Name: a novel method to model chronic traumatic encephalopathy in drosophila
Uploaded: 2017-07-04T13:00:00.000+00:00
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila at JoVE.com

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1. Grev Aygıtının Montajı ( Şekil 1 ) <ol><li> Pistonu 1 mL tüberkülin şırıngadan çıkarın. Namlu 1 mL işaretinden kesin. </li><li> 200 μL&#39;lik bir pipet ucundan bir aerosol bariyerini (3 mm yükseklik x 4 mm çap) çıkarın ve bir çarpma aracı olarak kullanın. Darbe cihazını şırınga varilinin içine yerleştirin. Darbe önleyici ucunu uç tarafına hareket ettirmek için namluya hafifçe dokunun, düz taraf meme açıklığını kapatacak şekilde. </li><li> Namlu ucu ucunu bir Drosophila anestezi istasyonunun karbon dioksit (CO 2 ) akış regülatörüne bağlı plastik boruya takın. </li><li> Namluyu dikey tutun ve çarpma tertibatı namlunun altında kalacak şekilde standart bir tutucu tutucuya tutturun. </li><li> Sinek tutucu yapmak için bir 200 mcL pipet ucu değiştirin. <ol><li> Ucundan 4 mm keserek 0.8 mm çapında bir delik açın, böylece sadece sinek başlığının ortaya çıkmasına izin verin. NOT: ThoRac ve sinek vücudunun diğer tüm parçaları pipet ucu içinde kalacaktır. </li></ol></li><li> Bağlayıcı yapmak için 1000 mcL pipet ucu ve 1 mL şırınga iğne kapağını değiştirin. <ol><li> Ucu açıklığından 44 mm kes. 1 mL şırınga iğne kapağının 6 mm uzunluğunu alın ve 1000 mcL pipet ucunun geri kalan segmentine sıkıca itin. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Grev Aygıtının Çalıştırılması <ol><li> Bir sineklik bezle CO 2 kullanarak tek bir 2 günlük yetişkin dişi sinekini anestezi altına al. </li><li> İnce bir fırça kullanarak sineğe yavaşça aktarın. Uçucu kafanın uç ucunun dışından görülebilmesi için tutucuya hafifçe dokunun. Uçucu burun ucu dışına maruz bırakılırsa, künt bir 1 ml şırınga iğnesi ile ucun içine nazikçe sokun. NOT: Sineğin keneğini tutucuya koyduğunuzdan emin olun. Aksi takdirde, sinek bir emme burun deliklerinden ölebilir. </li><li> Sinek sesini sıkıştırŞırınga haznesine bağlayıcıyla birlikte gelin ki sinek başı aşağı bakacak şekilde. </li><li> Gaz basıncını 100 kPa olarak ayarlayın. Akış oranını deney tasarımına göre ayarlayın. </li><li> Darbe regülatörü değiştirme anahtarını çabucak açıp kapatın, böylece çarpma tertibatı sinek kafasına bir kez vurur. </li><li> Sineklik tutucuyu kaldırın ve bir sineklik üzerine hareket ettirin. Sineklik tutucuyu tersine çevirin ve sineklerin dışarı çıkmasına izin vermek için hafifçe hafifçe vurun. Kurtarmak için sinekleri boş bir şişeye bırakın. </li></ol> 3. Video-destekli Hareket Takibi <ol><li> İzleme arena yapmak için şeffaf silikon elastomer ile 6 cm çapında bir Petri kabını doldurun. Sinekler serbestçe yürümek ancak sinek sağlamak için silikon ve çanak kapağı arasında 3 mm boşluk bırakın. </li><li> Her seferinde sahte veya tedavi edilen gruptan dört sinek anestezi uygulayın ve onları arenaya yerleştirin. Sinekleri 1 saat boyunca 22 ° C&#39;de bırakın. </li><li> Arenalar üzerinde bir Şarj Bağlı Cihaz (CCD) kamera yerleştirin ve 5 dakika boyunca kaydedin.</li><li> Kaydedilen hareket hareketlerini Ctrax yazılımını (Caltech&#39;ten serbestçe temin edebilirsiniz) kullanarak analiz edin 16 . İzlenen verileri bir programlama dilinde (örn., Matlab) uyumlu bir biçimde dışa aktarın ve verileri çerçeve başına seyahat edilen mesafeye göre analiz edin 17 . Her bir sinek için ortalama yürüme mesafesini hesaplayın ve aynı gruptaki dosyaların popülasyonu tarafından gezinilen ortalama kümülatif mesafeyi elde etmek için kaydedilen tüm sinekler / grup ile birleştirin. </li></ol>

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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Drosophila+model+of+closed+head+traumatic+brain+injury.">A Drosophila model of closed head traumatic brain injury.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 110 (44), E4152-E4159 (2013).</li><li>Barekat, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+Drosophila+as+an+integrated+model+to+study+mild+repetitive+traumatic+brain+injury.">Using Drosophila as an integrated model to study mild repetitive traumatic brain injury.</a> Sci Rep. 6, 25252 (2016).</li><li>Katzenberger, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Method+to+Inflict+Closed+Head+Traumatic+Brain+Injury+in+Drosophila.">A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila.</a> J Vis Exp. (e52905), (2015).</li><li>Branson, K., Robie, A. A., Bender, J., Perona, P., Dickinson, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+ethomics+in+large+groups+of+Drosophila.">High-throughput ethomics in large groups of Drosophila.</a> Nat Methods. 6 (6), 451-457 (2009).</li><li>Straw, A. D., Dickinson, M. 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Bu çalışma Johns Hopkins Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi fakültesi başlangıç ​​fonu tarafından LC&#39;ye desteklenmiştir.

Nörofizyolojik değişiklikler, nöropatolojik özellikler ve nörobevürek açıklar dahil olmak üzere CTE özelliklerini sadık kalarla modelleyen hayvan modelleri, hastalık mekanizmalarının ortaya çıkarılması ve teşhis ve terapötik hedeflerin geliştirilmesi için gereklidir. Bir insan hastalığına ait hiçbir hayvan modelinin klinik olarak ilgili tüm bitiş noktalarını taklit etmek için mükemmel olmadığı anlaşılabilir bir durumdur. Bununla birlikte, sağlam bir CTE modelinin aşağıdaki üç ...

Kronik Travmatik Ensefalopati (CTE) son zamanlarda Alzheimer hastalığı 1 gibi diğer tauopatilerden ayrı, ayrı bir nörodejeneratif bozukluk olarak kabul edilmiştir. CTE, Alzheimer hastalığının ve diğer yaygın tauopatilerin (en önemli risk faktörleri ilerleme yaşı ve demans öyküsü olması) aksine, CTE adıyla gösterildiği gibi, muhtemelen temas sporları sporcularında görülen beyin travması öyküsü ile yakın bir ilişki kurar; Boksörler ve futbolcular gibi askeri gazilere, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 gibi . Başın tekrarlayan sarsıntılı ve alttan vurucu darbelerle başlatıldığı düşünülmektedir. Hastalar Alzheimer hastalığı, frontotemporal ile örtüşen bilişsel açıklar, ruh hali ve davranış değişiklikleri ve hareket disfonksiyonu gibi semptom ve bulgular gösterebilirlerBunama, Lewy cisimci bunama ve Parkinson hastalığı 6 . Buna karşılık, beyin dokusunun ölüm sonrası incelemeleri, diğer dejeneratif koşullarda gözlemlenmeyen bir patognomonik özellik olan kortikal sulkusun derinliklerinde küçük damarları çevreleyen farklı bir hiperfosforile tau birikimi desenini ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, bugüne kadar, hastalık ortaya çıkmasına yol açan patogenez hakkında çok az şey bilinmektedir. Bu büyük ölçüde sadık bir hayvan modelinin bulunmaması nedeniyle - sadece son zamanlarda kemirgen modelleri üretildi 5 , 8 . Bu model organizmalar, maliyet yoğun bakımın dezavantajlarına ve nörodejeneratif hastalık çalışmaları için uygun olmayan nispeten uzun bir yaşam süresine sahiptir. Memeli meslektaşlarıyla karşılaştırıldığında, Drosophila gibi omurgasız hayvanlar, uygun maliyetli bakımları ile mükemmel bir alternatiftir;Genetik belirleyicileri ayırmak için kapsamlı araçlar ve nispeten kısa ömür 9 . Dikkat çekici bir nokta da, sinek ve insan beyinleri, evrimsel olarak korunmuş moleküler ve hücresel yolakları, aynı zamanda anatomik benzerliklerini 10 , 11 , 12 paylaşmaktadır. Travmatik beyin hasarını incelemek için iki adet dahice Drosophila modeli daha önce 13 , 14 bildirilmiştir. Katzenberger ve arkadaşları tarafından tasarlanan ilk &quot;Yüksek Etkili Travma&quot; (HIT) cihazı , metal bir yay 13 , 15&#39;in serbest ucuna bağlı plastik bir flakondaki serbest hareket eden sinekler içeriyordu. Plastik şişe dik durur ve serbest bırakıldığında, bir poliüretan yastığı vurdu ve sinekler için şişe duvarına sıçrar ve geri teperken travmalar kazandırır. Buna karşın, Barekat ve arkadaşları farklı bir teslim yöntemi önermişti.Omni Boncuk Ruptor-24 homojenizatör platformu 14 . Sinekler CO 2 ile etkisiz hale getirildi ve homojenleştiriciye sabitlenmiş ve önceden programlanmış çalkalama koşullarına tabi tutulan 2 mL&#39;lik bir tampon tüpüne yerleştirildi. Doku homojenleştirici sistemini kullanmanın bir yararı, deneycinin yaralanma yoğunluğunu, hasar süresini ve hasar süresini modüle edebilmesidir. Bununla birlikte, her iki rejimin de aynı dezavantajı vardır: başın birincil yaralanmaları çarpma yeri ve kuvveti açısından rasgele uygulanmaktadır. Buna ek olarak, her iki yöntem de vücudun diğer bölümlerine ve iç organlara kaçınılmaz hasarların neden olduğu önemli mortaliteye neden olmuştur. Burada, meyve sineklerinde mTBI&#39;yi indüklemek için yeni bir yöntem açıklanmaktadır. Aparatımız, gazla itilen balistik darbe üreticisinden oluşur. Mevcut Drosophila modelleri 14 , 15&#39;e kıyasla, yöntemimiz,Çarpma şiddeti, etkiler arasındaki zaman aralığı ve sürülen toplam çarpma sayısı gibi çeşitli faktörlerin doğru bir şekilde kontrol edilmesine olanak tanıyarak, serbestçe hareket eden sinek kafasına yönlendirilebilir.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Aerosol Barrier</td><td>USA Scientific</td><td>1120-8810</td><td>Used as an impactor</td></tr><tr><td>200 &amp;#956;L Pipette Tip</td><td>USA Scientific</td><td>1111-0706</td><td>Used as a fly head holder</td></tr><tr><td>1000 &amp;#956;L Pipette Tip</td><td>USA Scientific</td><td>1122-1830</td><td>Used as a connector</td></tr><tr><td>1 mL Tuberculin Syringe</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>309625</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>60 mm Petri Dishes</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>FB0875713A</td><td>Used as a tracking arenas</td></tr><tr><td>Flow Regulator</td><td>Genesee Scientific</td><td>59-122WC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Standard Clamp Holder/stand</td><td>EISCO Scientific</td><td>CH0688</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fine Brush</td><td>Genesee Scientific</td><td>59-204</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Flypad</td><td>Genesee Scientific</td><td>59-114</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sylgard Silicone Elastomer</td><td>Dow Corning</td><td>4019862</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CCD Camera</td><td>Microsoft&amp;nbsp;</td><td>HD-5000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ctrax Walking Fly Tracker</td><td>Caltech</td><td>Ctrax 0.2.11</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MATLAB Image Processing Toolbox</td><td>MATLAB</td><td>R2015b</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a novel method to model chronic traumatic encephalopathy in drosophila

Kronik Travmatik Ensefalopati (CTE) tekrarlayan hafif Travmatik Beyin Hasarı (mTBI) ile yakından ilişkili olan nörodejeneratif bir hastalıktır. Nöropatolojik kriterleri tanımlama konusundaki görüş birliğine rağmen, kompleks patolojik değişimlerinden sorumlu mekanizmalar büyük ölçüde zor görünüyor. Burada, beyindeki karakteristik hiperfosforillenmiş tau birikimine ve nöron ölümüne yol açan anahtar genleri ve yolları belirlemek amacıyla Drosophila melanogaster ( Drosophila ) &#39;da bir CTE modeli geliştiren yeni bir yöntem açıklanmaktadır. Hafif kapalı yaralanma yaratmak için ayarlanabilir mukavemet etkisi başını hızlı bir ivme ve yavaşlamaya maruz bırakarak doğrudan sinek kafasına gönderilir. Metodumuz, diğer Drosophila mTBI modellerinin doğasında olan potansiyel problemleri ortadan kaldırır ( örneğin, hayvan ölümleri,Vücudun diğer bölümleri veya iç organlar). Daha az emek ve masraf gerektiren hayvan bakımı, kısa ömür ve kapsamlı genetik araçlar, meyve CTE patogenezini incelemek için ideal bir hale getirir ve büyük ölçekli, genetik geniş genetik ve farmakolojik ekranlar gerçekleştirmeyi mümkün kılar. Modelin devam eden karakterizasyonunun hastalık önleme ve terapötik yaklaşımlar üzerine önemli mekanik perspektifler oluşturacağını umuyoruz.

Yetişkin Drosophila kullanılarak bir CTE modeli oluşturmak için, cihazımızın tek bir kapalı baş yarası vermedeki etkinliğini tespit ettik. Genotip, cinsiyet veya yaşla ilişkili varyasyonları gidermek için deneyde 2 günlük Canton-S WT dişi sinekler kullandık. 100 kPa&#39;lık sabit bir gaz basıncında CO 2&#39;nin akış oranını düzenleyerek darbenin gücünü kolayca kontrol edebilirdik. En yüksek akış hızında (15 L / dak.) Tek bir vuruşa ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila at JoVE.com

A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

Burada, Drosophila melanogaster&#39;de kapalı kafa travmatik beyin hasarına neden olan yeni bir yaklaşım açıklıyoruz. Metodumuz, başa tek başına ayarlanabilen mukavemetli tekrarlayan çarpmalara doğrudan sahip olma avantajına sahiptir. Omurgasız sistemin daha fazla araştırılması kronik travmatik ensefalopati patogenezinin aydınlatılmasına yardımcı olacaktır.

Kronik Travmatik Ensefalopatiyi Modelleyen Yeni Bir Yöntem<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is an established neurodegenerative disease that is closely associated with exposure to repetitive mild Traumatic ...

a-novel-method-to-model-chronic-traumatic-encephalopathy-in-drosophila

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

8.2K Görüntüleme.  Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.  Burada, Drosophila melanogaster'de kapalı kafa travmatik beyin hasarına neden olan yeni bir yaklaşım açıklıyoruz. Metodumuz, başa tek başına ayarlanabilen mukavemetli tekrarlayan çarpmalara doğrudan sahip olma avantajına sahiptir. Omurgasız sistemin daha fazla araştırılması kronik travmatik ensefalopati patogenezinin aydınlatılmasına yardımcı olacaktır. 

Video: A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

Assaying Locomotor, Learning, and Memory Deficits in Drosophila Models of Neurodegeneration

Advances in genetic methods have enabled the study of genes involved in human neurodegenerative diseases using Drosophila as a model system1. Most of these diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease are characterized by age-dependent deterioration in learning and memory functions and movement coordination2. Here we use behavioral assays, including the negative geotaxis assay3 and the aversive phototaxic suppression assay (APS assay)4,5, to show that some of the behavior characteristics associated with human neurodegeneration can be recapitulated in flies. In the negative geotaxis assay, the natural tendency of flies to move against gravity when agitated is utilized to study genes or conditions that may hinder locomotor capacities. In the APS assay, the learning and memory functions are tested in positively-phototactic flies trained to associate light with aversive bitter taste and hence avoid this otherwise natural tendency to move toward light. Testing these trained flies 6 hours post-training is used to assess memory functions. Using these assays, the contribution of any genetic or environmental factors toward developing neurodegeneration can be easily studied in flies.

Assaying Locomotor, Learning, and Memory Deficits in Drosophila Models of Neurodegeneration

Behavior assays for measuring locomotor functions, learning, and memory abilities in Drosophila.

Assaying Lokomotor, Öğrenme ve Hafıza Açıkları. Drosophila Nörodejenerasyon, modeller

Advances in genetic methods have enabled the study of genes involved in human neurodegenerative diseases using Drosophila as a model system1. Most of ...

Nörobilim

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the proteins involved in these pathways are evolutionarily conserved between mammals and other eukaryotes, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting that similar organizing principles exist during the development of these organisms. Importantly, Drosophila has been used extensively to identify cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating processes that are required in mammals including neurogenesis, differentiation, axonal guidance, and synaptogenesis. Flies have also been used successfully to model a variety of human neurodevelopmental diseases. Here we describe a protocol for the step-by-step microdissection, fixation, and immunofluorescent localization of proteins within the adult Drosophila brain. This protocol focuses on two example neuronal populations, mushroom body neurons and retinal photoreceptors, and includes optional steps to trace individual mushroom body neurons using Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker (MARCM) technique. Example data from both wild-type and mutant brains are shown along with a brief description of a scoring criteria for axonal guidance defects. While this protocol highlights two well-established antibodies for investigating the morphology of mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons, other Drosophila brain regions and the localization of proteins within other brain regions can also be investigated using this protocol.

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

This protocol describes the dissection and immunostaining of adult Drosophila melanogaster brain tissues. Specifically, this protocol highlights the use of Drosophila mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons as example neuronal subsets that can be accurately used to uncover general principles underlying many aspects of neuronal development.

Diseksiyon ve mantar vücut immünfloresan boyama ve yetişkin Drosophila melanogaster beynindeki nöronlar Photoreceptor

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the ...

Gelişim Biyolojisi

Assessing Neurodegenerative Phenotypes in Drosophila Dopaminergic Neurons by Climbing Assays and Whole Brain Immunostaining

Drosophila melanogaster is a valuable model organism to study aging and pathological degenerative processes in the nervous system. The advantages of the fly as an experimental system include its genetic tractability, short life span and the possibility to observe and quantitatively analyze complex behaviors. The expression of disease-linked genes in specific neuronal populations of the Drosophila brain, can be used to model human neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's 5.
Dopaminergic (DA) neurons are among the most vulnerable neuronal populations in the aging human brain. In Parkinson's disease (PD), the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, the accelerated loss of DA neurons leads to a progressive and irreversible decline in locomotor function. In addition to age and exposure to environmental toxins, loss of DA neurons is exacerbated by specific mutations in the coding or promoter regions of several genes. The identification of such PD-associated alleles provides the experimental basis for the use of Drosophila as a model to study neurodegeneration of DA neurons in vivo. For example, the expression of the PD-linked human &alpha;-synuclein gene in Drosophila DA neurons recapitulates some features of the human disease, e.g. progressive loss of DA neurons and declining locomotor function 2. Accordingly, this model has been successfully used to identify potential therapeutic targets in PD 8.
Here we describe two assays that have commonly been used to study age-dependent neurodegeneration of DA neurons in Drosophila: a climbing assay based on the startle-induced negative geotaxis response and tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining of whole adult brain mounts to monitor the number of DA neurons at different ages. In both cases, in vivo expression of UAS transgenes specifically in DA neurons can be achieved by using a tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter-Gal4 driver line 3, 10.

Assessing Neurodegenerative Phenotypes in Drosophila Dopaminergic Neurons by Climbing Assays and Whole Brain Immunostaining

Here we describe two assays that have been established to study age-dependent neurodegeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in Drosophila: the climbing/startle-induced negative geotaxis assay which allows to study the functional effects of DA neurons degeneration and the tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining which is used to identify and count DA neurons in whole brain mounts.

Içinde Nörodejeneratif fenotipleri değerlendirilmesi<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Tırmanma Tahliller tarafından Dopaminerjik nöronlar ve Tüm Beyin immün

Drosophila melanogaster is a valuable model organism to study aging and pathological degenerative processes in the nervous system. The advantages of the ...

Quantitative Analysis of Climbing Defects in a Drosophila Model of Neurodegenerative Disorders

Locomotive defects resulting from neurodegenerative disorders can be a late onset symptom of disease, following years of subclinical degeneration, and thus current therapeutic treatment strategies are not curative. Through the use of whole exome sequencing, an increasing number of genes have been identified to play a role in human locomotion. Despite identifying these genes, it is not known how these genes are crucial to normal locomotive functioning. Therefore, a reliable assay, which utilizes model organisms to elucidate the role of these genes in order to identify novel targets of therapeutic interest, is needed more than ever. We have designed a sensitized version of the negative geotaxis assay that allows for the detection of milder defects earlier and has the ability to evaluate these defects over time. The assay is performed in a glass graduated cylinder, which is sealed with a wax barrier film. By increasing the threshold distance to be climbed to 17.5 cm and increasing the experiment duration to 2 min&#160;we have observed a greater sensitivity in detecting mild mobility dysfunctions. The assay is cost effective and does not require extensive training to obtain highly reproducible results. This makes it an excellent technique for screening candidate drugs in Drosophila mutants with locomotion defects.

We present an optimized inexpensive and reliable negative geotaxis assay in Drosophila melanogaster as a model for neurodegenerative disorders. Being more sensitive to mild locomotor defects, this assay will help screen for potential genetic interactions and drug targets.

Nörodejeneratif Hastalıkların bir Drosophila Modelinde Tırmanma Kusur Kantitatif Analiz

Locomotive defects resulting from neurodegenerative disorders can be a late onset symptom of disease, following years of subclinical degeneration, and ...

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people each year, causing impairment of physical, cognitive, and behavioral functions and death. Studies using Drosophila have contributed important breakthroughs in understanding neurological processes. Thus, with the goal of understanding the cellular and molecular basis of TBI pathologies in humans, we developed the High Impact Trauma (HIT) device to inflict closed head TBI in flies. Flies subjected to the HIT device display phenotypes consistent with human TBI such as temporary incapacitation and progressive neurodegeneration. The HIT device uses a spring-based mechanism to propel flies against the wall of a vial, causing mechanical damage to the fly brain. The device is inexpensive and easy to construct, its operation is simple and rapid, and it produces reproducible results. Consequently, the HIT device can be combined with existing experimental tools and techniques for flies to address fundamental questions about TBI that can lead to the development of diagnostics and treatments for TBI. In particular, the HIT device can be used to perform large-scale genetic screens to understand the genetic basis of TBI pathologies.

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

Here we describe a method to inflict closed head traumatic brain injury (TBI) in Drosophila. This method provides a gateway to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie TBI pathologies using the vast array of experimental tools and techniques available for flies.

Kapalı Başkanı Travmatik Beyin yaralayabilecek Bir Yöntem<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people each year, causing impairment of physical, cognitive, and behavioral functions and death. Studies ...

Mass Histology to Quantify Neurodegeneration in Drosophila

Progressive neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) or Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) are an increasing threat to human health worldwide. Although mammalian models have provided important insights into the underlying mechanisms of pathogenicity, the complexity of mammalian systems together with their high costs are limiting their use. Therefore, the simple but well-established Drosophila model-system&#160;provides an alternative for investigating the molecular pathways that are affected in these diseases. Besides behavioral deficits, neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by histological phenotypes such as neuronal death and axonopathy. To quantify neuronal degeneration and to determine how it is affected by genetic and environmental factors, we use a histological approach that is based on measuring the vacuoles in adult fly brains. To minimize the effects of systematic error and to directly compare sections from control and experimental flies in one preparation, we use the &#39;collar&#39; method for paraffin sections. Neurodegeneration is then assessed by measuring the size and/or number of vacuoles that have developed in the fly brain. This can either be done by focusing on a specific region of interest or by analyzing the entire brain by obtaining serial sections that span the complete head. Therefore, this method allows one to measure not only severe degeneration but also relatively mild phenotypes that are only detectable in a few sections, as occurs during normal aging.

Mass Histology to Quantify Neurodegeneration in Drosophila

Drosophila is widely used as a model system to study neurodegeneration. This protocol describes a method by which degeneration, as determined by vacuole formation in the brain, can be quantified. It also minimizes effects due to the experimental procedure by processing and sectioning control and experimental flies as one sample.

Kitle Histoloji nörodejenerasyon belirlememize<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Progressive neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) or Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) are an increasing threat to human health ...

Purification of Transcripts and Metabolites from Drosophila Heads

For the last decade, we have tried to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of neuronal degeneration using Drosophila as a model organism. Although fruit flies provide obvious experimental advantages, research on neurodegenerative diseases has mostly relied on traditional techniques, including genetic interaction, histology, immunofluorescence, and protein biochemistry. These techniques are effective for mechanistic, hypothesis-driven studies, which lead to a detailed understanding of the role of single genes in well-defined biological problems. However, neurodegenerative diseases are highly complex and affect multiple cellular organelles and processes over time. The advent of new technologies and the omics age provides a unique opportunity to understand the global cellular perturbations underlying complex diseases. Flexible model organisms such as Drosophila are ideal for adapting these new technologies because of their strong annotation and high tractability. One challenge with these small animals, though, is the purification of enough informational molecules (DNA, mRNA, protein, metabolites) from highly relevant tissues such as fly brains. Other challenges consist of collecting large numbers of flies for experimental replicates (critical for statistical robustness) and developing consistent procedures for the purification of high-quality biological material. Here, we describe the procedures for collecting thousands of fly heads and the extraction of transcripts and metabolites to understand how global changes in gene expression and metabolism contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. These procedures are easily scalable and can be applied to the study of proteomic and epigenomic contributions to disease.

Purification of Transcripts and Metabolites from Drosophila Heads

We describe here the procedures for the extraction and purification of mRNA and metabolites from Drosophila heads. We are applying these techniques to better understand the cellular perturbations underlying neuronal degeneration. These methodologies can be easily scaled and adapted for other "omic" projects.

Transkript ve Metabolitler gelen saflaştırılması<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Kafaları

For the last decade, we have tried to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of neuronal degeneration using Drosophila as a model organism. ...

Biyoloji

Morphological and Functional Evaluation of Axons and their Synapses during Axon Death in Drosophila melanogaster

Axon degeneration is a shared feature in neurodegenerative disease and when nervous systems are challenged by mechanical or chemical forces. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying axon degeneration remains limited. Injury-induced axon degeneration serves as a simple model to study how severed axons execute their own disassembly (axon death). Over recent years, an evolutionarily conserved axon death signaling cascade has been identified from flies to mammals, which is required for the separated axon to degenerate after injury. Conversely, attenuated axon death signaling results in morphological and functional preservation of severed axons and their synapses. Here, we present three simple and recently developed protocols that allow for the observation of axonal morphology, or axonal and synaptic function of severed axons that have been cut-off from the neuronal cell body, in the fruit fly Drosophila. Morphology can be observed in the wing, where a partial injury results in axon death side-by-side of uninjured control axons within the same nerve bundle. Alternatively, axonal morphology can also be observed in the brain, where the whole nerve bundle undergoes axon death triggered by antennal ablation. Functional preservation of severed axons and their synapses can be assessed by a simple optogenetic approach coupled with a post-synaptic grooming behavior. We present examples using a highwire loss-of-function mutation and by over-expressing dnmnat, both capable of delaying axon death for weeks to months. Importantly, these protocols can be used beyond injury; they facilitate the characterization of neuronal maintenance factors, axonal transport, and axonal mitochondria.

Morphological and Functional Evaluation of Axons and their Synapses during Axon Death in Drosophila melanogaster

Here, we provide protocols to perform three simple injury-induced axon degeneration (axon death) assays in Drosophila melanogaster to evaluate the morphological and functional preservation of severed axons and their synapses.

Drosophila melanogaster'de Akson Ölümü Sırasında Aksonların ve Sinapslarının Morfolojik ve Fonksiyonel Değerlendirilmesi

Axon degeneration is a shared feature in neurodegenerative disease and when nervous systems are challenged by mechanical or chemical forces. However, our ...

Tracking Freely Walking Flies: A Method to Assess Locomotion in Drosophila

Source: Sun, M. and Chen, L. L. <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/55602/" target="_blank">A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila</a>. J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
This video describes how to track freely walking flies to assess their general locomotion ability. The featured protocol demonstrates the assay&#39;s setup and data analysis using video tracking software.

Serbestçe Yürüyen Sineklerin İzini Sürmek: Drosophila'da Hareketi Değerlendirmek İçin Bir Yöntem

Source: Sun, M. and Chen, L. L. A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila. J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
This video describes how to ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Drosophila melanogaster (meyve sineği)

Yetişkin

A Technique to Inflict Closed-Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila Flies

Source: Sun, M., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/55602">A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
This video demonstrates a procedure to inflict a closed-head traumatic injury in anesthetized Drosophila flies using a strike device with a gas-propelled impactor. The injury affects neuronal function and impairs walking ability.

Drosophila Sineklerinde Kapalı Kafa Travmatik Beyin Hasarı Uygulamak İçin Bir Teknik

1. Assembly of the Strike Device (Figure 1)

	Remove the plunger from a 1 mL tuberculin syringe. Cut the barrel at the 1 mL mark.
	Remove an aerosol ...

Kronik Travmatik Ensefalopatiyi Modelleyen Yeni Bir Yöntem

Özet

Daha Fazla Video Keşfet

Bu videodaki bölümler

Assaying Lokomotor, Öğrenme ve Hafıza Açıkları. Drosophila Nörodejenerasyon, modeller

Diseksiyon ve mantar vücut immünfloresan boyama ve yetişkin Drosophila melanogaster beynindeki nöronlar Photoreceptor

Içinde Nörodejeneratif fenotipleri değerlendirilmesi

Nörodejeneratif Hastalıkların bir Drosophila Modelinde Tırmanma Kusur Kantitatif Analiz

Kapalı Başkanı Travmatik Beyin yaralayabilecek Bir Yöntem

Kitle Histoloji nörodejenerasyon belirlememize

Transkript ve Metabolitler gelen saflaştırılması

Drosophila melanogaster'de Akson Ölümü Sırasında Aksonların ve Sinapslarının Morfolojik ve Fonksiyonel Değerlendirilmesi

Serbestçe Yürüyen Sineklerin İzini Sürmek: Drosophila'da Hareketi Değerlendirmek İçin Bir Yöntem

Drosophila Sineklerinde Kapalı Kafa Travmatik Beyin Hasarı Uygulamak İçin Bir Teknik