著者は何も開示することはない。

ストライク装置の組み立て（ 図1 ） <ol><li>プランジャーを1mLツベルクリンシリンジから取り出します。 1 mLのマークでバレルをカットします。 </li><li> 200μLのピペットチップからエアロゾルバリヤ（高さ3mm×直径4mm）を取り外し、インパクタとして使用する。インパクターをシリンジバレルの内側に置きます。ゆっくりとバレルをタップしてインパクターを先端に移動させ、平らな面がノズルの開口部を覆うようにします。 </li><li> ショウジョウバエ麻酔ステーションの二酸化炭素（CO 2 ）フローレギュレーターに接続されているプラ​​スチックチューブにバレルの先端を取り付けます。 </li><li>バレルを垂直に持ち、インパクタがバレルの底にとどまるように標準のクランプホルダースタンドにクランプします。 </li><li> 200μlのピペットチップをフライホルダーに変更します。 <ol><li>先端から4 mmをカットして直径0.8 mmの開口部を作り、フライヘッドのみを露出させます。 注：thoレックスとフライボディーの他の部分はピペットチップの内側に留まります。 </li></ol></li><li> 1000μLピペットチップと1 mLシリンジ針キャップを変更してコネクターを作成します。 <ol><li>先端の開口部から44mmの位置で切断します。 1ミリリットルシリンジ針キャップの長さを6 mmにして、1,000μLピペットチップの残りの部分にしっかりと押し込みます。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.ストライク装置の動作<ol><li>フライパッドにCO 2を使用して、 2日齢の成人女性フライを麻酔する。 </li><li>細かい筆を使って軽くフライホルダーに移してください。フライヘッドが先端の外側に見えるように、ホルダーを静かにタップします。フライ・プローブがチップの外側に露出している場合は、鈍い1mLシリンジ・ニードルでチップの内側に静かに戻します。 注：フライポイコスをホルダーの内側に入れてください。さもなければ、ハエは吸う胸部の傷害によって死ぬかもしれない。 </li><li>フライホーを締めなさいフライヘッドが下向きになるように、コネクターでシリンジバレルに接続してください。 </li><li>ガス圧を100 kPaに設定します。実験計画に従って流量を調整する。 </li><li>インパクタがフライヘッドを一度叩くように、フローレギュレータのトグルスイッチを素早くオン/オフします。 </li><li>フライホルダーを持ち上げ、フライパッドの上に移動します。フライホルダーを逆さまにして軽く飛ばして、フライを出す。空のバイアルにフライを入れて回復させる。 </li></ol> 3.ビデオ支援移動追跡<ol><li>トラッキングアリーナを作るために、直径6cmのペトリ皿に透明なシリコンエラストマーを充填する。シリコンとフライパンの間に3mmのスペースを空けて、ハエが自由に歩いて飛行することができます。 </li><li>毎回擬似群または治療群のいずれかから4匹のハエを麻酔し、それらをアリーナに入れる。フライを22℃で1時間放置する。 </li><li>アリーナの上に電荷結合素子（CCD）カメラを置き、5分間記録する。</li><li> Ctraxソフトウェア（Caltechから自由に入手可能）を使用して、記録された移動軌跡を分析します。トラッキングされたデータをプログラミング言語（Matlabなど）互換の形式でエクスポートし、フレームあたりの移動距離に基づいてデータを分析します。各フライの平均歩行距離を計算し、それを他のすべての記録されたフライ/グループと組み合わせて、同じグループ内のファイルの集団が移動した平均累積距離を得る。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>McKee, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+first+NINDS/NIBIB+consensus+meeting+to+define+neuropathological+criteria+for+the+diagnosis+of+chronic+traumatic+encephalopathy.">The first NINDS/NIBIB consensus meeting to define neuropathological criteria for the diagnosis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy.</a> Acta Neuropathol. 131, 75-86 (2016).</li><li>Martland, H. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Punch+drunk.">Punch drunk.</a> JAMA. 91 (15), 1103-1107 (1928).</li><li>Millspaugh, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dementia+pugilistica.">Dementia pugilistica.</a> US Naval Med Bull. 35, 297-303 (1937).</li><li>Omalu, B. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+traumatic+encephalopathy+in+a+national+football+league+player:+part+II.">Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a national football league player: part II.</a> Neurosurgery. 59 (5), 1086-1092 (2006).</li><li>Goldstein, L. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+traumatic+encephalopathy+in+blast-exposed+military+veterans+and+a+blast+neurotrauma+mouse+model.">Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in blast-exposed military veterans and a blast neurotrauma mouse model.</a> Sci Transl Med. 4 (134), (2012).</li><li>Mez, J., Stern, R. A., McKee, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+traumatic+encephalopathy:+where+are+we+and+where+are+we+going?.">Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: where are we and where are we going?.</a> Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 13 (12), 407 (2013).</li><li>McKee, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+spectrum+of+disease+in+chronic+traumatic+encephalopathy.">The spectrum of disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy.</a> Brain. 136 (Pt 1), 43-64 (2013).</li><li>Petraglia, A. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+spectrum+of+neurobehavioral+sequelae+after+repetitive+mild+traumatic+brain+injury:+a+novel+mouse+model+of+chronic+traumatic+encephalopathy.">The spectrum of neurobehavioral sequelae after repetitive mild traumatic brain injury: a novel mouse model of chronic traumatic encephalopathy.</a> J Neurotrauma. 31 (13), 1211-1224 (2014).</li><li>Hirth, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+melanogaster+in+the+study+of+human+neurodegeneration.">Drosophila melanogaster in the study of human neurodegeneration.</a> CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 9 (4), 504-523 (2010).</li><li>Littleton, J. T., Ganetzky, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ion+channels+and+synaptic+organization:+analysis+of+the+Drosophila+genome.">Ion channels and synaptic organization: analysis of the Drosophila genome.</a> Neuron. 26 (1), 35-43 (2000).</li><li>Appel, L. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Drosophila+Stubble-stubbloid+gene+encodes+an+apparent+transmembrane+serine+protease+required+for+epithelial+morphogenesis.">The Drosophila Stubble-stubbloid gene encodes an apparent transmembrane serine protease required for epithelial morphogenesis.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 90 (11), 4937-4941 (1993).</li><li>Piyankarage, S. C., Featherstone, D. E., Shippy, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanoliter+hemolymph+sampling+and+analysis+of+individual+adult+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Nanoliter hemolymph sampling and analysis of individual adult Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Anal Chem. 84 (10), 4460-4466 (2012).</li><li>Katzenberger, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Drosophila+model+of+closed+head+traumatic+brain+injury.">A Drosophila model of closed head traumatic brain injury.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 110 (44), E4152-E4159 (2013).</li><li>Barekat, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+Drosophila+as+an+integrated+model+to+study+mild+repetitive+traumatic+brain+injury.">Using Drosophila as an integrated model to study mild repetitive traumatic brain injury.</a> Sci Rep. 6, 25252 (2016).</li><li>Katzenberger, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Method+to+Inflict+Closed+Head+Traumatic+Brain+Injury+in+Drosophila.">A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila.</a> J Vis Exp. (e52905), (2015).</li><li>Branson, K., Robie, A. A., Bender, J., Perona, P., Dickinson, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+ethomics+in+large+groups+of+Drosophila.">High-throughput ethomics in large groups of Drosophila.</a> Nat Methods. 6 (6), 451-457 (2009).</li><li>Straw, A. D., Dickinson, M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motmot,+an+open-source+toolkit+for+realtime+video+acquisition+and+analysis.">Motmot, an open-source toolkit for realtime video acquisition and analysis.</a> Source Code Biol Med. 4 (5), 1-10 (2009).</li><li>Talavage, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functionally-detected+cognitive+impairment+in+high+school+football+players+without+clinically-diagnosed+concussion.">Functionally-detected cognitive impairment in high school football players without clinically-diagnosed concussion.</a> J Neurotrauma. 31 (4), 327-338 (2014).</li><li>Theadom, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Frequency+and+impact+of+recurrent+traumatic+brain+injury+in+a+population-based+sample.">Frequency and impact of recurrent traumatic brain injury in a population-based sample.</a> J Neurotrauma. 32 (10), 674-681 (2015).</li><li>Drobysheva, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+optimized+method+for+histological+detection+of+dopaminergic+neurons+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">An optimized method for histological detection of dopaminergic neurons in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J Histochem Cytochem. 56 (12), 1049-1063 (2008).</li></ol>

この研究は、ジョンズ・ホプキンス大学医学部の教員スタートアップファンドであるLC

神経生理学的変化、神経病理学的特徴、および神経行動障害を含むCTEの特徴を忠実にモデル化する動物モデルは、疾患メカニズムの解明および診断および治療標的の開発に不可欠である。臨床的に関連するすべてのエンドポイントを模倣するのに、ヒト疾患の動物モデルは完全ではないことは理解できる。しかし、堅牢なCTEモデルは、次の3つの要件を満たす必要があると考えています。（1?...

慢性外傷性脳症（CTE）は、最近、アルツハイマー病などの他のタウオパシーとは別個の別個の神経変性障害として認識されている1 。アルツハイマー病や他の一般的なタウオパシーとは異なり、CTEはその名の通り、脳の外傷の病歴と密接に関連していると言えます。接触したスポーツアスリートでは、ボクサーやフットボールの選手、軍用退役軍人のようなもの2,3,4,5。それは頭に繰り返し震えと副交渉の打撃によって開始されると考えられています。患者は、アルツハイマー病、前頭側頭と重複する認知機能障害、気分および行動変化、および運動障害などの症状および徴候を示すことがある認知症、レヴィー小体認知症、およびパーキンソン病6 。対照的に、脳組織の死後検査は、皮質溝の深さにある小血管周囲の過剰リン酸化タウ蓄積の明確なパターンを示し、他の変性状態では見られない病理学的特徴である7 。しかしながら、これまでのところ、疾患発現につながる病因についてはほとんど知られていない。これは大部分が忠実な動物モデルが欠如していることに起因しており、最近ではげっ歯類モデルが作成されたばかりです5,8。これらのモデル生物は、費用重視のケアおよび比較的長い寿命の欠点を有し、神経変性疾患研究にはあまり適していない。 哺乳動物のそれと比較して、 ショウジョウバエなどの無脊椎動物は費用対効果の高いメンテナンスを備えた優れた代替品であり、遺伝的決定因子を解剖するための広範なツール、および比較的短い寿命9 。注目すべきことに、ハエとヒトの脳は、進化的に保存された分子および細胞経路、ならびに解剖学的類似点を共有している10,11,12。外傷性脳損傷を研究するための2つの巧妙なショウジョウバエモデルが以前に報告されている13,14 。 Katzenbergerらによって設計された最初の &quot;High Impact Trauma&quot;（HIT）装置は、金属ばね13,15の自由端に結合されたプラスチックバイアル内に自由に動く飛行機を含んでいた。プラスチック製のバイアルを直立させて離したときに、ポリウレタン製のパッドに当たって、バイアルの壁に跳ね返り、跳ね返りながら飛行機に外傷を与えました。対照的に、Barekatらは、異なる送達方法を設計したOmni Bead Ruptor-24ホモジナイザープラットフォーム14を用いて行った 。ハエはCO 2で不能化され、ホモジナイザーに固定された2mLスクリューキャップ管に入れられ、予めプログラムされた振盪条件に供された。組織ホモジナイザーシステムを使用することの1つの利点は、実験者が傷害の強度、傷害の持続時間、および傷害の回数を調節することができることである。しかし、両方のレジームにも同じ欠点があります。頭部への一次損傷は、インパクトの場所と強度に関してランダムに影響を受けます。さらに、両方の方法は、身体および内臓の他の部分への必然的な副次的損傷によって引き起こされる、かなりの死亡をもたらした。ここでは、ミバエのmTBIを誘導する新規な方法を説明する。私たちの装置は、ガス推進弾道衝撃子で構成されています。既存のショウジョウバエのモデル14,15と比較すると、本発明者らの方法は、meas自由に動くフライヘッドのみに向けることができるので、衝撃の重大性、衝撃の時間間隔、持続する衝撃の総数などの様々な要因を正確に制御することができます。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="692">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Aerosol Barrier</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">USA Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1120-8810</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Used as an impactor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">200 ul Pipette Tip</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">USA Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1111-0706</td>
			<td>Used as a fly head holder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">1000 ul Pipette Tip</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">USA Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1122-1830</td>
			<td>Used as a connector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">1 ml Tuberculin Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">309625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">60 mm Petri Dishes</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FB0875713A</td>
			<td>Used as a tracking arenas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Flow Regulator</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">59-122WC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Standard Clamp Holder/stand</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">EISCO Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CH0688</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Fine Brush</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">59-204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Flypad</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">59-114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Sylgard Silicone Elastomer</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Dow Corning</td>
			<td>4019862</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CCD Camera</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Microsoft&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HD-5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ctrax Walking Fly Tracker</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Caltech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Ctrax 0.2.11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">MATLAB Image Processing Toolbox</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">MATLAB</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R2015b</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a novel method to model chronic traumatic encephalopathy in drosophila

慢性外傷性脳症（CTE）は、繰り返し軽度の外傷性脳傷害（mTBI）への暴露と密接に関連する確立された神経変性疾患である。神経病理学的基準を定義するための最近のコンセンサスにもかかわらず、その複雑な病理学的変化の原因となっている機構は、依然として分かりにくいままである。ここでは、 ショウジョウバエメラノガスター （ ショウジョウバエ ）におけるCTEのモデルを開発して、特徴的な過剰リン酸化タウの蓄積および脳における神経細胞の死につながる重要な遺伝子および経路を同定するための新しい方法を説明する。軽度の閉鎖傷害を与えるための調整可能な衝撃は、ヘッドを急速な加減速にさらし、フライヘッドに直接供給されます。我々の方法は、他のショウジョウバエの mTBIモデルに内在する潜在的な問題を排除する（ 例えば、動物死は、身体の他の部分または内部器官）。労力とコストを重視する動物の手入れが少なく、寿命が短く、遺伝的ツールが豊富で、CTEの病因を研究し、ゲノム規模の大規模な遺伝的および薬理学的スクリーニングを行うことができます。我々は、モデルの進行中の特徴付けが、疾患の予防および治療アプローチに関する重要な機構的な洞察を生成すると予想する。

成体ショウジョウバエを使用してCTEモデルを確立するために、私たちは単一の閉鎖頭傷害を与える際の装置の有効性を判断した。遺伝子型、性別、年齢に関するバリエーションを排除するために、我々は実験で2日齢のCanton-S WT雌ハエを使用した。 100kPaの一定のガス圧でCO 2の流量を調節することによって、インパクターの強度を容易に制御することがで...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila at JoVE.com

A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

ここでは、 ショウジョウバエのメラノガスター（melanogaster）における閉鎖頭部外傷性脳傷害を引き起こす新しいアプローチについて説明する。私たちの方法は、調整可能な強さで反復的な衝撃を直接ヘッドに伝えるという利点があります。無脊椎系のさらなる探索は、慢性外傷性脳症の病因を明らかにするのに役立つだろう。

慢性外傷性脳症モデルの新しい方法<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is an established neurodegenerative disease that is closely associated with exposure to repetitive mild Traumatic ...

a-novel-method-to-model-chronic-traumatic-encephalopathy-in-drosophila

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

8.2K ビュー.  Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. ここでは、 ショウジョウバエのメラノガスター（melanogaster）における閉鎖頭部外傷性脳傷害を引き起こす新しいアプローチについて説明する。私たちの方法は、調整可能な強さで反復的な衝撃を直接ヘッドに伝えるという利点があります。無脊椎系のさらなる探索は、慢性外傷性脳症の病因を明らかにするのに役立つだろう。 

ビデオ: A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

Novel Apparatus and Method for Drug Reinforcement

Animal models of reinforcement have proven to be useful for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying drug addiction. Operant drug self-administration and conditioned place preference (CPP) procedures are expansively used in animal research to model various components of drug reinforcement, consumption, and addiction in humans. For this study, we used a novel approach to studying drug reinforcement in rats by combining traditional CPP and self-administration methodologies. We assembled an apparatus using two Med Associate operant chambers, sensory stimuli, and a Plexiglas-constructed neutral zone. These modifications allowed our experiments to encompass motivational aspects of drug intake through self-administration and drug-free assessment of drug/cue conditioning strength with the CPP test. In our experiments, rats self-administered cocaine (0.75 mg/kg/inj, i.v.) during either four (e.g., the "short-term") or eight (e.g., the "long-term") alternating-day sessions in an operant environment containing distinctive sensory cues (e.g., olfactory and visual). On the alternate days, in the other (differently-cued) operant environment, saline was available for self-infusion (0.1 ml, i.v.). Twenty-four hours after the last self-administration/cue-pairing session, a CPP test was conducted. Consistent with typical CPP findings, there was a significant preference for the chamber associated with cocaine self-administration. In addition, in animals undergoing the long-term experiment, a significant positive correlation between CPP magnitude and the number of cocaine-reinforced lever responses. In conclusion, this apparatus and approach is time and cost effective, can be used to examine a wide array of topics pertaining to drug abuse, and provides more flexibility in experimental design than CPP or self-administration methods alone.

Operant drug self-administration and conditioned place preference (CPP) procedures are expansively used in research to model various components of drug reinforcement, consumption, and addiction in humans. In this report, we combined traditional CPP and self-administration methods as a novel approach to studying drug reinforcement and addiction in rats.

薬物の強化のための新規装置および方法

Animal models of reinforcement have proven to be useful for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying drug addiction.  Operant drug ...

神経科学

Lateral Fluid Percussion: Model of Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) research has attained renewed momentum due to the increasing awareness of head injuries, which result in morbidity and mortality. Based on the nature of primary injury following TBI, complex and heterogeneous secondary consequences result, which are followed by regenerative processes 1,2. Primary injury can be induced by a direct contusion to the brain from skull fracture or from shearing and stretching of tissue causing displacement of brain due to movement 3,4. The resulting hematomas and lacerations cause a vascular response 3,5, and the morphological and functional damage of the white matter leads to diffuse axonal injury 6-8. Additional secondary changes commonly seen in the brain are edema and increased intracranial pressure 9. Following TBI there are microscopic alterations in biochemical and physiological pathways involving the release of excitotoxic neurotransmitters, immune mediators and oxygen radicals 10-12, which ultimately result in long-term neurological disabilities 13,14. Thus choosing appropriate animal models of TBI that present similar cellular and molecular events in human and rodent TBI is critical for studying the mechanisms underlying injury and repair.
Various experimental models of TBI have been developed to reproduce aspects of TBI observed in humans, among them three specific models are widely adapted for rodents: fluid percussion, cortical impact and weight drop/impact acceleration 1. The fluid percussion device produces an injury through a craniectomy by applying a brief fluid pressure pulse on to the intact dura. The pulse is created by a pendulum striking the piston of a reservoir of fluid. The percussion produces brief displacement and deformation of neural tissue 1,15. Conversely, cortical impact injury delivers mechanical energy to the intact dura via a rigid impactor under pneumatic pressure 16,17. The weight drop/impact model is characterized by the fall of a rod with a specific mass on the closed skull 18. Among the TBI models, LFP is the most established and commonly used model to evaluate mixed focal and diffuse brain injury 19. It is reproducible and is standardized to allow for the manipulation of injury parameters. LFP recapitulates injuries observed in humans, thus rendering it clinically relevant, and allows for exploration of novel therapeutics for clinical translation 20.
We describe the detailed protocol to perform LFP procedure in mice. The injury inflicted is mild to moderate, with brain regions such as cortex, hippocampus and corpus callosum being most vulnerable. Hippocampal and motor learning tasks are explored following LFP.

Lateral fluid percussion (LFP), an established model of traumatic brain injury in mice, is demonstrated. LFP fulfills three major criteria for animal models: validity, reliability and clinical relevance. The procedure, consisting of surgical craniotomy, fixation of hub followed by induction of injury, resulting in focal and diffuse injuries, is described.

横方向の流体のパーカッション：マウスにおける外傷性脳損傷のモデル

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) research has attained renewed momentum due to the increasing awareness of head injuries, which result in morbidity and ...

A Low-cost Method for Analyzing Seizure-like Activity and Movement in Drosophila

Video tracking systems have been used widely to analyze Drosophila melanogaster movement and detect various abnormalities in locomotive behavior. While these systems can provide a wealth of behavioral information, the cost and complexity of these systems can be prohibitive for many labs. We have developed a low-cost assay for measuring locomotive behavior and seizure movement in D. melanogaster. The system uses a web-cam to capture images that can be processed using a combination of inexpensive and free software to track the distance moved, the average velocity of movement and the duration of movement during a specified time-span. To demonstrate the utility of this system, we examined a group of D. melanogaster mutants, the Bang-sensitive (BS) paralytics, which are 3-10 times more susceptible to seizure-like activity (SLA) than wild type flies. Using this novel system, we were able to detect that the BS mutant bang senseless (bss) exhibits lower levels of exploratory locomotion in a novel environment than wild type flies. In addition, the system was used to identify that the drug metformin, which is commonly used to treat type II diabetes, reduces the intensity of SLA in the BS mutants.

A Low-cost Method for Analyzing Seizure-like Activity and Movement in Drosophila

Using a webcam and a combination of free and inexpensive software programs, locomotive patterns in Drosophila melanogaster can be analyzed to detect differences in the speed, distance, and time of various motor activities.

における発作様活性を分析し、移動のための低コストの方法<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em

Video tracking systems have been used widely to analyze Drosophila melanogaster movement and detect various abnormalities in locomotive behavior. While ...

A Novel Method of Drug Administration to Multiple Zebrafish (Danio rerio) and the Quantification of Withdrawal

Anxiety testing in zebrafish is often studied in combination with the application of pharmacological substances. In these studies, fish are routinely netted and transported between home aquaria and dosing tanks. In order to enhance the ease of compound administration, a novel method for transferring fish between tanks for drug administration was developed. Inserts that are designed for spawning were used to transfer groups of fish into the drug solution, allowing accurate dosing of all fish in the group. This increases the precision and efficiency of dosing, which becomes very important in long schedules of repeated drug administration. We implemented this procedure for use in a study examining the behavior of zebrafish in the light/dark test after administering ethanol with differing 21 day schedules. In fish exposed to daily-moderate amounts of alcohol there was a significant difference in location preference after 2 days of withdrawal when compared to the control group. However, a significant difference in location preference in a group exposed to weekly-binge administration was not observed. 
This protocol can be generalized for use with all types of compounds that are water-soluble and may be used in any situation when the behavior of fish during or after long schedules of drug administration is being examined. The light/dark test is also a valuable method of assessing withdrawal-induced changes in anxiety.

A Novel Method of Drug Administration to Multiple Zebrafish Danio rerio and the Quantification of Withdrawal

A novel method for reducing variability when exposing fish to drugs is explained. Fish exposed to various patterns of ethanol exposure were found to have altered anxiety levels during withdrawal in a light/dark scototaxic assay.

複数のゼブラフィッシュへの医薬品の新規方法（<em&gt;ゼブラフィッシュ</em&gt;）と撤退の定量

Anxiety testing in zebrafish is often studied in combination with the application of pharmacological substances. In these studies, fish are routinely ...

Quantitative Analysis of Climbing Defects in a Drosophila Model of Neurodegenerative Disorders

Locomotive defects resulting from neurodegenerative disorders can be a late onset symptom of disease, following years of subclinical degeneration, and thus current therapeutic treatment strategies are not curative. Through the use of whole exome sequencing, an increasing number of genes have been identified to play a role in human locomotion. Despite identifying these genes, it is not known how these genes are crucial to normal locomotive functioning. Therefore, a reliable assay, which utilizes model organisms to elucidate the role of these genes in order to identify novel targets of therapeutic interest, is needed more than ever. We have designed a sensitized version of the negative geotaxis assay that allows for the detection of milder defects earlier and has the ability to evaluate these defects over time. The assay is performed in a glass graduated cylinder, which is sealed with a wax barrier film. By increasing the threshold distance to be climbed to 17.5 cm and increasing the experiment duration to 2 min&#160;we have observed a greater sensitivity in detecting mild mobility dysfunctions. The assay is cost effective and does not require extensive training to obtain highly reproducible results. This makes it an excellent technique for screening candidate drugs in Drosophila mutants with locomotion defects.

We present an optimized inexpensive and reliable negative geotaxis assay in Drosophila melanogaster as a model for neurodegenerative disorders. Being more sensitive to mild locomotor defects, this assay will help screen for potential genetic interactions and drug targets.

神経変性疾患のショウジョウバエモデルにおけるクライミング欠陥の定量分析

Locomotive defects resulting from neurodegenerative disorders can be a late onset symptom of disease, following years of subclinical degeneration, and ...

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people each year, causing impairment of physical, cognitive, and behavioral functions and death. Studies using Drosophila have contributed important breakthroughs in understanding neurological processes. Thus, with the goal of understanding the cellular and molecular basis of TBI pathologies in humans, we developed the High Impact Trauma (HIT) device to inflict closed head TBI in flies. Flies subjected to the HIT device display phenotypes consistent with human TBI such as temporary incapacitation and progressive neurodegeneration. The HIT device uses a spring-based mechanism to propel flies against the wall of a vial, causing mechanical damage to the fly brain. The device is inexpensive and easy to construct, its operation is simple and rapid, and it produces reproducible results. Consequently, the HIT device can be combined with existing experimental tools and techniques for flies to address fundamental questions about TBI that can lead to the development of diagnostics and treatments for TBI. In particular, the HIT device can be used to perform large-scale genetic screens to understand the genetic basis of TBI pathologies.

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

Here we describe a method to inflict closed head traumatic brain injury (TBI) in Drosophila. This method provides a gateway to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie TBI pathologies using the vast array of experimental tools and techniques available for flies.

で閉鎖性頭部外傷性脳損傷を負わせる方法<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people each year, causing impairment of physical, cognitive, and behavioral functions and death. Studies ...

Recording EEG in Freely Moving Neonatal Rats Using a Novel Method

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such as epilepsy and neurodegenerative disorders. However, it is technically difficult to obtain EEG recordings in neonates as it requires specialized handling and great care. Here, we present a novel method to record EEG in neonatal rat pups (P8-P15). We designed a simple and reliable electrode using computer pin loci; it can be easily implanted into the skull of a rat pup to record high-quality EEG signals in the normal and epileptic brain. Pups were given an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the neurotoxin kainic acid (KA) to induce epileptic seizures. The surgical implantation performed in this procedure is less expensive than other EEG procedures for neonates. This method allows one to record high-quality and stable EEG signals for more than 1 week. Furthermore, this procedure can also be applied to adult rats and mice to study epilepsy or other neurological disorders.

Here, we introduce a novel technique designed to record electroencephalography (EEG) in freely moving neonatal epileptic pups and describe its procedures, features, and applications. This method allows one to record EEG for more than 1 week.

新しい方法を用いた自由に動く新生児ラットの脳波記録

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such ...

Novel Assay for Cold Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

How organisms sense and respond to noxious temperatures is still poorly understood. Further, the mechanisms underlying sensitization of the sensory machinery, such as in patients experiencing peripheral neuropathy or injury-induced sensitization, are not well characterized. The genetically tractable Drosophila model has been used to study the cells and genes required for noxious heat detection, which has yielded multiple conserved genes of interest. Little is known however about the cells and receptors important for noxious cold sensing. Although, Drosophila does not survive prolonged exposure to cold temperatures (&#8804;10 &#186;C), and will avoid cool, preferring warmer temperatures in behavioral preference assays, how they sense and possibly avoid noxious cold stimuli has only recently been investigated.
Here we describe and characterize the first noxious cold (&#8804;10 &#186;C) behavioral assay in Drosophila. Using this tool and assay, we show an investigator how to qualitatively and quantitatively assess cold nociceptive behaviors. This can be done under normal/healthy culture conditions, or presumably in the context of disease, injury or sensitization. Further, this assay can be applied to larvae selected for desired genotypes, which might impact thermosensation, pain, or nociceptive sensitization. Given that pain is a highly conserved process, using this assay to further study&#160;thermal nociception will likely glean important understanding of pain processes in other species, including vertebrates.

Novel Assay for Cold Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

Here we demonstrate a novel assay to study cold nociception in Drosophila larvae. This assay utilizes a custom-built Peltier probe capable of applying a focal noxious cold stimulus and results in quantifiable cold-specific behaviors. This technique will allow further cellular and molecular dissection of cold nociception.

冷痛覚のための新規アッセイ<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;幼虫

How organisms sense and respond to noxious temperatures is still poorly understood. Further, the mechanisms underlying sensitization of the sensory ...

CMAP Scan MUNE (MScan) - A Novel Motor Unit Number Estimation (MUNE) Method

Like other methods for motor unit number estimation (MUNE), compound muscle action potential (CMAP) scan MUNE (MScan) is a non-invasive electrophysiologic method to estimate the number of functioning motor units in a muscle. MUNE is an important tool for the assessment of neuropathies and neuronopathies. Unlike most MUNE methods in use, MScan assesses all the motor units in a muscle, by fitting a model to a detailed stimulus-response curve, or CMAP scan. It thereby avoids the bias inherent in all MUNE methods based on extrapolating from a small sample of units. Like &#39;Bayesian MUNE,&#39;&#160;MScan analysis works by fitting a model, made up of motor units with different amplitudes, thresholds, and threshold variabilities, but the fitting method is quite different, and completed within five minutes, rather than several hours. The MScan off-line analysis works in two stages: first, a preliminary model is generated based on the slope and variance of the points in the scan, and second, this model is then refined by adjusting all the parameters to improve the fit between the original scan and scans generated by the model.
This new method has been tested for reproducibility and recording time on 22 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients and 20 healthy controls, with each test repeated twice by two blinded physicians. MScan showed excellent intra- and inter-rater reproducibility with ICC values of &#62;0.98 and a coefficient of variation averaging 12.3 &#177; 1.6%. There was no difference in the intra-rater reproducibility between the two observers. Average recording time was 6.27 &#177; 0.27 min.
This protocol describes how to record a CMAP scan and how to use the MScan software to derive an estimate of the number and sizes of the functioning motor units. MScan is a fast, convenient, and reproducible method, which may be helpful in diagnoses and monitoring disease progression in neuromuscular disorders.

CMAP Scan MUNE MScan - A Novel Motor Unit Number Estimation MUNE Method

This protocol describes a new method to estimate the number of functioning motor units in a muscle, by fitting a model to a detailed stimulus-response curve of the compound muscle action potential. It is quick and easy to perform and analyze and has excellent reproducibility.

CMAP スキャン胸 (MScan) - 小説の運動単位数推定 (胸) 法

Like other methods for motor unit number estimation (MUNE), compound muscle action potential (CMAP) scan MUNE (MScan) is a non-invasive electrophysiologic ...

A Novel In Vitro Model of Blast Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death and disability in military and civilian populations. Blast traumatic brain injury results from the detonation of explosive devices, however, the mechanisms that underlie the brain damage resulting from blast overpressure exposure are not entirely understood and are believed to be unique to this type of brain injury. Preclinical models are crucial tools that contribute to better understand blast-induced brain injury. A novel in vitro blast TBI model was developed using an open-ended shock tube to simulate real-life open-field blast waves modelled by the Friedlander waveform. C57BL/6N mouse organotypic hippocampal slice cultures were exposed to single shock waves and the development of injury was characterized up to 72 h using propidium iodide, a well-established fluorescent marker of cell damage that only penetrates cells with compromised cellular membranes. Propidium iodide fluorescence was significantly higher in the slices exposed to a blast wave when compared with sham slices throughout the duration of the protocol. The brain tissue injury is very reproducible and proportional to the peak overpressure of the shock wave applied.

A Novel In Vitro Model of Blast Traumatic Brain Injury

This paper describes a novel model of primary blast traumatic brain injury. A compressed-air driven shock tube is used to expose in vitro mouse hippocampal slice cultures to a single shock wave. This is a simple and rapid protocol generating a reproducible brain tissue injury with a high throughput.

爆発外傷性脳損傷の新規In Vitroモデル

Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death and disability in military and civilian populations. Blast traumatic brain injury results from the ...

慢性外傷性脳症モデルの新しい方法

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

薬物の強化のための新規装置および方法

横方向の流体のパーカッション：マウスにおける外傷性脳損傷のモデル

における発作様活性を分析し、移動のための低コストの方法

複数のゼブラフィッシュへの医薬品の新規方法（

神経変性疾患のショウジョウバエモデルにおけるクライミング欠陥の定量分析

で閉鎖性頭部外傷性脳損傷を負わせる方法

新しい方法を用いた自由に動く新生児ラットの脳波記録

冷痛覚のための新規アッセイ

CMAP スキャン胸 (MScan) - 小説の運動単位数推定 (胸) 法

爆発外傷性脳損傷の新規In Vitroモデル