Bu eser Paris VI Üniversitesi ve Pierre Fabre Yenilik hibe ile desteklenmiştir.

Tüm prosedürler hayvan deney için yerel etik kurul (Ile de France-Paris-Komitesi, Yetki 4270) onayı ile, bakım ve laboratuvar hayvanlarının kullanımı için Avrupa Birliği standartlarına uygun olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. 1. Anestezi <ol><li> pentobarbitalin letal doz infüze yetişkin farelere intraperitonal olarak (27 gauge iğne ve 1 ml&#39;lik bir şırınga) (1 mg / 10 g vücut ağırlığı kadar) ameliyattan önce. </li></ol> 2. Gemi Perfüzyon NOT: damar perfüzyon sırasında gözlere veteriner merhem uygulamak için gerek yoktur. Bu prosedür, (5-10 dakika), hızlı ve hayvanın ölümü ile sona erer. Bir ayak tutam yanıt eksikliği onaylayın. <ol><li> iris makas kullanarak, sadece göğüs kafesine altında, karın duvarı ve periton içine, yaklaşık 4 cm uzunluğunda, bir kesi yapmak. </li><li> continu sonra diyafram küçük bir kesi (birkaç milimetre uzunluğunda) yapmak vee göğüs kafesinin tüm uzunluğu boyunca diyaframın kesi plevra boşluğunu ortaya çıkarmak. </li><li> uzak sternum kaldırın ve hemostatla sternum ucu kelepçe; Boyunda hemostat yerleştirin. Dikkatle kalbe sternum bağlayan yağ dokusu kırpın. </li><li> kalbin apeks sol ventrikül ile 15 gauge perfüzyon iğne geçirin. </li><li> Son olarak, bir çıkış oluşturmak için karaciğer lobları birini kesmek için makas kullanın. NOT: Alternatif çıkış sağ atriuma bir kesi oluşturmak için iris makası kullanılarak oluşturulabilir. </li><li> 2.5 ml / dk&#39;lık bir hızda çalışan bir pompa ile fosfat tamponlu tuz (PBS) 25 ila 50 ml hayvan serpmek. Karaciğer kan gibi beyazlasan PBS ile değiştirilir gerekir. </li><li> Karaciğer sıvı tamamen berrak bir kez yaklaşık beş dakika sonra, perfüzyon durdurun. </li><li> immün veya normal boyama planlanmış ise, paraformaldehid 50 ml ile hayvan serpmek(PFA, 4 PBS içinde%) 15 dakika karıştırıldı. NOT: Dikkat, PFA dumanı zehirlidir. PFA hayvanın perfüzyon havalandırılan bir duman başlığı içinde yapılmalıdır. </li></ol> 3. Beyin İzolasyonu ve Willis Çember <ol><li> Beyin izolasyonu <ol><li> Cerrahi bir makas ile baş kaldırmak. </li><li> burun boyun derinin boyunca, iris makas ile orta hat kesi olun. </li><li> kafatası maruz ve iris makası ile herhangi bir kalıntı kasları ve adipoz doku kaldırmak için cildi keserek. </li><li> Bir tarafta foramen magnum içine iris makas keskin ucunu yerleştirin ve dikkatlice (aynı zamanda kulak kanalında olarak da bilinir) dış kulak yolu kafatası iç yüzeyi boyunca kaydırın. </li><li> karşı tarafta 3.1.4 açıklanan kesi yeniden ve sutur başlamadan arası parietal kemiğin iç yüzeyi boyunca kesilmiş bir orta hat yapmak. </li><li> iris bitkiFrontal kemikte makas, sağ gözler arasında, sagital sütür ve daha sonra ikiye kafatası bölünmüş açın. </li><li> koku ampuller kapma ve ventral yüzeyinde sinir bağlantılarını kesmek iris makas kullanılarak, beyin kaldırın. </li><li> beyin çıkarın ve inek izolasyonu için buz soğukluğunda PBS içeren 60 mm Petri kabı içine koyun. Tamamen PBS içinde beyin batırmayın. Beyin% 4 PFA ile sabitlenmiş ise (daha sonra kesit ve immün ya da normal boyama için), 24 saat boyunca 4 ° C &#39;de% 4 PFA banyosu içinde tutmak. </li></ol></li><li> Willis poligonunun İzolasyonu NOT: Bir diseksiyon mikroskobu inek izolasyonu için gereklidir. Beyin tüm işlem boyunca 4 ° C&#39;de tutulmalıdır. <ol><li> Inek görselleştirmek için ters (yani, dorsal yüzeyinde) beyin koymak. </li><li> (Koku lobları dibinde anterior serebral arter (ACA) kapmak için küçük bir forseps kullanabilir <strong&gt; bir, Şekil 1) ve sarf basınçlı kap süreklilik onları ayırmak. B orta serebral arter (MCA) (Şekil 1) kesmek için aynı prosedürü kullanın. </li><li> korteks inek oluşturan ana arterleri kaldırmak ve kaldırmak için forseps keskin uçlarını kullanın. </li><li> forseps ile orta serebral arter (MCA) kavrayarak, beynin onları kesmek için arka iletişim arterlerin (PCA) başlangıç ​​yukarı kaldırın. ön arterleri (ACA ve MCA) Pick up ve anterior-dorsal yönde kiazmada üzerinde hafifçe çekin. İnek aksamaması için, diğer arterler ile başa çıkmak için prosedür kesme. </li><li> Tekrarlayın dorsal- çekerek, / (PCA) (c, Şekil 1) ve baziler arter (BA) (d, Şekil 1) için 3.2.2 ve üstün ve posterior serebellar arter (SCA) için 3.2.3 adımları ön yönü. Bu prosedür i sonunda durdurmakn 3.2.4. </li><li> forseps ile hafifçe çekerek tüm inek çıkarın. buz soğukluğunda PBS ile dolu bir 60 mm Petri kabı İnek yerleştirin ve küçük pimler yerine, inek tutan iki forseps ile kalan bağlı beyin dokusu çıkarın. </li><li> ya da protein çıkarımı - daha sonra, RNA saflaştırma için işlem (yaklaşık 500 ng RNA ekstraksiyon verimi RNA miktarda) -80 ° C&#39;de hasat COW tutun. Not: İnek izole fare koku alma arter için geliştirilmiş organ banyosu sistemi adapte ederek, 24 saat süreyle ex vivo olarak korunabilir 7. </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="Şekil 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54352/54352fig1.jpg" /> Şekil 1: Fare Beyin inek vurgulama inek iki anterior serebral arterlerin (ACA) türetilmiştir iki internal karotid arter (MCA), oluşur bir Ventral View Şematik;. bazilerarter (BA) posterior (PCA) ve üstün (SCA) içine dalları serebral arterler ve iki vertebral arter (VA).

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Biz Willis poligonunun izolasyonu için burada bir tekrarlanabilir protokol açıklar. İNEK ilgili sık serebrovasküler hastalıklar arteriyel damarlarının duvarlarını etkileyen her hangi SAA ilişkili vaskulopatiler, intrakranial ateroskleroz ve intrakranial anevrizma vardır. risk faktörleri iyi bilinmektedir, ancak bu serebral bozuklukların moleküler patogenezi henüz tam olarak anlaşılamamış ve bunların oluşumunun tahmin etmek için belirli biyolojik belirteçler eksiktir. moleküler değişiklikler i...

Ayrıca Willis (inek), Willisor Willis çokgenin döngünün daire olarak bilinen serebral arter daire (circulus arteriosus serebri),) ilk Bu optik chiasma ve can hipotalamus çevresinde bulunan bir dolaşım anastomoz olan 1664 yılında Thomas Willis tarafından tanımlanmıştır Beyin ve çevre yapılara kan tedarik merkezi bir hub olarak düşünülebilir. Kan internal karotis ve vertebral arterler ile bu yapıyı girer ve iç orta ve posterior serebral arterlerin vasıtasıyla çemberin dışına akar. Bu arterlerin her dairenin her iki tarafında dalları sol ve sağ etti. Tam bir daire arterler iletişim baziler sonrası haberleşme, ve anterior (Şekil 1 ve Şekil 2). çıkış arterlerin herhangi kan akım riski bu şekilde yeterli kan B beslenir garanti, karotis ve serebral arter bir çevre giren kan birleşmesi ile en aza indirilmiştiryağmur. Bu yapı aynı zamanda internal karotis arter şiddetli tıkayıcı hastalıklarda kollateral kan akımı için ana yol olarak hizmet vermektedir. serebrovasküler hastalıkların birkaç çeşit inek kökenlerine sahip. En yaygın 1, 2, 3 Bu bozukluklar nedeniyle vazodilatasyon hipoperfüzyona yol açabilir. Serebral amiloid anjiyopati (CAA) -associated damar hastalığı, intrakranial ateroskleroz ve intrakranial anevrizmalar, ve intraserebral ve / veya subaraknoid kanama sonuçta iskemik veya hemorajik inme veya çevrilmesine en iyi ihtimalle, bir geçici iskemik atak. muhtemelen anjiyografi ile kombine beyin görüntüleme dahil olmak üzere tanı yöntemleri, son gelişmeler, bir beyin biyopsisi için gerek kalmadan, mümkün klinik bu büyük serebrovasküler hastalıklar teşhis etmek için yaptık. Bununla birlikte, etkili ve spesifik tedavi (farmakolojik veya endovasküler) henüz mevcut değildir ve yeni tanımlamak için bir ihtiyacı vardırmoleküler hedefler. İnsanlarda bu hastalıkların önlenmesi için yeni ilaç hedefleri belirlenmesi hayvan modelleri ve inek de dahil olmak üzere serebro-damarsal izole yollarını gerektirir. Bu tür modeller intrakranial arter anevrizması, CAA veya intrakranial aterosklerozun hayvan modellerinde büyük damarların duvarlarında meydana gelen iltihabi değişiklikler de dahil belirli değişikliklere kanıt ve ipuçlarını vermelidir. 4, 5, 6 Böyle CAA Alzheimer hastalığı damar iltihabı üzerinde (AD) ve ilişkili hastalıklar, kolaylaştırmak için, fare, inek izolasyonu için bir yöntem oluşturmuştur. Fare COW izole edilmesi için bu yöntem, hastalığın ilerlemesi sırasında enflamatuar serebrovasküler gen ekspresyonunun değerlendirilmesi için geliştirilmiştir. Birlikte Leptomeningeal ve Pial arter duvarları içinde amiloit beta birikmesi saptanması ile, bu yöntem, daha kolay caydırmak için yapabilirizmayın inflamatuar serebro-damar duvarında gen ifadesinde ve Aβ-peptid birikimi arasındaki olası ilişki. subaraknoid mesafede leptomeningeal ve Pial dahil beyin, damar ağı, Willis çemberi oluşturan büyük arterlerin bir uzantısıdır. Burada tarif edilen yöntem, herhangi bir fare soyu inek izole etmek için kullanılabilir ve fare beyin-damar sisteminin büyük gemiler üzerinde tarama (örneğin, gen ekspresyonu, protein üretimi ve translasyon sonrası protein modifikasyonları) her türlü kullanılabilir.

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			<td height="46" style="height:47px;width:173px;">Dumont #7b Forceps&#160;</td>
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protocol for isolating the mouse circle of willis

Willis (inek) serebral arter daire (circulus arteriosus serebri) ya da daire beyin ve çevreleyen yapılara kan tedarik optik chiasma ve hipotalamus çevreleyen bir dolaşım anastomoz olduğunu. Bu serebral amiloid anjiyopati (CAA) -associated damar hastalığı intrakraniyal ateroskleroz ve intrakranyal anevrizma dahil olmak üzere birçok serebrovasküler bozukluklar, implike edilmiştir. onların önlenmesi için yeni ilaç hedeflerinin tanımlanması için bu hastalıkların altında yatan moleküler mekanizmaların Çalışmaları hayvan modelleri gerektirmektedir. Diğerleri burada açıklanan CoW.The yöntemiyle herhangi bir fare soyu inek izolasyonu için uygundur ve (genlerin protein üretiminin ifadesini taranması için önemli bir potansiyele sahiptir dahil serebro-damar sisteminin izolasyonu, içerecektir ise bu modellerin bazıları, transgenik olabilir posttranslasyonel protein modifikasyonları, vb secretome analiz) fare serebrovasküler büyük gemilerde çalışmalarıdamar. Aynı zamanda, izole edilmiş fare olfaktori arter için geliştirilmiş organ banyosu uyarlama sisteminin ile ex vivo çalışmalar için de kullanılabilir.

<html> PBS perfüze fare öldürülür ve protokol bölüm 3.2&#39;de anlatıldığı gibi inek izole edilir. Diseksiyon doğru yapıldığında, inek tek parça halinde dışarı gelmelidir nedeniyle damarsal artık kan olmaması biraz şeffaf olmalıdır. <img alt="şekil 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54352/54352fig2.jpg" /> Şekil 2: İzolasyon sonra Fare İnek. 10 cm&#39;lik Petri kabında...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocol for Isolating the Mouse Circle of Willis at JoVE.com

Protocol for Isolating the Mouse Circle of Willis

We describe here a reproducible protocol for isolating the mouse circle of Willis.

Willis Fare Çemberi Ayırma Protokolü

The cerebral arterial circle (circulus arteriosus cerebri) or circle of Willis (CoW) is a circulatory anastomosis surrounding the optic chiasma and ...

protocol-for-isolating-the-mouse-circle-of-willis

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

13.0K Görüntüleme.  Sorbonne Universités. We describe here a reproducible protocol for isolating the mouse circle of Willis.

Video: Protocol for Isolating the Mouse Circle of Willis

The NeuroStar TMS Device: Conducting the FDA Approved Protocol for Treatment of Depression

The Neuronetics NeuroStar Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) System is a class II medical device that produces brief duration, pulsed magnetic fields. These rapidly alternating fields induce electrical currents within localized, targeted regions of the cortex which are associated with various physiological and functional brain changes.1,2,3
In 2007, O'Reardon et al., utilizing the NeuroStar device, published the results of an industry-sponsored, multisite, randomized, sham-stimulation controlled clinical trial in which 301 patients with major depression, who had previously failed to respond to at least one adequate antidepressant treatment trial, underwent either active or sham TMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). The patients, who were medication-free at the time of the study, received TMS five times per week over 4-6 weeks.4
The results demonstrated that a sub-population of patients (those who were relatively less resistant to medication, having failed not more than two good pharmacologic trials) showed a statistically significant improvement on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Scale (MADRS), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), and various other outcome measures. In October 2008, supported by these and other similar results5,6,7, Neuronetics obtained the first and only Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for the clinical treatment of a specific form of medication-refractory depression using a TMS Therapy device (FDA approval K061053).
In this paper, we will explore the specified FDA approved NeuroStar depression treatment protocol (to be administered only under prescription and by a licensed medical profession in either an in- or outpatient setting).

In this article, we examine the methodology and considerations relevant to the FDA approved depression treatment protocol using the Neuronetics NeuroStar TMS device.

NeuroStar TMS Aygıt: FDA yürütülmesi Depresyon Tedavisinde Protokolü Onaylandı

The Neuronetics NeuroStar Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) System is a class II medical device that produces brief duration, pulsed magnetic ...

Nörobilim

Multiple-mouse Neuroanatomical Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and evaluating mouse models of human disease. MRI is an excellent modality for investigating genetically altered animals. It is capable of whole brain coverage, can be used in vivo, and provides multiple contrast mechanisms for investigating different aspects of neuranatomy and physiology. The advent of high-field scanners along with the ability to scan multiple mice simultaneously allows for rapid phenotyping of novel mutations.
Effective mouse MRI studies require attention to many aspects of experiment design. In this article, we will describe general methods to acquire quality images for mouse phenotyping using a system that images mice concurrently in shielded transmit/receive radio frequency (RF) coils in a common magnet (Bock et al., 2003). We focus particularly on anatomical phenotyping, an important and accessible application that has shown a high potential for impact in many mouse models at our imaging centre. Before we can provide the detailed steps to acquire such images, there are important practical considerations for both in vivo brain imaging (Dazai et al., 2004) and ex vivo brain imaging (Spring et al., 2007) that should be noted. These are discussed below.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an increasingly popular tool for examining the phenotype of genetically altered mice. This article illustrates the methods necessary to achieve high-throughput phenotyping of genetically altered mice using multiple-mouse MRI.

Çoklu-fare nöroanatomik Manyetik Rezonans Görüntüleme

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and ...

Isolating Nasal Olfactory Stem Cells from Rodents or Humans

The olfactory mucosa, located in the nasal cavity, is in charge of detecting odours. It is also the only nervous tissue that is exposed to the external environment and easily accessible in every living individual. As a result, this tissue is unique for anyone aiming to identify molecular anomalies in the pathological brain or isolate adult stem cells for cell therapy. 
Molecular abnormalities in brain diseases are often studied using nervous tissue samples collected post-mortem. However, this material has numerous limitations. In contrast, the olfactory mucosa is readily accessible and can be biopsied safely without any loss of sense of smell1. Accordingly, the olfactory mucosa provides an "open window" in the adult human through which one can study developmental (e.g. autism, schizophrenia)2-4 or neurodegenerative (e.g. Parkinson, Alzheimer) diseases4,5. Olfactory mucosa can be used for either comparative molecular studies4,6 or in vitro experiments on neurogenesis3,7.
The olfactory epithelium is also a nervous tissue that produces new neurons every day to replace those that are damaged by pollution, bacterial of viral infections. This permanent neurogenesis is sustained by progenitors but also stem cells residing within both compartments of the mucosa, namely the neuroepithelium and the underlying lamina propria8-10. We recently developed a method to purify the adult stem cells located in the lamina propria and, after having demonstrated that they are closely related to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC), we named them olfactory ecto-mesenchymal stem cells (OE-MSC)11.
Interestingly, when compared to BM-MSCs, OE-MSCs display a high proliferation rate, an elevated clonogenicity and an inclination to differentiate into neural cells. We took advantage of these characteristics to perform studies dedicated to unveil new candidate genes in schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease4. We and others have also shown that OE-MSCs are promising candidates for cell therapy, after a spinal cord trauma12,13, a cochlear damage14 or in an animal models of Parkinson's disease15 or amnesia16.
In this study, we present methods to biopsy olfactory mucosa in rats and humans. After collection, the lamina propria is enzymatically separated from the epithelium and stem cells are purified using an enzymatic or a non-enzymatic method. Purified olfactory stem cells can then be either grown in large numbers and banked in liquid nitrogen or induced to form spheres or differentiated into neural cells. These stem cells can also be used for comparative omics (genomic, transcriptomic, epigenomic, proteomic) studies.

We describe here a method for biopsying olfactory mucosa from rat and human nasal cavities. These biopsies can be used for either identifying molecular anomalies in brain diseases or isolating multipotent adult stem cells that can be utilized for cell transplantation in animal models of brain trauma/disease.

Kemirgenler ve İnsanlar Burun Koku Kök Hücreler Yalıtımlı

The olfactory mucosa, located in the nasal cavity, is in charge of detecting odours. It is also the only nervous tissue that is exposed to the external ...

Isolating LacZ-expressing Cells from Mouse Inner Ear Tissues using Flow Cytometry

Isolation of specific cell types allows one to analyze rare cell populations such as stem/progenitor cells. Such an approach to studying inner ear tissues presents a unique challenge because of the paucity of cells of interest and few transgenic reporter mouse models. Here, we describe a protocol using fluorescence-conjugated probes to selectively label LacZ-positive cells from the neonatal cochleae.
The most common underlying pathology of sensorineural hearing loss is the irreversible damage and loss of cochlear sensory hair cells, which are required to transduce sound waves to neural impulses. Recent evidence suggests that the murine auditory and vestibular organs harbor stem/progenitor cells that may have regenerative potential1,2. These findings warrant further investigation, including identifying specific cell types with stem/progenitor cell characteristics. The Wnt signaling pathway has been demonstrated to play a critical role in maintaining stem/progenitor cell populations in several organ systems3-7. We have recently identified Wnt-responsive Axin2-expressing cells in the neonatal cochlea, but their function is largely unknown8.
To better understand the behavior of these Wnt-responsive cells in vitro, we have developed a method of isolating Axin2-expressing cells from cochleae of Axin2-LacZ reporter mice9. Using flow cytometry to isolate Axin2-LacZ positive cells from the neonatal cochleae, we could in turn execute a variety of experiments on live cells to interrogate their behavior as stem/progenitor cells. Here, we describe in detail the steps for the microdissection of neonatal cochlea, dissociation of these tissues, labeling of the LacZ-positive cells using a fluorogenic substrate, and cell sorting. Techniques for dissociating cochleae into single cells and isolating cochlear cells via flow cytometry have been described2,10-12. We have made modifications to these techniques to establish a novel protocol to isolate LacZ-expressing cells from the neonatal cochlea.

Flow cytometry is a powerful tool allowing for the isolation and study of specific cell populations. This protocol describes steps for isolating LacZ-expressing cells from cochlear tissues from neonatal transgenic mice. Dissociated cochlear cells were labeled using fluorescent-conjugated substrates of &#946;-galactosidase prior to separation via flow cytometry.

Yalıtımlı LacZ ifade Sitometrisi kullanarak Fare İç Kulak Dokular Hücreler

Isolation of specific cell types allows one to analyze rare cell populations such as stem/progenitor cells. Such an approach to studying inner ear tissues ...

Trypsin Digest Protocol to Analyze the Retinal Vasculature of a Mouse Model

Trypsin digest is the gold standard method to analyze the retinal vasculature 1-5. It allows visualization of the entire network of complex three-dimensional retinal blood vessels and capillaries by creating a two-dimensional flat-mount of the interconnected vascular channels after digestion of the non-vascular components of the retina. This allows one to study various pathologic vascular changes, such as microaneurysms, capillary degeneration, and abnormal endothelial to pericyte ratios. However, the method is technically challenging, especially in mice, which have become the most widely available animal model to study the retina because of the ease of genetic manipulations 6,7. In the mouse eye, it is particularly difficult to completely remove the non-vascular components while maintaining the overall architecture of the retinal blood vessels. To date, there is a dearth of literature that describes the trypsin digest technique in detail in the mouse. This manuscript provides a detailed step-by-step methodology of the trypsin digest in mouse retina, while also providing tips on troubleshooting difficult steps.

Trypsin digest is one of the most commonly used methods to analyze retinal vasculature. This manuscript describes the method in detail, including key alterations to optimize the technique and remove the non-vascular tissue while preserving the overall architecture of the vessels.

Tripsin Digest Protokolü Fare Modeli Retina damarları Analiz

Trypsin digest is the gold standard method to analyze the retinal vasculature 1-5. It allows visualization of the entire network of complex ...

A Comprehensive Protocol for Manual Segmentation of the Medial Temporal Lobe Structures

The present paper describes a comprehensive protocol for manual tracing of the set of brain regions comprising the medial temporal lobe (MTL): amygdala, hippocampus, and the associated parahippocampal regions (perirhinal, entorhinal,&#160;and parahippocampal proper). Unlike most other tracing protocols available, typically focusing on certain MTL areas (e.g., amygdala and/or hippocampus), the integrative perspective adopted by the present tracing guidelines allows for clear localization of all MTL subregions. By integrating information from a variety of sources, including extant tracing protocols separately targeting various MTL structures, histological reports, and brain atlases, and with the complement of illustrative visual materials, the present protocol provides an accurate, intuitive, and convenient guide for understanding the MTL anatomy. The need for such tracing guidelines is also emphasized by illustrating possible differences between automatic and manual segmentation protocols. This knowledge can be applied toward research involving not only structural MRI investigations but also structural-functional colocalization and fMRI signal extraction from anatomically defined ROIs, in healthy and clinical groups alike.

The present work provides a comprehensive set of guidelines for manually tracing the medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures. This protocol can be applied to research involving structural and/or combined structural-functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigations of the MTL, in both healthy and clinical groups.

Medial Temporal Lob Yapıların El segmentasyonu için Kapsamlı Protokolü

The present paper describes a comprehensive protocol for manual tracing of the set of brain regions comprising the medial temporal lobe (MTL): amygdala, ...

Telomerase Activity in the Various Regions of Mouse Brain: Non-Radioactive Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol (TRAP) Assay

Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein, is responsible for maintaining the telomere length and therefore promoting genomic integrity, proliferation, and lifespan. In addition, telomerase protects the mitochondria from oxidative stress and confers resistance to apoptosis, suggesting its possible importance for the surviving of non-mitotic, highly active cells such as neurons. We previously demonstrated the ability of novel telomerase activators to increase telomerase activity and expression in the various mouse brain regions and to protect motor neurons cells from oxidative stress. These results strengthen the notion that telomerase is involved in the protection of neurons from various lesions. To underline the role of telomerase in the brain, we here compare the activity of telomerase in male and female mouse brain and its dependence on age. TRAP assay is a standard method for detecting telomerase activity in various tissues or cell lines. Here we demonstrate the analysis of telomerase activity in three regions of the mouse brain by non-denaturing protein extraction using CHAPS lysis buffer followed by modification of the standard TRAP assay.
In this 2-step assay, endogenous telomerase elongates a specific telomerase substrate (TS primer) by adding TTAGGG 6 bp repeats (telomerase reaction). The telomerase reaction products are amplified by PCR reaction creating a DNA ladder of 6 bp increments. The analysis of the DNA ladder is made by 4.5% high resolution agarose gel electrophoresis followed by staining with highly sensitive nucleic acid stain.
Compared to the traditional TRAP assay that utilize 32P labeled radioactive dCTP&#39;s for DNA detection and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for resolving the DNA ladder, this protocol offers a non-toxic time saving TRAP assay for evaluating telomerase activity in the mouse brain, demonstrating the ability to detect differences in telomerase activity in the various female and male mouse brain region.

Telomerase Activity in the Various Regions of Mouse Brain: Non-Radioactive Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol TRAP Assay

Telomerase is expressed in the neonatal brain and also in distinct regions of the adult brain. We present a non-toxic time saving TRAP assay for the analysis of telomerase activity in various regions of the mouse brain and detection of differences in telomerase activity between male and female mouse brains.

Fare Beyin Çeşitli Bölgelerinde Telomeraz Aktivite: Radyoaktif olmayan Telomeraz Amplifikasyon Protokolü tekrarlayın (TRAP) Deneyi

Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein, is responsible for maintaining the telomere length and therefore promoting genomic integrity, proliferation, and ...

Receptor Autoradiography Protocol for the Localized Visualization of Angiotensin II Receptors

This protocol describes receptor binding patterns for Angiotensin II (Ang II) in the rat brain using a radioligand specific for Ang II receptors to perform receptor autoradiographic mapping.
Tissue specimens are harvested and stored at -80 &#176;C. A cryostat is used to coronally section the tissue (brain) and thaw-mount the sections onto charged slides. The slide-mounted tissue sections are incubated in 125I-SI-Ang II to radiolabel Ang II receptors. Adjacent slides are separated into two sets: &#39;non-specific binding&#39; (NSP) in the presence of a receptor saturating concentration of non-radiolabeled Ang II, or an AT1 Ang II receptor subtype (AT1R) selective Ang II receptor antagonist, and &#39;total binding&#39; with no AT1R antagonist. A saturating concentration of AT2 Ang II receptor subtype (AT2R) antagonist (PD123319, 10 &#181;M) is also present in the incubation buffer to limit 125I-SI-Ang II binding to the AT1R subtype. During a 30 min pre-incubation at ~22 &#176;C, NSP slides are exposed to 10 &#181;M PD123319 and losartan, while &#39;total binding&#39; slides are exposed to 10 &#181;M PD123319. Slides are then incubated with 125I-SI-Ang II in the presence of PD123319 for &#39;total binding&#39;, and PD123319 and losartan for NSP in assay buffer, followed by several &#39;washes&#39; in buffer, and water to remove salt and non-specifically bound radioligand. The slides are dried using blow-dryers, then exposed to autoradiography film using a specialized film and cassette. The film is developed and the images are scanned into a computer for visual and quantitative densitometry using a proprietary imaging system and a spreadsheet. An additional set of slides are thionin-stained for histological comparisons.
The advantage of using receptor autoradiography is the ability to visualize Ang II receptors in situ, within a section of a tissue specimen, and anatomically identify the region of the tissue by comparing it to an adjacent histological reference section.

Here we present a protocol to describe the localization of angiotensin II Type 1 receptors in the rat brain by quantitative, densitometric, in vitro receptor autoradiography using an iodine-125 labeled analog of angiotensin II.

Anjiyotensin II Reseptör lokalize Görselleştirme için Reseptör Otoradyografi Protokolü

This protocol describes receptor binding patterns for Angiotensin II (Ang II) in the rat brain using a radioligand specific for Ang II receptors to ...

A Simple One-step Dissection Protocol for Whole-mount Preparation of Adult Drosophila Brains

There is an increasing interest in using Drosophila to model human brain degenerative diseases, map neuronal circuitries in adult brains, and study the molecular and cellular basis of higher brain functions. A whole-mount preparation of adult brains with well-preserved morphology is critical for such whole brain-based studies, but can be technically challenging and time-consuming. This protocol describes an easy-to-learn, one-step dissection approach of an adult fly head in less than 10 s, while keeping the intact brain attached to the rest of the body to facilitate subsequent processing steps. The procedure helps remove most of the eye and tracheal tissues normally associated with the brain that can interfere with the later imaging step, and also places less demand on the quality of the dissecting forceps. Additionally, we describe a simple method that allows convenient flipping of the mounted brain samples on a coverslip, which is important for imaging both sides of the brains with similar signal intensity and quality. As an example of the protocol, we present an analysis of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in adult brains of WT (w1118) flies. The high efficacy of the dissection method makes it particularly useful for large-scale adult brain-based studies in Drosophila.

A Simple One-step Dissection Protocol for Whole-mount Preparation of Adult Drosophila Brains

The adult Drosophila brain is a valuable system for studying neuronal circuitry, higher brain functions, and complex disorders. An efficient method to dissect whole brain tissue from the small fly head will facilitate brain-based studies. Here we describe a simple, one-step dissection protocol of adult brains with well-preserved morphology.

Basit Bir adım Yetişkin Tüm montaj Hazırlama Diseksiyon Protokolü<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Brain

There is an increasing interest in using Drosophila to model human brain degenerative diseases, map neuronal circuitries in adult brains, and study the ...

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

Neurologic disorders are characterized by abnormal cellular-, molecular-, and circuit-level functions in the brain. New methods to induce and control neuroplastic processes and correct abnormal function, or even shift functions from damaged tissue to physiologically healthy brain regions, hold the potential to dramatically improve overall health. Of the current neuroplastic interventions in development, neurofeedback training (NFT) from functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) has the advantages of being completely non-invasive, non-pharmacologic, and spatially localized to target brain regions, as well as having no known side effects. Furthermore, NFT techniques, initially developed using fMRI, can often be translated to exercises that can be performed outside of the scanner without the aid of medical professionals or sophisticated medical equipment. In fMRI NFT, the fMRI signal is measured from specific regions of the brain, processed, and presented to the participant in real-time. Through training, self-directed mental processing techniques, that regulate this signal and its underlying neurophysiologic correlates, are developed. FMRI NFT has been used to train volitional control over a wide range of brain regions with implications for several different cognitive, behavioral, and motor systems. Additionally, fMRI NFT has shown promise in a broad range of applications such as the treatment of neurologic disorders and the augmentation of baseline human performance. In this article, we present an fMRI NFT protocol developed at our institution for modulation of both healthy and abnormal brain function, as well as examples of using the method to target both cognitive and auditory regions of the brain.

The ability to induce and/or control neural plasticity may be critical in future treatments for neurologic disorders and the recovery from brain injury. In this paper, we present a protocol on the use of neurofeedback training with functional magnetic resonance imaging to modulate human brain function.

Gerçek zamanlı yönetim fMRI psikoterapi eğitimi için bir iletişim kuralı

Neurologic disorders are characterized by abnormal cellular-, molecular-, and circuit-level functions in the brain. New methods to induce and control ...