Tartışmalar için Prof. Ferenc Krausz&#39;a ve makalenin sonuçlandırılmasına verdiği destekten dolayı Najd Altwaijry&#39;ye teşekkür etmek isteriz. Bu çalışma, Gelişmiş Lazer Uygulamaları Merkezi (CALA) tarafından finanse edilmiştir.

<ol><li>Fattahi, H. <a target="_blank" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-319-20025-5">Third-generation femtosecond technology.</a> Optica. 1 (1), 45-63 (2014).</li>
<li>Hentschel, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Attosecond+metrology%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature%22%5BJournal%5D)">Attosecond metrology.</a> Nature. 414 (6863), 509-513 (2001).</li>
<li>Cavalieri, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/9/7/242/meta">Intense 1.5-cycle near infrared laser waveforms and their use for the generation of ultra-broadband soft-x-ray harmonic continua.</a> New J Phys. 9 (7), 242(2007).</li>
<li>Schweinberger, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Waveform-controlled+near-single-cycle+milli-joule+laser+pulses+generate+sub-10+nm+extreme+ultraviolet+continua%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Opt+Lett%22%5BJournal%5D)">Waveform-controlled near-single-cycle milli-joule laser pulses generate sub-10 nm extreme ultraviolet continua.</a> Opt Lett. 37, 3573-3575 (2012).</li>
<li>Buck, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/v7/n7/full/nphys1942.html">Real-time observation of laser-driven electron acceleration.</a> Nature Phys. 7 (7), 543-548 (2011).</li>
<li>Zhong, H., Karpowicz, N., Zhang, X. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2216025?journalCode=apl">Terahertz emission profile from laser-induced air plasma.</a> Appl Phys Lett. 88 (26), 261103(2006).</li>
<li>Herrmann, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Generation+of+sub-three-cycle%2C+16+TW+light+pulses+by+using+noncollinear+optical+parametric+chirped-pulse+amplification%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Opt+Lett%22%5BJournal%5D)">Generation of sub-three-cycle, 16 TW light pulses by using noncollinear optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification.</a> Opt Lett. 34 (16), 2459-2461 (2009).</li>
<li>Adachi, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((1.5+mJ%2C+6.4+fs+parametric+chirped-pulse+amplification+system+at+1+kHz%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Opt+Lett%22%5BJournal%5D)">1.5 mJ, 6.4 fs parametric chirped-pulse amplification system at 1 kHz.</a> Opt Lett. 32 (17), 2487-2489 (2007).</li>
<li>Adachi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((5-fs%2C+multi-mJ%2C+CEP-locked+parametric+chirped-pulse+amplifier+pumped+by+a+450-nm+source+at+1+kHz%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Opt+express%22%5BJournal%5D)">5-fs, multi-mJ, CEP-locked parametric chirped-pulse amplifier pumped by a 450-nm source at 1 kHz.</a> Opt express. 16 (19), 14341-14352 (2008).</li>
<li>Yin, Y. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26977654">High-efficiency optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier in BiB3O6 for generation of 3 mJ, two-cycle, carrier-envelope-phase-stable pulses at 1.7 µm.</a> Opt Lett. 41 (6), 1142-1145 (2016).</li>
<li>Deng, Y. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.osapublishing.org/ol/abstract.cfm?uri=ol-37-23-4973">Carrier-envelope-phase-stable, 1.2 mJ, 1.5 cycle laser pulses at 2.1 µm.</a> Opt Lett. 37 (23), 4973-4975 (2012).</li>
<li>Rothhardt, J., Demmler, S., Hädrich, S., Limpert, J., Tünnermann, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Octave-spanning+OPCPA+system+delivering+CEP-stable+few-cycle+pulses+and+22+W+of+average+power+at+1+MHz+repetition+rate%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Opt+express%22%5BJournal%5D)">Octave-spanning OPCPA system delivering CEP-stable few-cycle pulses and 22 W of average power at 1 MHz repetition rate.</a> Opt express. 20 (10), 10870-10878 (2012).</li>
<li>Heckl, O. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-17659-8_5">Ultrafast Thin-Disk Lasers.Ultrashort Pulse Laser Technology</a>. Nolte, S., Schrempel, F., Dausinger, F. 195, Springer International Publishing. 93-115 (2016).</li>
<li>Zapata, L. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Cryogenic+Yb%3AYAG+composite-thin-disk+for+high+energy+and+average+power+amplifiers%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Opt.+Lett%22%5BJournal%5D)">Cryogenic Yb:YAG composite-thin-disk for high energy and average power amplifiers.</a> Opt. Lett. 40 (11), 2610-2613 (2015).</li>
<li>Schulz, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Yb%3AYAG+Innoslab+amplifier%3A+efficient+high+repetition+rate+subpicosecond+pumping+system+for+optical+parametric+chirped+pulse+amplification%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Opt+Lett%22%5BJournal%5D)">Yb:YAG Innoslab amplifier: efficient high repetition rate subpicosecond pumping system for optical parametric chirped pulse amplification.</a> Opt Lett. 36 (13), 2456-2458 (2011).</li>
<li>Roeser, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Millijoule+pulse+energy+high+repetition+rate+femtosecond+fiber+chirped-pulse+amplification+system%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Opt+Lett%22%5BJournal%5D)">Millijoule pulse energy high repetition rate femtosecond fiber chirped-pulse amplification system.</a> Opt Lett. 32 (24), 3495-3497 (2007).</li>
<li>Russbueldt, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19654625">400 W Yb:YAG Innoslab fs-amplifier.</a> Opt Express. 17 (15), 12230-12245 (2009).</li>
<li>Baumgarten, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((0.5+kHz+repetition+rate+picosecond+laser%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Opt+Lett%22%5BJournal%5D)">0.5 kHz repetition rate picosecond laser.</a> Opt Lett. 41 (14), 3339-3342 (2016).</li>
<li>Klingebiel, S., et al. 220mJ, 1 kHz Picosecond Regenerative Thin-Disk Amplifier. European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics - European Quantum Electronics Conference
 , , Optical Society of America. Paper CA_10_1 (2015).</li>
<li>Nubbemeyer, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((1+kW%2C+200+mJ+picosecond+thin-disk+laser+system%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Opt+Lett%22%5BJournal%5D)">1 kW, 200 mJ picosecond thin-disk laser system.</a> Opt Lett. 42 (7), 1381-1384 (2017).</li>
<li>Fattahi, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((High-power%2C+1-ps%2C+all-Yb%3AYAG+thin-disk+regenerative+amplifier%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Opt+Lett%22%5BJournal%5D)">High-power, 1-ps, all-Yb:YAG thin-disk regenerative amplifier.</a> Opt Lett. 41 (6), 1126-1129 (2016).</li>
<li>Brons, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Energy+scaling+of+Kerr-lens+mode-locked+thin-disk+oscillators%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Opt+Lett%22%5BJournal%5D)">Energy scaling of Kerr-lens mode-locked thin-disk oscillators.</a> Opt Lett. 39 (22), 6442-6445 (2014).</li>
<li>Horvath, C., Loesel, F. WinLase home. , 
 <a target="_blank" href="http://www.winlasecom/index.html ">http://www.winlasecom/index.html </a> (2016).</li>
<li>Trebino, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1148286">Measuring ultrashort laser pulses in the time-frequency domain using frequency-resolved optical gating.</a> Rev Sci Instrum. 68 (9), 3277-3295 (1997).</li>
<li>Arisholm, G. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.osapublishing.org/josab/abstract.cfm?uri=josab-14-10-2543">General numerical methods for simulating second-order nonlinear interactions in birefringent media.</a> J Opt Soc Am B. 14 (10), 2543-2549 (1997).</li>
<li>Zhang, D. X., Kong, Y. F., Zhang, J. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030401800009688">Optical parametric properties of 532-nm-pumped beta-barium-borate near the infrared absorption edge.</a> Opt Commun. 184 (5), 485-491 (2000).</li>
<li>Kato, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/362711/">Temperature-tuned 90o phase-matching properties of LiB3O5.</a> IEEE J Quant Electron. 30 (12), 2950-2952 (1994).</li>
<li>Fattahi, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=author%3aFattahi%2C+H+%22Third-generation+femtosecond+technology%22">Third-generation femtosecond technology</a>. , Springer International Publishing. (2016).</li>
</ol>

Yazarların açıklayacak bir şeyi yok.

Osilatörün anahtar teslimi çalışması, lazerin farklı bileşenlerinin optimum ısı yönetimi ile gerçekleştirilir. Osilatörün çıkışı, ekstra hizalama veya optimizasyona gerek kalmaksızın günlük olarak tekrar edilebilir. Buna ek olarak, tohum lazerinin puls-to-pulse enerji kararlılığı ve uzamsal işaretleme stabilitesi, rejeneratif amplifikatörün kararlı çalışmasını sağlamak için ön koşulları yerine getirmektedir. Fiber amplifikatörler gibi düşük enerjili diğer tohum kaynakları, amplifikatörü tohumlamak için kullanılabilir. Bu çalışmada, birikmiş doğrusal olmayan fazların büyümesini azaltarak rejeneratif amplifikatörün amplifikasyonuna yardımcı olmak için 2 μJ Yb: YAG ince disk KLM osilatörü kullanıldı, zira daha yüksek giren tohum enerjisi için gereken sayıda dolaşım azaltıldı . Buna ek olarak, daha yüksek tohum enerjisi amplifikasyon sürecini etkiler ve kazanç daralmasını azaltır. Güçlendirilmiş pulsların ölçülen spektral bant genişliğiSabit bir pompa gücündeki farklı tohum enerjileri için Şekil 5c&#39;de gösterilmiştir. Genleşmiş spektral bant genişliği, kazanç daralması nedeniyle daha düşük tohum enerjileri için azalır. 10 pJ tohum enerjisi için lazer, katlama periyodunda çalışır ve gidiş-dönüş sayısını artırarak bile kararlı bir şekilde çalışmak mümkün değildir. Soğutma sistemlerinin dikkatle optimizasyonu ve diyotların güç kaynağına ek olarak, rejeneratif amplifikatörün doygunlukta çalışması, amplifikatörün elde edilen kararlılığında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Lazerin temel veya ikinci harmoniği OPCPA sistemini pompalamak için kullanılabilir. SHG için, bir LBO ve bir BBO kristali performansları, daha geniş uzaysal yürüme mesafesine ve BBO durumunda sınırlı mevcut diyaframa rağmen yüksek bir doğrusal olmayan katsayı ve hasar eşiğine sahip oldukları için karşılaştırıldı. BBO&#39;nun doğrusal olmayan katsayısı, LBO&#39;nun neredeyse iki katıdır, daha kısa bir kristal suf&#39;durSHG için doygunluk sınırına erişmek yetersizdir ( Şekil 6a ). Bu nedenle, birikmiş doğrusal olmayan faz daha küçük olduğu için BBO daha uygun bir seçimdir 28 . SH darbelerinin atış süreleri, farklı dönüşüm verimlerinde deneysel olarak karakterize edilir. Yüksek dönüşüm verimlerinde, SHG spektrumu genişledi ve daha yüksek dereceli bir spektral faz ortaya çıktı ( Şekil 6 ). Bu nedenle, B durumu,% 70 dönüşüm etkinliği ile SH ve dönüştürülmemiş temel kirişlerin mükemmel kaliteyi koruduğu durumlarda seçilir.

Yüksek tekrarlama hızında yüksek enerjili, birkaç devirli lazer atımlarının üretilmesi, attosaniye feneri 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ve yüksek alan fiziği 5 , 6 gibi uygulanan alanlarda büyük yarar sağlamaktadır ve bunlar doğrudan faydalanmaktadır Bu kaynaklardan edinilebilir. OPCPA, aynı anda birkaç devir atım sayısını destekleyen yüksek darbe enerjileri ve geniş amplifikasyon bant genişliği elde etmek için en umut verici yolu temsil eder 1 . Bugüne kadar OPCPA, çok çevrimli darbeler 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 üreten ultra geniş bant amplifikasyonuna izin verir. Bununla birlikte, pikosaniye skalasında kısa pompa darbeleri kullanan OPCPA şemasının modifiye edilmiş bir uygulaması,Bu yaklaşımı birkaç çevrimli rejim 1 , 11 ve 12&#39;de daha yüksek darbe enerjileri ve ortalama güçler için ölçeklenebilir hale getiriyor. Kısa darbeli pompalı OPCPA&#39;daki yüksek pompa yoğunluğu nedeniyle, yüksek tek geçişli kazanç, geniş amplifikasyon bant genişliklerini desteklemek için çok ince kristallerin kullanılmasına olanak tanır. Kısa darbeli pompalı OPCPA&#39;nın birçok avantajı olmasına rağmen, bu yaklaşımın gerçeklenebilirliği, bu amaca özel olarak uyarlanmış lazerlere tabidir. Bu gibi pompa lazerlerinin, kHz ila MHz aralığı 13 , 14 , 15 arasında tekrarlama hızlarında yakın kırınımlı sınırlı kiriş kalitesi ile yüksek enerjili piksakiye bakliyat sunması gerekiyor. Yüksek enerjili ve yüksek ortalama güç ile pikosaniye lazer darbeleri sağlayabilen, farklı geometrilere sahip ititerbiyum katkılı lazerlerin piyasaya sürülmesi, 1 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 alanlarının güncel durumunu değiştirmek üzeredir. Yb: YAG iyi bir termal iletkenliğe sahiptir ve uzun süre üst-devlet ömrüne sahiptir ve uygun maliyetli diyot lazerleri ile pompalanabilir. İnce disk geometrisinde kullanıldığında performansı, pik ve ortalama gücü aynı anda ölçeklendirmek için kazanç ortamının verimli bir şekilde soğutulması nedeniyle belirgindir. Dahası, amplifikasyon işlemi sırasında kazanç ortamı içinde kendi kendine odaklamanın meydana gelmesi, diğer kazanç ortamı geometrilerine kıyasla ince diskin narinliğinden dolayı bastırılmış ve amplifikasyonlu darbelerin mükemmel zamansal ve mekansal profilleri elde edilmiştir. Bu konsepti EBM ile birleştirmek, yüzlerce milijoule enerji ve yüzlerce saniyelik pikselsiyal darbe üretme vaat ediyorOrtalama güç watt 19 , 20 . OPCPAs 21 pompalamak için uygun bir kaynak olarak üstün Günlük performans YAG ince disk rejeneratif amplifikatör: Bu çalışmanın amacı, bir anahtar Yb göstermektir. Bu amaca ulaşmak için, bu çalışma amplifikasyon işlemi sırasında birikmiş doğrusal olmayan fazı en aza indirgemek için amplifikatörü tohumlamak için birkaç mikron zıplama enerjili bir Yb: YAG ince disk osilatör 22 kullanmaktadır . Bu protokol, başka bir yerde tanımlanan lazer sistemini kurma ve çalıştırma reçetesi sağlar 21 . Bileşen uygulaması ve kontrol yazılımı ile ilgili ayrıntılar sunulmuş ve sistemin hizalama işlemi anlatılmıştır.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Electrooptics&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fiber-Coupled Diode Laser Module</td><td>Dilas Diodenlaser GmbH</td><td>M1F8H12-940.5-500C-IS11.34</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fiber-Coupled Diode Laser Module</td><td>Laserline GmbH</td><td>LDM1000-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Power Supply for Diode Laser</td><td>Delta Elektronika B.V.</td><td>SM 15-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Power Supply for Diode Laser</td><td>Delta Elektronika B.V.</td><td>SM 35-45</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pulse Picker&#039;s Driver</td><td>Bergmann Messger&amp;auml;te Entwicklung KG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pockels Cell&#039;s Driver</td><td>Bergmann Messger&amp;auml;te Entwicklung KG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pulse Picker&#039;s Driver Power Supply</td><td>Bergmann Messger&amp;auml;te Entwicklung KG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>PCD8m7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pockels Cell&#039;s Driver Power Supply</td><td>Bergmann Messger&amp;auml;te Entwicklung KG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>PCD8m7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Delay Generator PCI</td><td>Bergmann Messger&amp;auml;te Entwicklung KG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BME_SG08p</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Splitter Box</td><td>Bergmann Messger&amp;auml;te Entwicklung KG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Resonant Preamplifier</td><td>Bergmann Messger&amp;auml;te Entwicklung KG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BME_P03</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pulse Picker&#039;s crystal</td><td>Castech Inc.</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>12*12*20 mm&amp;sup3;</td></tr><tr><td>Pockels Cell&#039;s crystal</td><td>Castech Inc.</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>12*12*20 mm&amp;sup3;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Optics&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thin-disk</td><td>TRUMPF Scientific Lasers&amp;nbsp;</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thin-disk Head</td><td>TRUMPF Scientific Lasers&amp;nbsp;</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fiber</td><td>Frank Optic Products GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fiber Objective</td><td>Edmund Optics GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Faraday Isolator</td><td>Electro-Optics Technology, Inc</td><td>EOT.189.12231</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Faraday Rotator</td><td>Electro-Optics Technology, Inc</td><td>EOT.189.22040</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stretcher&#039;s Grating 1</td><td>Horiba Jobin Yvon GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>60*40*10 mm&amp;sup3;</td></tr><tr><td>Stretcher&#039;s Grating 2</td><td>Horiba Jobin Yvon GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>350*190*50 mm&amp;sup3;</td></tr><tr><td>Compressor&#039;s Grating 1</td><td>Plymouth Grating Laboratory, Inc.</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>40*40*16 mm&amp;sup3;</td></tr><tr><td>Compressor&#039;s Grating 2</td><td>Plymouth Grating Laboratory, Inc.</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>300*100*50 mm&amp;sup3;</td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (1030nm), flat, 0&amp;deg;</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>108060</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (1030nm), flat, 0&amp;deg;</td><td>Laseroptik GmbH</td><td>B-09965, S-04484</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (1030nm), flat, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>108063</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (1030nm), flat, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Laseroptik GmbH</td><td>B-09966, S-04484</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (1030nm), curved</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 2&quot; (1030nm), flat, 0&amp;deg;</td><td>Laseroptik GmbH</td><td>B-09965, S-05474</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 2&quot; (1030nm), flat, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Laseroptik GmbH</td><td>B-09966, S-05474</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thin Film Polarizer (1030nm), 2&quot;</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>103930</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Waveplate L/2 (1030nm)</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>106058</td><td>&amp;Oslash;=25mm</td></tr><tr><td>Waveplate L/4 (1030nm)</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>106060</td><td>&amp;Oslash;=25mm</td></tr><tr><td>AR Window (1030nm), wedge</td><td>Laseroptik GmbH</td><td>B-00183-01, S-00988</td><td>&amp;Oslash;=38mm</td></tr><tr><td>Output Coupler, 1&quot; (1030nm)</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>PR = 88 %</td></tr><tr><td>High-dispersion Mirror (1030nm)</td><td>UltraFast Innovations GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>GDD = -3000 fs&amp;sup2;</td></tr><tr><td>Lens, 1&quot; (1030nm), Plano-Convex</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Lens, 1&quot; (1030nm), Plano-Concave</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Lens, 2&quot; (1030nm), Plano-Convex</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Lens, 2&quot; (1030nm), Plano-Concave</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (515nm), flat, 0&amp;deg;</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>129784</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (515nm), flat, 0&amp;deg;</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>042-0515-i0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (515nm), flat, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>110924</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (515nm), flat, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>042-0515</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (515nm), curved</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (515nm), curved</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 2&quot; (515nm), flat, 0&amp;deg;</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>045-0515-i0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 2&quot; (515nm), flat, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>045-0515</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thin Film Polarizer (515nm), 2&quot;</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>112544</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Waveplate L/2 (515nm)</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>112546</td><td>&amp;Oslash;=25mm</td></tr><tr><td>Lens, 1&quot; (515nm), Plano-Convex</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Lens, 1&quot; (515nm), Plano-Concave</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Kerr Medium</td><td>Meller Optics, Inc.</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>Sapphire, 1mm</td></tr><tr><td>BBO Crystal</td><td>Castech Inc.</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>7*7*1.5 mm&amp;sup3;</td></tr><tr><td>Harmonic Separator, 1&quot;, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>042-5135</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Harmonic Separator, 2&quot;, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>045-5135</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silver Mirror, 1&quot;, flat</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>PF10-03-P01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silver Mirror, 1&quot;, curved</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Filter - Absorptive Neutral Density</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>NE##A</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Filter - Reflective Neutral Density</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>ND##A</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Filter - Round Continuously Variable</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>NDC-50C-4M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Filter - Edgepass Filter (Longpass)</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>FEL####</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Filter - Edgepass Filter (Shortpass)</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>FES####</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Wedge</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Optomechanics &amp;amp; Motion&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mirror Mount 1&quot; (small)</td><td>S. Maier GmbH</td><td>S1M4-##-1&amp;rdquo;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mirror Mount 1&quot; (large)</td><td>S. Maier GmbH</td><td>S3-##</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mirror Mount 1&quot;</td><td>TRUMPF Scientific Lasers&amp;nbsp;</td><td>1&quot; adjustable&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mirror Mount 2&quot;</td><td>S. Maier GmbH</td><td>S4-##</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mirror Mount 2&quot;</td><td>TRUMPF Scientific Lasers&amp;nbsp;</td><td>2&quot; adjustable&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rotation Mount 1&amp;rdquo;</td><td>S. Maier GmbH</td><td>D25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rotation Mount 1&amp;rdquo;</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>RSP1/M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rotation Mount 2&amp;rdquo;</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>RSP2/M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Precision Rotation Stage</td><td>Newport Corporation</td><td>M-UTR120</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Four-Axis Diffraction Grating Mount</td><td>Newport Corporation</td><td>DGM-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Translation Stage</td><td>OptoSigma Corporation</td><td>TADC-651SR25-M6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pockels cell stage</td><td>Newport Corporation</td><td>9082-M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pockels Cell Holder</td><td>Home-made</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Picomotor Controller/Driver Kit</td><td>Newport Corporation</td><td>8742-12-KIT</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Picomotor Piezo Linear Actuators</td><td>Newport Corporation</td><td>8301NF</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Picomotor Rotation Mount</td><td>Newport Corporation</td><td>8401-M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hand Control Pad</td><td>Newport Corporation</td><td>8758</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Light Analysis&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Beam Profiling Camera</td><td>Ophir Optronics Solutions Ltd</td><td>SP620</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Beam Profiling Camera</td><td>DataRay Inc.</td><td>WCD-UCD23</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Photodiodes (solw)</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>DET10A/M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Photodiodes (fast)</td><td>Alphalas GmbH</td><td>UPD-200-SP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thin-disk Camera</td><td>Imaging Development Systems GmbH</td><td>UI-2220SE-M-GL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Oscilloscope</td><td>Tektronix GmbH</td><td>DPO5204</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Oscilloscope</td><td>Teledyne LeCroy GmbH</td><td>SDA 760Zi-A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrometer</td><td>Avantes</td><td>AvaSpec-ULS3648-USB2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrometer</td><td>Ocean Optics, Inc</td><td>HR4C1769</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrometer</td><td>Ocean Optics, Inc</td><td>HR4C3762</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrometer</td><td>Ocean Optics, Inc</td><td>HR4D464</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrometer</td><td>Ocean Optics, Inc</td><td>HR4D466</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Thermal Power Sensor</td><td>Ophir Optronics Solutions Ltd</td><td>L50(150)A-PF-35</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Thermal Power Sensor</td><td>Ophir Optronics Solutions Ltd</td><td>FL500A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Thermal Power Sensor</td><td>Ophir Optronics Solutions Ltd</td><td>3A-P-V1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Power and Energy Meter</td><td>Ophir Optronics Solutions Ltd</td><td>Vega</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Systems&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Beam Stabilization System</td><td>TEM-Messtechnik GmbH</td><td>Aligna</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser M&amp;sup2; Measuring System</td><td>Ophir Optronics Solutions Ltd</td><td>M&amp;sup2;-200s</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FROG</td><td>Home-made</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>XFROG</td><td>Home-made</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Miscellaneous&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cooling Chiller</td><td>H.I.B Systemtechnik GmbH</td><td>6HE-000800-W-W-R23-2-DI</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cooling Chiller</td><td>Termotek GmbH</td><td>P201</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cooling Chiller</td><td>Termotek GmbH</td><td>P208</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Safety Goggles</td><td>Protect - Laserschutz GmbH</td><td>BGU 10-0165-G-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Infra-red Viewer</td><td>FJW Optical Systems</td><td>84499A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Viewing Card</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>VRC4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Viewing Card</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>VRC5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Viewing Card</td><td>Laser Components GmbH</td><td>LDT-1064 BG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Flowmeter</td><td>KOBOLD Messring GmbH</td><td>DTK-1250G2C34P</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pressure Gauge</td><td>KOBOLD Messring GmbH</td><td>EN 837-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Temperature Sensor</td><td>KOBOLD Messring GmbH</td><td>TDA-15H* ***P3M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>WinLase Software</td><td>Dr. C. Horvath &amp;amp; Dr. F. Loesel</td><td>WinLase Version 2.1 pro.</td><td>Laser Cavity Software</td></tr></tbody></table>

20 mj, 1 ps yb:yag thin-disk regenerative amplifier

Bu, 100 W, 20 mJ, 1 ps Yb: YAG ince diskli rejeneratif yükseltici hakkında bir rapordur. Rejeneratif darbeli darbe amplifikatörünü tohumlamak için, anahtar teslimi performans ve mikrojüple seviye darbe enerjisi ile bir ev yapımı Yb: YAG ince disk, Kerr-mercek mod kilitli osilatör kullanılır. Amplifikatör, hava geçirmez muhafazaya yerleştirilir. Oda sıcaklığında çalışır ve% 5&#39;den daha düşük darbe-darbe kararlılığı ile 5 kHz tekrarlama hızında kararlı bir çalışma sergilemektedir. 1.5 mm kalınlığında bir beta baryum borat kristali kullanarak, lazer çıktısının frekansı, 70 W&#39;lik ortalama bir güçle,% 70 optik-optik verimliliğe karşılık gelen 515 nm&#39;ye iki katına çıkarılır. Bu üstün performans, sistemi yakın kızılötesi ve orta kızıl ötesi spektral aralıktaki optik parametrik darbeli amplifikatörler için çekici bir pompa kaynağı haline getirir. Anahtar teslim performansı ve rejeneratif amplifikatörün üstün stabilitesini birleştiren sistem, geniş bant, CEP-kararlıtohum. Bir lazer kaynağından optik parametrik darbeli amplifikasyonun (OPCPA) tohum ve pompasının sağlanması, bu darbeler arasında aktif geçici senkronizasyon talebini ortadan kaldırır. Bu çalışma, optik parametrik darbeli darbe amplifikatörü için bir pompa kaynağı olarak, darbeli darbe amplifikasyonuna (CPA) dayanan bir Yb: YAG ince disk rejeneratif amplifikatörü kurmak ve çalıştırmak için ayrıntılı bir kılavuz sunmaktadır.

<html> Osilatör, 1 saate (%) darbe-pals istikrarı ve 1 saatlik ölçüm boyunca% 0.6&#39;dan daha az kirişle işaret eden dalgalanmalar ile, 11 MHz tekrar hızında 350 fs, 2 μJ, 25 W&#39;lık darbeler üretmektedir ( Şekil 4 ). <img alt="Şekil 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55717/55717fig4.jpg" /> Şekil 4 : Yb: YAG ince diskli, Kerr-mercek mod kilitli osilatör. ( A ) Osilatör darbelerinin spektrumu (kırmızı), alınan zamansal yoğunluk profili (mavi) ve mekansal profil (inset). ( B ) Osilatörün ölçülmüş ve alınmış SHG-FROG spektrografı. Bu rakam Fattahi ve diğerleri tarafından değiştirilmiştir . , Referans 21&#39;den izin alınarak.&gt; Bu rakamın daha büyük bir versiyonunu görmek için lütfen tıklayınız. Tohum darbeleri,% 47&#39;lik bir optik-optik verimliliğe tekabül eden 280 W&#39;da 940 nm&#39;lik bir dalga boyundaki bir CW fiber bağlı diyot ile pompalanırken, rejeneratif amplifikatörde 125 W yükseltilir. Amplifikatörün darbe-darbeli kararlılığı% 1&#39;den az ve amplifikatör 10 saatlik sürekli çalışma sonrasında mükemmel uzun vadeli kararlılık sergiliyor. Yükseltilmiş ışın, M 2 1 (M 2 x = 1.08 ve M 2 y = 1.07) ve 1 ps&#39;ye (FWHM&#39;de) sıkıştırıldıktan sonra mükemmel bir zamansal profile sahip mükemmel bir mekansal profile sahiptir ( Şekil 5 ). <img alt="Şekil 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55717/55717fig5.jpg" /> Şekil 5 : Şebeke geri besleme amplifikatörünün karakterizasyonuÇıktı ve kazanç daraltma etkisi. ( A ) 10 saatlik kesintisiz çalışma sonrasında rejeneratif amplifikatörün ortalama gücünün kararlılığı. Başlangıç: ( a-1 ) 0.5 saatlik bir zaman aralığında ortalama değere göre normalize edilmiş güç; ( A-2 ) Şebeke geri besleme amplifikatörünün çıkış demeti profili. ( B ) ızgaralı kompresörden sonra 100 W ortalama gücündeki lazer darbelerinin yükseltici çıkış spektrumu (yeşil) ve alınan zamansal yoğunluk (mavi). ( C ) 300 W&#39;lık pompa gücündeki aynı çıktı ortalama gücü için amplifikatör çıktısının spektral bant genişliği (FWHM) ve gerekli turlar arasındaki tohum enerjisi. Bu rakam Fattahi ve diğerleri tarafından değiştirilmiştir . , Referans 21&#39;den izin alınarak. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55717/55717fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakamın daha büyük bir versiyonunu görmek için lütfen tıklayınız.</a> 25 kullanılarak analiz edildi. 1) Bir faz-eşleme açısı 13.7 ° ve doğrusal olmayan 0.819 pm / V katsayısına sahip, tip I, 6 mm kalınlığında lityum triborat (LBO) ve 2) a tip-I, 23.4 ° &#39;lik bir faz eşleme açısı ve 2 de / V 26, 27, doğrusal olmayan bir katsayı ile 3 mm kalınlığında BBO. 1-PS 20-mJ 1.030 nm ve GW / cm2 simülasyon girdi olarak kabul edildi, 100 bir tepe şiddetine de titreşir. Simülasyon sonuçları BBO performansının SHG için LBO&#39;nun performansından daha üstün olduğunu göstermiştir ( Şekil 6 ). <img alt="Şekil 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55717/55717fig6.jpg" /> Şekil 6 : İkinci harmonik üretimi. ( A ) Benzetimli SHG ene6 mm kalınlığında bir LBO kristali ve 3 mm kalınlığında bir BBO kristali için rgy. ( B ) 0.5 mJ (siyah) ve 20 mJ (yeşil) amplifikatör çıkışı kullanılarak 1.5 mm kalınlığında BBO kristalinde giriş pompası zirve yoğunluğuna karşı deneysel SHG verimliliği. ( C ) Elde edilen spektral yoğunluk ve ( d ) (b) &#39;de A, B ve C noktalarına karşılık gelen farklı SHG etkinlikleri için XFROG ölçümlerinin grup gecikmesi. Bu rakam Fattahi ve diğerleri tarafından değiştirilmiştir . , Referans izni ile 21 . <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55717/55717fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakamın daha büyük bir versiyonunu görmek için lütfen tıklayınız.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier at JoVE.com

20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier

Burada Yb: YAG ince diskli rejeneratif yükselticiye dayanan yüksek enerjili, yüksek güçlü bir optik parametrik darbeli darbeli amplifikatör pompa kaynağının çalışması için bir protokol sunulmuştur.

20 mJ, 1 ps Yb: YAG İnce Diskli Şarj Edici Amplifikatör

This is a report on a 100 W, 20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG thin-disk regenerative amplifier. A homemade Yb:YAG thin-disk, Kerr-lens mode-locked oscillator with ...

20-mj-1-ps-ybyag-thin-disk-regenerative-amplifier

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11.4K Görüntüleme.  Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.  Burada Yb: YAG ince diskli rejeneratif yükselticiye dayanan yüksek enerjili, yüksek güçlü bir optik parametrik darbeli darbeli amplifikatör pompa kaynağının çalışması için bir protokol sunulmuştur. 

Video: 20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

Today's telecommunication is based on optical packets which transmit the information in optical fiber networks around the world. Currently, the processing of the signals is done in the electrical domain. Direct storage in the optical domain would avoid the transfer of the packets to the electrical and back to the optical domain in every network node and, therefore, increase the speed and possibly reduce the energy consumption of telecommunications. However, light consists of photons which propagate with the speed of light in vacuum. Thus, the storage of light is a big challenge. There exist some methods to slow down the speed of the light, or to store it in excitations of a medium. However, these methods cannot be used for the storage of optical data packets used in telecommunications networks. Here we show how the time-frequency-coherence, which holds for every signal and therefore for optical packets as well, can be exploited to build an optical memory. We will review the background and show in detail and through examples, how a frequency comb can be used for the copying of an optical packet which enters the memory. One of these time domain copies is then extracted from the memory by a time domain switch. We will show this method for intensity as well as for phase modulated signals.

The article describes a procedure to store optical data packets with an arbitrary modulation, wavelength, and data rate. These packets are the basis of modern telecommunications.

Optik Veri paketler için yarı-ışık Depolama

Today's telecommunication is based on optical packets which transmit the information in optical fiber networks around the world. Currently, the processing ...

Mühendislik

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

Gradient echo memory (GEM) is a protocol for storing optical quantum states of light in atomic ensembles. The primary motivation for such a technology is that quantum key distribution (QKD), which uses Heisenberg uncertainty to guarantee security of cryptographic keys, is limited in transmission distance. The development of a quantum repeater is a possible path to extend QKD range, but a repeater will need a quantum memory. In our experiments we use a gas of rubidium 87 vapor that is contained in a warm gas cell. This makes the scheme particularly simple. It is also a highly versatile scheme that enables in-memory refinement of the stored state, such as frequency shifting and bandwidth manipulation. The basis of the GEM protocol is to absorb the light into an ensemble of atoms that has been prepared in a magnetic field gradient. The reversal of this gradient leads to rephasing of the atomic polarization and thus recall of the stored optical state. We will outline how we prepare the atoms and this gradient and also describe some of the pitfalls that need to be avoided, in particular four-wave mixing, which can give rise to optical gain.

The gradient echo memory is a protocol for storing optical quantum states of light in atomic ensembles. Quantum memory is a key element of a quantum repeater, which can extend the range of quantum key distribution. We outline the operation of the scheme when implemented in a 3-level atomic ensemble.

Sıcak Atom Vapor Gradient Echo Kuantum Hafıza

Gradient  echo memory (GEM) is a protocol for storing optical quantum states of light in  atomic ensembles. The primary motivation for such a technology ...

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

We present a cooling method for a cold Fermi gas by parametrically driving atomic motions in a crossed-beam optical dipole trap (ODT). Our method employs the anharmonicity of the ODT, in which the hotter atoms at the edge of the trap feel the anharmonic components of the trapping potential, while the colder atoms in the center of the trap feel the harmonic one. By modulating the trap depth with frequencies that are resonant with the anharmonic components, we selectively excite the hotter atoms out of the trap while keeping the colder atoms in the trap, generating parametric cooling. This experimental protocol starts with a magneto-optical trap (MOT) that is loaded by a Zeeman slower. The precooled atoms in the MOT are then transferred to an ODT, and a bias magnetic field is applied to create an interacting Fermi gas. We then lower the trapping potential to prepare a cold Fermi gas near the degenerate temperature. After that, we sweep the magnetic field to the noninteracting regime of the Fermi gas, in which the parametric cooling can be manifested by modulating the intensity of the optical trapping beams. We find that the parametric cooling effect strongly depends on the modulation frequencies and amplitudes. With the optimized frequency and amplitude, we measure the dependence of the cloud energy on the modulation time. We observe that the cloud energy is changed in an anisotropic way, where the energy of the axial direction is significantly reduced by parametric driving. The cooling effect is limited to the axial direction because the dominant anharmonicity of the crossed-beam ODT is along the axial direction. Finally, we propose to extend this protocol for the trapping potentials of large anharmonicity in all directions, which provides a promising scheme for cooling quantum gases using external driving.

We present a parametric driving method to cool an ultracold Fermi gas in a crossed-beam optical dipole trap. This method selectively removes high-energy atoms from the trap by periodically modulating the trap depth with frequencies that are resonant with the anharmonic components of the trapping potential.

Periyodik Sürüş tarafından Optik tuzağa Ultracold Fermi Gaz Soğutma

We present a cooling method for a cold Fermi gas by parametrically driving atomic motions in a crossed-beam optical dipole trap (ODT). Our method employs ...

High-speed Continuous-wave Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Spectrometer for Material Analysis

Recent years have witnessed a significant increase in the use of spontaneous Brillouin spectrometers for non-contact analysis of soft matter, such as aqueous solutions and biomaterials, with fast acquisition times. Here, we discuss the assembly and operation of a Brillouin spectrometer that uses stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) to measure stimulated Brillouin gain (SBG) spectra of water and lipid emulsion-based tissue-like samples in transmission mode with &lt;10 MHz spectral-resolution and &lt;35 MHz Brillouin-shift measurement precision at &lt;100 ms. The spectrometer consists of two nearly counter-propagating continuous-wave (CW) narrow-linewidth lasers at 780 nm whose frequency detuning is scanned through the material Brillouin shift. By using an ultra-narrowband hot rubidium-85 vapor notch filter and a phase-sensitive detector, the signal-to-noise-ratio of the SBG signal is significantly enhanced compared to that obtained with existing CW-SBS spectrometers. This improvement enables measurement of SBG spectra with up to 100-fold faster acquisition times, thereby facilitating high spectral-resolution and high-precision Brillouin analysis of soft materials at high speed.

We describe the construction of a rapid continuous-wave-stimulated-Brillouin-scattering (CW-SBS) spectrometer. The spectrometer employs single-frequency diode-lasers and an atomic vapor notch-filter to acquire transmission spectra of turbid/non-turbid samples with high spectral-resolution at speeds up to 100-fold faster than those of existing CW-SBS spectrometers. This improvement enables high-speed Brillouin material analysis.

Yüksek hızda sürekli uyarılan Brillouin saçılma Spektrometre için malzeme analizi

Recent years have witnessed a significant increase in the use of spontaneous Brillouin spectrometers for non-contact analysis of soft matter, such as ...

Experimental Methods for Trapping Ions Using Microfabricated Surface Ion Traps

Ions trapped in a quadrupole Paul trap have been considered one of the strong physical candidates to implement quantum information processing. This is due to their long coherence time and their capability to manipulate and detect individual quantum bits (qubits). In more recent years, microfabricated surface ion traps have received more attention for large-scale integrated qubit platforms. This paper presents a microfabrication methodology for ion traps using micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) technology, including the fabrication method for a 14 &#181;m-thick dielectric layer and metal overhang structures atop the dielectric layer. In addition, an experimental procedure for trapping ytterbium (Yb) ions of isotope 174 (174Yb+) using 369.5 nm, 399 nm, and 935 nm diode lasers is described. These methodologies and procedures involve many scientific and engineering disciplines, and this paper first presents the detailed experimental procedures. The methods discussed in this paper can easily be extended to the trapping of Yb ions of isotope 171 (171Yb+) and to the manipulation of qubits.

This paper presents a microfabrication methodology for surface ion traps, as well as a detailed experimental procedure for trapping ytterbium ions in a room-temperature environment.

Microfabricated kullanarak iyonları bindirme için deneysel yöntemleri iyon tuzakları yüzey

Ions trapped in a quadrupole Paul trap have been considered one of the strong physical candidates to implement quantum information processing. This is due ...

Optical Recording of Suprathreshold Neural Activity with Single-cell and Single-spike Resolution

Signaling of information in the vertebrate central nervous system is often carried by populations of neurons rather than individual neurons. Also propagation of suprathreshold spiking activity involves populations of neurons. Empirical studies addressing cortical function directly thus require recordings from populations of neurons with high resolution. Here we describe an optical method and a deconvolution algorithm to record neural activity from up to 100 neurons with single-cell and single-spike resolution. This method relies on detection of the transient increases in intracellular somatic calcium concentration associated with suprathreshold electrical spikes (action potentials) in cortical neurons. High temporal resolution of the optical recordings is achieved by a fast random-access scanning technique using acousto-optical deflectors (AODs)1. Two-photon excitation of the calcium-sensitive dye results in high spatial resolution in opaque brain tissue2. Reconstruction of spikes from the fluorescence calcium recordings is achieved by a maximum-likelihood method. Simultaneous electrophysiological and optical recordings indicate that our method reliably detects spikes (&gt;97% spike detection efficiency), has a low rate of false positive spike detection (&lt; 0.003 spikes/sec), and a high temporal precision (about 3 msec) 3. This optical method of spike detection can be used to record neural activity in vitro and in anesthetized animals in vivo3,4.

Understanding the function of the vertebrate central nervous system requires recordings from many neurons because cortical function arises on the level of populations of neurons. Here we describe an optical method to record suprathreshold neural activity with single-cell and single-spike resolution, dithered random-access scanning. This method records somatic fluorescence calcium signals from up to 100 neurons with high temporal resolution. A maximum-likelihood algorithm deconvolves the underlying suprathreshold neural activity from the somatic fluorescence calcium signals. This method reliably detects spikes with high detection efficiency and a low rate of false positives and can be used to study neural populations in vitro and in vivo.

Tek hücreli ve tek başak çözünürlüğe sahip supratreshold nöral aktivitenin Optik kaydı

Signaling of information in the vertebrate central nervous system is often carried by populations of neurons rather than individual neurons. Also ...

Nörobilim

Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing

We present a protocol for performing gas spectroscopy using infrared degenerated four-wave mixing (IR-DFWM), for the quantitative detection of gas species in the ppm-to-single-percent range. The main purpose of the method is the spatially resolved detection of low-concentration species, which have no transitions in the visible or near-IR spectral range that could be used for detection. IR-DFWM is a nonintrusive method, which is a great advantage in combustion research, as inserting a probe into a flame can change it drastically. The IR-DFWM is combined with upconversion detection. This detection scheme uses sum-frequency generation to move the IR-DFWM signal from the mid-IR to the near-IR region, to take advantage of the superior noise characteristics of silicon-based detectors. This process also rejects most of the thermal background radiation. The focus of the protocol presented here is on the proper alignment of the IR-DFWM optics and on how to align an intracavity upconversion detection system.

Here, we present a protocol to perform sensitive, spatially resolved gas spectroscopy in the mid-infrared region, using degenerate four-wave mixing combined with upconversion detection.

Kızılötesi dejenere dört-dalga ile kantitatif gaz algılama için Upconversion algılama karıştırma

We present a protocol for performing gas spectroscopy using infrared degenerated four-wave mixing (IR-DFWM), for the quantitative detection of gas species ...

Low-cost Custom Fabrication and Mode-locked Operation of an All-normal-dispersion Femtosecond Fiber Laser for Multiphoton Microscopy

A protocol is presented to build a custom low-cost yet high-performance femtosecond (fs) fiber laser. This all-normal-dispersion (ANDi) ytterbium-doped fiber laser is built completely using commercially available parts, including $8,000 in fiber optic and pump laser components, plus $4,800 in standard optical components and extra-cavity accessories. Researchers new to fiber optic device fabrication may also consider investing in basic fiber splicing and laser pulse characterization equipment (~$63,000). Important for optimal laser operation, methods to verify true versus apparent (partial or noise-like) mode-locked performance are presented. This system achieves 70 fs pulse duration with a center wavelength of approximately 1,070 nm and a pulse repetition rate of 31 MHz. This fiber laser exhibits the peak performance that may be obtained for an easily assembled fiber laser system, which makes this design ideal for research laboratories aiming to develop compact and portable fs laser technologies that enable new implementations of clinical multiphoton microscopy and fs surgery.

A method is presented to build a custom low-cost, mode-locked femtosecond fiber laser for potential applications in multiphoton microscopy, endoscopy, and photomedicine. This laser is built using commercially available parts and basic splicing techniques.

Multifoton Mikroskopisi için Tüm Normal Dağılımlı Femtosecond Fiber Lazerin Düşük Maliyetli Özel İmalat ve Mode-kilitli Çalışması

A protocol is presented to build a custom low-cost yet high-performance femtosecond (fs) fiber laser. This all-normal-dispersion (ANDi) ytterbium-doped ...

Ultrafast Time-resolved Near-IR Stimulated Raman Measurements of Functional &#960;-conjugate Systems

Femtosecond time-resolved stimulated Raman spectroscopy is a promising method of observing the structural dynamics of short-lived transients with near infrared (near-IR) transitions, because it can overcome the low sensitivity of spontaneous Raman spectrometers in the near-IR region. Here, we describe technical details of a femtosecond time-resolved near-IR multiplex stimulated Raman spectrometer that we have recently developed. A description of signal generation and optimization, measurement, data acquisition, and calibration and correction of recorded data is provided as well. We present an application of our spectrometer to analyze the excited-state dynamics of &#946;-carotene in toluene solution. A C=C stretch band of &#946;-carotene in the second lowest excited singlet (S2) state and the lowest excited singlet (S1) state is clearly observed in the recorded time-resolved stimulated Raman spectra. The femtosecond time-resolved near-IR stimulated Raman spectrometer is applicable to the structural dynamics of &#960;-conjugate systems from simple molecules to complex materials.

Details of signal generation and optimization, measurement, data acquisition, and data handling for a femtosecond time-resolved near-IR stimulated Raman spectrometer are described. A near infrared stimulated Raman study on the excited-state dynamics of &#946;-carotene in toluene is shown as a representative application.

Ultrahızlı Zaman Çözümlü Yakın-IR Uyarılmış Raman Fonksiyonel π-konjuge Sistemlerinin Ölçümleri

Femtosecond time-resolved stimulated Raman spectroscopy is a promising method of observing the structural dynamics of short-lived transients with near ...

Kimya

Rapid Repetition Rate Fluctuation Measurement of Soliton Crystals in a Microresonator

Temporal solitons have attracted great interest in the past decades for their behavior in a steady state, where the dispersion is balanced by the nonlinearity in a propagation Kerr medium. The development of dissipative Kerr solitons (DKSs) in high-Q microcavities drives a novel, compact, chip-scale soliton source. When DKSs serve as femtosecond pulses, the repetition rate fluctuation can be applied to ultrahigh precision metrology, high-speed optical sampling, and optical clocks, etc. In this paper, the rapid repetition rate fluctuation of soliton crystals (SCs), a special state of DKSs where particle-like solitons are tightly packed and fully occupy a resonator, is measured based on the well-known delayed self-heterodyne method. The SCs are generated using a thermal-controlled method. The pump is a frequency fixed laser with a linewidth of 100 Hz. The integral time in frequency fluctuation measurements is controlled by the length of the delay fiber. For a SC with a single vacancy, the repetition rate fluctuations are ~53.24 Hz within 10 &#181;s and ~509.32 Hz within 125 &#181;s, respectively.

Here, we present a protocol to generate soliton crystals in a butterfly-packaged micro-ring resonator using a thermal tuned method. Further, the repetition rate fluctuations of a soliton crystal with a single vacancy are measured using a delayed self-heterodyne method.