile steril bir 24 yuvalı plakalara ait kuyucuklar içerisine, kuru steril lamelleri yerleştirin. </li><li> yıkandı, steril yuvarlak cam lamelleri içeren 24 gözlü plakalara, HeLa hücreleri (96 gözlü levhalar için kullanılan 5x hacmi 1 mi) eklenir. Adımda yukarıda belirtilen 6.4 6.2.1&#39;de tarif edildiği gibi inkübe ve işlem, 5X 96 gözlü levhalar için kullanılan ses şablonun (Tablo 2) &#39;e uygun bir virüs, bakteri ya da mantarları ekleyin. </li><li> Son yıkamadan sonra, metanol ile slayt sel ve buharlaşmasına izin vererek mikroskopi için hücreleri düzeltin. boyanma kadar oda sıcaklığında plakaları saklayın. </li><li> Aydınlık alan mikroskobu (1,000x nihai orijinal büyütme) için deiyonize su ile metanol-sabit lamelleri içeren kuyu doldurun. Hemen su aspire. Grams kristal viyole ile her lamel örtün. Yıkama olmayan bağlı leke (deiyonize su) ücretsiz lamelleri. In situ Kuru lamelleri sonra etiketli slayt montaj orta sert seti (Şekil 3) ile yapışır. </li><li> floresan mikroskobu (100x objektif; 1,000x son orijinal büyütme), adım 7.4 açıklandığı gibi yıkama esas metanol ücretsiz lamelleri. kuyularda lamelleri kurulayın. <ol><li> Kuruduktan sonra, kapak fişleri kaldırmak ve etiketli slaytlar üzerine koyun. (- 5 ul 1) Daha sonra floresan izotiyosiyanat (FITC) ile birleştirilmiş bayır Herpes Simplex virüs tip 1:20 seyreltme lamel kapsayacak şekilde 1 + 2 gD antikoru yeterli miktarda ilave edin. </li><li> 30 dakika boyunca 37 ° C&#39;de bir nem odasında slaytlar inkübe edin. İnkübasyondan sonra, PBS 4 değişiklikler lamelleri yıkayın. </li><li> Son yıkamadan sonra, etiketli slayt lamel dönün. 4 &#39;, 6-diamidino-2-fenilindol (, nem odası; 30 dakika için 37 ° C DAPI) ile leke. İnkübasyondan sonra 4 Chan lamelleri yıkamaPBS ges, daha sonra sabit set montaj orta ile etiketlenmiş slayt yapıştırın. </li><li> montaj orta karanlıkta oda sıcaklığında 24 saat boyunca tedavi etmek için izin verin. parlak bir alan mikroskobu veya FITC ve DAPI kesme filtreleri ile floresan mikroskop ya petrol hedefi altında lamelleri inceleyin. Eş-lokalizasyonu (Şekil 4) için en az 50 alanlar (organizma başına en az 100 hücre) fotoğraflarını inceleyin. </li></ol></li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Şu anda hiçbir bilgi, prokaryot ökaryot ve viral yani çoklu taksonomik etki, çapraz konak mikrobiyomları yarı daimi üyelerinin kalıcı arasındaki karmaşık etkileşimlerin mevcuttur. Bu nedenle S. biyofilm başlamasını incelemek için in vitro model sisteminde bir roman geliştirdi aureus ve C. HSV-1 veya HSV-2 albicans HeLa 229 (HeLa) hücreler 38 etkilemiştir. HeLa hücre model sistem benzersiz bir avantaj sunuyor. Bu, her iki S i?...

<html> İnsan mikrobiyomları vücudunda coğrafi bölgeleri paylaşan birden taksonomik krallıklardan farklı organizmaların içerir. hücre yüzeylerine yapışma mikrobiyomları kolonizasyon sürecinin bir parçasıdır biyofilm, önemli bir ilk adımdır. mikrobiyomları dahil kronik ve inatçı enfeksiyonlara neden virüsler olabilir. Bu virüslerin kronik hücre enfeksiyon, farazi reseptörü durumunu bir değişikliğe neden olabilir. Ek olarak 1,2, hücre içi patojenler ile hücre girişi da sırayla bakteri ve mantarlar da dahil olmak üzere, diğer mikrobiyomları üyelerinin eki değiştirebilir ana membran akışkanlığını / hidrofobiklik etkileyebilecek . İnsan konağın aynı coğrafi bölgelerde lokalize co bu çoklu patojen arasında oluşabilir etkileşimleri anlamak için, biz mukozal yüzeyinde mevcut taksonomik krallıkların spektrumunu temsil patojenlerin etkileşimini incelemek gerekir. t &quot;&gt; Herpesviridae mikrobiyomu daimi üyeleri olarak insanlarda% 100 mevcut mikropların ailesidir 3,4. Buna ek olarak aynı zamanda sürekli semptomlarının varlığı ve yokluğunda hem döken edilebilir. Spesifik olarak, herpes simplex virüs-1 ve herpes simplex virüs-2 (HSV-1 ve HSV-2 sırasıyla) oronasopharynx ve genital bölgesindeki mikrobiyomu daimi üyeleridir. bağışıklık yetkin kişiler, her iki HSV-1 ve HSV-2 neden gingivostomatit yanısıra genital herpes 5-8. bu bölgelerde, HSV kronik kalıcı nectins, heparan sülfat, lipid sallar ve herpes virüs giriş arabulucu yüzey ifadesinde değişiklikler hücreler sonuçlara HSV 9. entry dökülme viral asemptomatik / tümör nekrozu ile karakterize bir gizli enfeksiyona neden faktör reseptörü (HVEM / TNFR) 10-25. bazı bakteriler ve mantarlar, örneğin, S. aureus ve C. albicans Bu potansiyel olarak ortak temsil alıcıları, fırsatçı patojenler ise,Ayrıca oronasopharynx 26,27 mukozal mikrobiyomları üyeleri olarak bulunabilir. Oronasopharynx S. içinde aureus ve C. albicans kolonizasyon iki ayrı siteler işgal. Doğal diş ana olarak, oral mukoza, HSV-1 ve C tarafından paylaşılır albicans, anterior nazal nares S. tarafından işgal edilirken aureus 28. Ancak, rağmen, in vitro bulgular S. aureus ağız epitel hücrelerine yapışır, 29,30 S. Normal doku 29,30 mevcut olduğunda aureus seyrek Oral örneklerden izole edilir. Küçük klinik bulguların ötesinde genital yol ko-kolonizasyon niş ile ilgili bilinen S. aureus C iken, genital iltihap, akıntı ve disparoni ile karakterize, aerobik vajinit ile ilişkilidir albicans ağız boşluğu 31-35 gözlenene benzer bir mukozal lezyonlar. Böylece, ağız ve genital microbi bu üyelerin her ne kadaronların etkileşimine ilişkin bilinen küçük ome çapraz taksonomik krallıklar konak hücre yüzeyinde 5 bağlılık yoluyla biyofilm oluşumunu başlatmak için bu etkileri kendi yeteneği gibi. Bu protokol etkin bir ko-kolonizasyon / enfeksiyon fonksiyonel sonuçlarını belirlemek amacıyla uygulanmıştır.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1185">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:391px;">C.albicans</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:481px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:391px;">BBL Sabouraud Dextrose</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">211584</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:391px;">Fungisel Agar</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Dot Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">7205A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:391px;">S.aureus</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:481px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:391px;">Mannitol Salt Agar</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Troy Biologicals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">7143B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:391px;">Sheep blood agar</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Troy Biologicals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">221239</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:391px;">Hela cells</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:391px;">1xDMEM (Dubelcco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium, with 4.5 g/L glucose and L-glutamine, without sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10-017-CM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:391px;">Gentamicin 50mg/ml</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1397</td>
			<td>50&#181;g/ml final concentration in the complete DMEM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:391px;">Trypsin EDTA (0.05% Trypsin, 0.53M EDTA)Solution 1X</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Corning</td>
			<td>25-052-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:391px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Atlanta Biologicals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S11150</td>
			<td>10% final concentration in the complete DMEM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:391px;">Other medium and reagents</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:391px;">ONPG</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">34055</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:391px;">Ultra-Pure X gal</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15520-018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:391px;">1x HBSS (Hanks&#39; Balanced Salt Solution)</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">20-021-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:391px;">1XPBS</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Dot Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">30042-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:391px;">RIPA Lysis</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">89901</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:391px;">Staining</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:391px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A433P-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:391px;">HSV 1&#38;2, specific for gD</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">ViroStat</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">196</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:391px;">DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D8417-5MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:391px;">Gram Crystal Violet</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Troy Biologicals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">212527</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:391px;">Supplies</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="29">
			<td height="29" style="height:29px;width:391px;">Petri dish 100X15</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Dot Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">229693&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="29">
			<td height="29" style="height:29px;width:391px;">Petri dish 150X15</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Kord Valmark</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2902</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:391px;">96-Well plates</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Evergreen Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">222-8030-01F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:391px;">24-well plates</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Evergreen Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">222-8044-01F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:391px;">Culture tubes 100x13</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">9187L61</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:391px;">Cover slip circles, 12mm</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Deckglaser</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CB00120RA1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

determination of biofilm initiation on virus-infected cells by bacteria and fungi

mantarlar, bakteriler ve virüs içeren taksonomik krallıklar arasında polimikrobiyal etkileşimlerin incelenmesi önceden mikrobiyomları viral üyeleri bu virüs bulaşmış konak hücreleri ile sonraki mikrop etkileşimleri nasıl etkilediği ile ilgili incelenmiş değildir. bakteri ve mantarlar ile virüs birlikte yaşama ağız boşluğu ve genital mukoza yüzeyleri üzerinde esas olarak mevcuttur. Mukozal hücrelerin, kalıcı kronik veya kalıcı geç viral enfeksiyonları, özellikle de ifade edilen reseptör, önemli sayıda virüs değiştirilerek mikrobiyomu üyeleri üzerindeki etkisini ve türü olabilir. Ev sahibi hücre membranı mimarisinde Modifikasyon biyofilm, yani yapışma ilk adımı başlatmak için normal flora ve fırsatçı patojenlerin daha sonraki üye değiştirilmiş yeteneğine neden olur. Bu çalışma, biofil başlatılmasından HSV etkisinin ölçülmesi ve görsel inceleme için bir yöntem tarif ederS. m formasyonu (yapışma) aureus ve C. albicans.

Bu raporda tarif edilen sistem elde edilebilen veri sağlamlık düzeyi Şekil 2, af 38 &#39;de gösterilmiştir. Bu sistemin kullanılmasıyla viral yönden enfekte hücreleri ve birbirlerinin yapışma üzerindeki etkisi ile stafilokok ve mantar etkileşimin modülasyonuna tarif edilebilir. Polimikrobiyal etkileşimi, aynı hücreler üzerinde oluşup oluşmadığını tespit etmek için, Şekil 3 ve 4 38 &#39;de ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determination of Biofilm Initiation on Virus-infected Cells by Bacteria and Fungi at JoVE.com

Determination of Biofilm Initiation on Virus-infected Cells by Bacteria and Fungi

A method is described herein for the determination of inter-Kingdom association and competition (bacterial and fungal) for adherence to virus-infected HeLa cell monolayers. This protocol can be extended to multiple combinations of prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and viruses.

Bakteri ve mantar virüsle enfekte olmuş hücreler üzerinde Biyofilm Başlatma Belirlenmesi

The study of polymicrobial interactions across the taxonomic kingdoms that include fungi, bacteria and virus have not been previously examined with ...

determination-biofilm-initiation-on-virus-infected-cells-bacteria

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

9.6K Görüntüleme.  Midwestern University. A method is described herein for the determination of inter-Kingdom association and competition (bacterial and fungal) for adherence to virus-infected HeLa cell monolayers. This protocol can be extended to multiple combinations of prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and viruses.

Video: Determination of Biofilm Initiation on Virus-infected Cells by Bacteria and Fungi

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biofilm in Flow Cells

Many microbial cells have the ability to form sessile microbial communities defined as biofilms that have altered physiological and pathological properties compared to free living microorganisms. Biofilms in nature are often difficult to investigate and reside under poorly defined conditions1. Using a transparent substratum it is possible to device a system where simple biofilms can be examined in a non-destructive way in real-time: here we demonstrate the assembly and operation of a flow cell model system, for in vitro 3D studies of microbial biofilms generating high reproducibility under well-defined conditions2,3.
The system consists of a flow cell that serves as growth chamber for the biofilm. The flow cell is supplied with nutrients and oxygen from a medium flask via a peristaltic pump and spent medium is collected in a waste container. This construction of the flow system allows a continuous supply of nutrients and administration of e.g. antibiotics with minimal disturbance of the cells grown in the flow chamber. Moreover, the flow conditions within the flow cell allow studies of biofilm exposed to shear stress. A bubble trapping device confines air bubbles from the tubing which otherwise could disrupt the biofilm structure in the flow cell.
The flow cell system is compatible with Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) and can thereby provide highly detailed 3D information about developing microbial biofilms. Cells in the biofilm can be labeled with fluorescent probes or proteins compatible with CLSM analysis. This enables online visualization and allows investigation of niches in the developing biofilm. Microbial interrelationship, investigation of antimicrobial agents or the expression of specific genes, are of the many experimental setups that can be investigated in the flow cell system.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biofilm in Flow Cells

Protocol describing the application of a flow cell system for growing and analyzing microbial biofilms for Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM).

Pseudomonas aeruginosa ve Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biyofilm Akış Hücreler

Many microbial cells have the ability to form sessile microbial communities defined as biofilms that have altered physiological and pathological ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Microtiter Dish Biofilm Formation Assay

Biofilms are communities of microbes attached to surfaces, which can be found in medical, industrial and natural settings. In fact, life in a biofilm probably represents the predominate mode of growth for microbes in most environments. Mature biofilms have a few distinct characteristics. Biofilm microbes are typically surrounded by an extracellular matrix that provides structure and protection to the community. Microbes growing in a biofilm also have a characteristic architecture generally comprised of macrocolonies (containing thousands of cells) surrounded by fluid-filled channels. Biofilm-grown microbes are also notorious for their resistance to a range of antimicrobial agents including clinically relevant antibiotics.
The microtiter dish assay is an important tool for the study of the early stages in biofilm formation, and has been applied primarily for the study of bacterial biofilms, although this assay has also been used to study fungal biofilm formation. Because this assay uses static, batch-growth conditions, it does not allow for the formation of the mature biofilms typically associated with flow cell systems. However, the assay has been effective at identifying many factors required for initiation of biofilm formation (i.e, flagella, pili, adhesins, enzymes involved in cyclic-di-GMP binding and metabolism) and well as genes involved in extracellular polysaccharide production. Furthermore, published work indicates that biofilms grown in microtiter dishes do develop some properties of mature biofilms, such a antibiotic tolerance and resistance to immune system effectors.
This simple microtiter dish assay allows for the formation of a biofilm on the wall and/or bottom of a microtiter dish. The high throughput nature of the assay makes it useful for genetic screens, as well as testing biofilm formation by multiple strains under various growth conditions. Variants of this assay have been used to assess early biofilm formation for a wide variety of microbes, including but not limited to, pseudomonads, Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, staphylocci, enterococci, mycobacteria and fungi.
In the protocol described here, we will focus on the use of this assay to study biofilm formation by the model organism Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this assay, the extent of biofilm formation is measured using the dye crystal violet (CV). However, a number of other colorimetric and metabolic stains have been reported for the quantification of biofilm formation using the microtiter plate assay. The ease, low cost and flexibility of the microtiter plate assay has made it a critical tool for the study of biofilms.

The assay describes a rapid means to measure early biofilm formation in bacteria and fungi. This method uses a microtiter plate as the substratum for microbial biofilm formation, and the biofilm is visualized using crystal violet strain. The assay provides either a qualitative or quantitative assay for early biofilm formation.

Microtiter Bulaşık Biyofilm Oluşumu Testi

Biofilms are communities of microbes attached to surfaces, which can be found in medical, industrial and natural settings.  In fact, life in a biofilm ...

Following Cell-fate in E. coli After Infection by Phage Lambda

The system comprising bacteriophage (phage) lambda and the bacterium E. coli has long served as a paradigm for cell-fate determination1,2. Following the simultaneous infection of the cell by a number of phages, one of two pathways is chosen: lytic (virulent) or lysogenic (dormant)3,4. We recently developed a method for fluorescently labeling individual phages, and were able to examine the post-infection decision in real-time under the microscope, at the level of individual phages and cells5. Here, we describe the full procedure for performing the infection experiments described in our earlier work5. This includes the creation of fluorescent phages, infection of the cells, imaging under the microscope and data analysis. The fluorescent phage is a "hybrid", co-expressing wild- type and YFP-fusion versions of the capsid gpD protein. A crude phage lysate is first obtained by inducing a lysogen of the gpD-EYFP (Enhanced Yellow Fluorescent Protein) phage, harboring a plasmid expressing wild type gpD. A series of purification steps are then performed, followed by DAPI-labeling and imaging under the microscope. This is done in order to verify the uniformity, DNA packaging efficiency, fluorescence signal and structural stability of the phage stock. The initial adsorption of phages to bacteria is performed on ice, then followed by a short incubation at 35&deg;C to trigger viral DNA injection6. The phage/bacteria mixture is then moved to the surface of a thin nutrient agar slab, covered with a coverslip and imaged under an epifluorescence microscope. The post-infection process is followed for 4 hr, at 10 min interval. Multiple stage positions are tracked such that ~100 cell infections can be traced in a single experiment. At each position and time point, images are acquired in the phase-contrast and red and green fluorescent channels. The phase-contrast image is used later for automated cell recognition while the fluorescent channels are used to characterize the infection outcome: production of new fluorescent phages (green) followed by cell lysis, or expression of lysogeny factors (red) followed by resumed cell growth and division. The acquired time-lapse movies are processed using a combination of manual and automated methods. Data analysis results in the identification of infection parameters for each infection event (e.g. number and positions of infecting phages) as well as infection outcome (lysis/lysogeny). Additional parameters can be extracted if desired.

Following Cell-fate in E. coli After Infection by Phage Lambda

This article describes the procedure for preparing a fluorescently-labeled version of bacteriophage lambda, infection of E. coli bacteria, following the infection outcome under the microscope, and analysis of infection results.

Hücre-kaderi ardından<em&gt; E. coli</em&gt; Faj Lambda tarafından Enfeksiyon Sonrası

The system comprising bacteriophage (phage) lambda and the bacterium E. coli has long served as a paradigm for cell-fate determination1,2. Following the ...

Purification and Visualization of Lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative Bacteria by Hot Aqueous-phenol Extraction

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major component of Gram-negative bacterial outer membranes. It is a tripartite molecule consisting of lipid A, which is embedded in the outer membrane, a core oligosaccharide and repeating O-antigen units that extend outward from the surface of the cell1, 2. LPS is an immunodominant molecule that is important for the virulence and pathogenesis of many bacterial species, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella species, and Escherichia coli3-5, and differences in LPS O-antigen composition form the basis for serotyping of strains. LPS is involved in attachment to host cells at the initiation of infection and provides protection from complement-mediated killing; strains that lack LPS can be attenuated for virulence6-8. For these reasons, it is important to visualize LPS, particularly from clinical isolates. Visualizing LPS banding patterns and recognition by specific antibodies can be useful tools to identify strain lineages and to characterize various mutants. 
In this report, we describe a hot aqueous-phenol method for the isolation and purification of LPS from Gram-negative bacterial cells. This protocol allows for the extraction of LPS away from nucleic acids and proteins that can interfere with visualization of LPS that occurs with shorter, less intensive extraction methods9. LPS prepared this way can be separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and directly stained using carbohydrate/glycoprotein stains or standard silver staining methods. Many anti-sera to LPS contain antibodies that cross-react with outer membrane proteins or other antigenic targets that can hinder reactivity observed following Western immunoblot of SDS-PAGE-separated crude cell lysates. Protease treatment of crude cell lysates alone is not always an effective way of removing this background using this or other visualization methods. Further, extensive protease treatment in an attempt to remove this background can lead to poor quality LPS that is not well resolved by any of the aforementioned methods. For these reasons, we believe that the following protocol, adapted from Westpahl and Jann10, is ideal for LPS extraction.

We describe a modified hot aqueous-phenol extraction method for purifying lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria. Once extracted, the LPS can be subsequently analyzed by SDS-PAGE and visualized by direct staining or Western immunoblot.

Sıcak Sulu-fenol Ekstraksiyon tarafından Gram-negatif bakteriler arınma ve Lipopolisakkaritlerinin Görselleştirmesi

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)  is a major component of Gram-negative bacterial outer membranes. It is a tripartite molecule consisting of  lipid A, which is ...

Use of Image Cytometry for Quantification of Pathogenic Fungi in Association with Host Cells

Studies of the cellular pathogenesis mechanisms of pathogenic yeasts such as Candida albicans, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Cryptococcus neoformans commonly employ infection of mammalian hosts or host cells (i.e. macrophages) followed by yeast quantification using colony forming unit analysis or flow cytometry. While colony forming unit enumeration has been the most commonly used method in the field, this technique has disadvantages and limitations, including slow growth of some fungal species on solid media and low and/or variable plating efficiencies, which is of particular concern when comparing growth of wild-type and mutant strains. Flow cytometry can provide rapid quantitative information regarding yeast viability, however, adoption of flow cytometric detection for pathogenic yeasts has been limited for a number of practical reasons including its high cost and biosafety considerations. Here, we demonstrate an image-based cytometric methodology using the Cellometer Vision (Nexcelom Bioscience, LLC) for the quantification of viable pathogenic yeasts in co-culture with macrophages. Our studies focus on detection of two human fungal pathogens: Histoplasma capsulatum and Candida albicans. H. capsulatum colonizes alveolar macrophages by replicating within the macrophage phagosome, and here, we quantitatively assess the growth of H. capsulatum yeasts in RAW 264.7 macrophages using acridine orange/propidium iodide staining in combination with image cytometry. Our method faithfully recapitulates growth trends as measured by traditional colony forming unit enumeration, but with significantly increased sensitivity. Additionally, we directly assess infection of live macrophages with a GFP-expressing strain of C. albicans. Our methodology offers a rapid, accurate, and economical means for detection and quantification of important human fungal pathogens in association with host cells.

Here, we demonstrate how image cytometry can be used for quantification of pathogenic fungi in association with host cells in culture. This technique can be used as an alternative to CFU enumeration.

Ana Hücreler ile Derneği Patojen Mantarlar miktarının Image for Sitometrinin kullanın

Studies of the cellular pathogenesis mechanisms of pathogenic yeasts such as Candida albicans, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Cryptococcus neoformans ...

Application of Fluorescent Nanoparticles to Study Remodeling of the Endo-lysosomal System by Intracellular Bacteria

Fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) with desirable chemical, optical and mechanical properties are promising tools to label intracellular organelles. Here, we introduce a method using gold-BSA-rhodamine NPs to label the endo-lysosomal system of eukaryotic cells and monitor manipulations of host cellular pathways by the intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica. The NPs were readily internalized by HeLa cells and localized in late endosomes/lysosomes. Salmonella infection induced rearrangement of the vesicles and accumulation of NPs in Salmonella-induced membrane structures. We deployed the Imaris software package for quantitative analyses of confocal microscopy images. The number of objects and their size distribution in non-infected cells were distinct from the ones in Salmonella-infected cells, indicating extremely remodeling of the endo-lysosomal system by WT Salmonella.

This article describes methods for the synthesis and fluorescent labeling of nanoparticles (NPs). The NPs were applied in pulse-chase experiments to label the endo-lysosomal system of eukaryotic cells. Manipulation of the endo-lysosomal system by activities of the intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica were followed by live cell imaging and quantified.

Floresan Nanopartiküller Uygulama Hücre içi Bakteri tarafından Endo-lizozomal Sistemi Modelleme Eğitim için

Fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) with desirable chemical, optical and mechanical properties are promising tools to label intracellular organelles. Here, we ...

T Cells Capture Bacteria by Transinfection from Dendritic Cells

Recently, we have shown, contrary to what is described, that CD4+ T cells, the paradigm of adaptive immune cells, capture bacteria from infected dendritic cells (DCs) by a process called transinfection. Here, we describe the analysis of the transinfection process, which occurs during the course of antigen presentation. This process was unveiled by using CD4+ T cells from transgenic OTII mice, which bear a T cell receptor (TCR) specific for a peptide of ovoalbumin (OVAp), which therefore can form stable immune complexes with infected dendritic cells loaded with this specific OVAp. The dynamics of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing bacteria during DC-T cell transmission can be monitored by live-cell imaging and the quantification of bacterial transinfection can be performed by flow cytometry. In addition, transinfection can be quantified by a more sensitive method based in the use of gentamicin, a non-permeable aminoglycoside antibiotic killing extracellular bacteria but not intracellular ones. This classical method has been used previously in microbiology to study the efficiency of bacterial infections. We hereby explain the protocol of the complete process, from the isolation of the primary cells to the quantification of transinfection.

Here a protocol is presented to measure bacterial capture by CD4+ T cells which occurs during antigen presentation via transinfection from pre-infected dendritic cells (DC). We show how to perform the necessary steps: isolation of primary cells, infection of DC, DC/T cell conjugate formation, and measurement of bacterial T cell transfection.

T hücreleri dendritik hücreler gelen Transinfection tarafından Bakteriler Yakalama

Recently, we have shown, contrary to what is described, that CD4+ T cells, the paradigm of adaptive immune cells, capture bacteria from infected dendritic ...

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

Regulatory T (Treg) cells, which express Foxp3 as a transcription factor, are subsets of CD4+ T cells. Treg cells play crucial roles in immune tolerance and homeostasis maintenance by regulating the immune response. The primary role of Treg cells is to suppress the proliferation of effector T (Teff) cells and the production of cytokines such as IFN-&#947;, TNF-&#945;, and IL-2. It has been demonstrated that Treg cells&#39; ability to inhibit the function of Teff cells is enhanced during persistent pathogen infection and cancer development. To clarify the function of Treg cells under resting or inflamed conditions, a variety of in vitro suppression assays using mouse or human Treg cells have been devised. The main aim of this study is to develop a method to compare the differences in phenotype and suppressive function between resting and activated Treg cells. To isolate activated Treg cells, mice were infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13 (CL13), a chronic strain of LCMV. Treg cells isolated from the spleen of LCMV CL13-infected mice exhibited both the activated phenotype and enhanced suppressive activity compared with resting Treg cells isolated from na&#239;ve mice. Here, we describe the basic protocol for ex vivo phenotype analysis to distinguish activated Treg cells from resting Treg cells. Furthermore, we describe a protocol for the measurement of the suppressive activity of fully activated Treg cells.

Here, we describe a protocol to analyze the phenotype of regulatory T (Treg) cells isolated from na&#239;ve and chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-infected mice. In addition, we provide a process to evaluate the suppressive activity of the Treg cells.

Fenotipik ve Kronik Lenfositik koryomenenjit Virüs ile enfekte Fare İzole Aktif Düzenleyici T hücrelerinin Fonksiyonel Analiz

Regulatory T (Treg) cells, which express Foxp3 as a transcription factor, are subsets of CD4+ T cells. Treg cells play crucial roles in immune tolerance ...

Visualizing the Effects of Sputum on Biofilm Development Using a Chambered Coverglass Model

Biofilms consist of groups of bacteria encased in a self-secreted matrix. They play an important role in industrial contamination as well as in the development and persistence of many health related infections. One of the most well described and studied biofilms in human disease occurs in chronic pulmonary infection of cystic fibrosis patients. When studying biofilms in the context of the host, many factors can impact biofilm formation and development. In order to identify how host factors may affect biofilm formation and development, we used a static chambered coverglass method to grow biofilms in the presence of host-derived factors in the form of sputum supernatants. Bacteria are seeded into chambers and exposed to sputum filtrates. Following 48 hr of growth, biofilms are stained with a commercial biofilm viability kit prior to confocal microscopy and analysis. Following image acquisition, biofilm properties can be assessed using different software platforms. This method allows us to visualize key properties of biofilm growth in presence of different substances including antibiotics.

This protocol describes the visualization of biofilm development following exposure to host-factors using a slide chamber model. This model allows for direct visualization of biofilm development as well as analysis of biofilm parameters using computer software programs.

Bir odacıklı coverglass Modeli Kullanılarak Biyofilm Kalkınma Sputum Etkilerinin görselleştirme

Biofilms consist of groups of bacteria encased in a self-secreted matrix. They play an important role in industrial contamination as well as in the ...

Optical Screening of Novel Bacteria-specific Probes on Ex Vivo Human Lung Tissue by Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy

Improving the speed and accuracy of bacterial detection is important for patient stratification and to ensure the appropriate use of antimicrobials. To achieve this goal, the development of diagnostic techniques to recognize bacterial presence in real-time at the point-of-care is required. Optical imaging for direct identification of bacteria within the host is an attractive approach. Several attempts at chemical probe design and validation have been investigated, however none have yet been successfully translated into the clinic. Here we describe a method for ex vivo validation of bacteria-specific probes for identification of bacteria within the distal lung, imaged by fibered confocal fluorescence microscopy (FCFM). Our model used ex vivo human lung tissue and a clinically approved confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) platform to screen novel bacteria-specific imaging compounds, closely mimicking imaging conditions expected to be encountered with patients. Therefore, screening compounds by this technique provides confidence of potential clinical tractability.

Optical Screening of Novel Bacteria-specific Probes on Ex Vivo Human Lung Tissue by Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy

This technique describes an efficient screening process for evaluating bacteria-specific optical imaging agents within ex vivo human lung tissue, by fibered confocal fluorescence microscopy for the rapid identification of small molecule chemical probe-candidates with translatable potential.

Roman bakteri özel optik tarama Ex Vivo insan Akciğer doku Confocal lazer Endomicroscopy tarafından probları

Improving the speed and accuracy of bacterial detection is important for patient stratification and to ensure the appropriate use of antimicrobials. To ...