Name: 20 mj, 1 ps yb:yag thin-disk regenerative amplifier
Uploaded: 2017-07-12T12:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 10 min 17 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier at JoVE.com

Wir danken Prof. Ferenc Krausz für die Diskussionen und Najd Altwaijry für ihre Unterstützung für die Fertigstellung des Manuskripts. Diese Arbeit wurde durch das Center for Advanced Laser Applications (CALA) finanziert.

<ol>
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Der schlüsselfertige Betrieb des Oszillators wird durch die optimale Wärmemanagement der verschiedenen Komponenten des Lasers erreicht. Der Ausgang des Oszillators ist täglich reproduzierbar, ohne dass eine zusätzliche Ausrichtung oder Optimierung erforderlich ist. Darüber hinaus erfüllt die Puls-zu-Puls-Energiestabilität und die räumliche Punktstabilität des Saatlasers die Voraussetzungen, um den stabilen Betrieb des regenerativen Verstärkers zu erreichen. Andere Niedrigenergie-Saatquellen, wie z. B. Faserverstärker, können verwendet werden, um den Verstärker zu säen. In dieser Studie wurde ein 2 μJ Yb: YAG-Dünnschicht-KLM-Oszillator verwendet, um die Verstärkung des regenerativen Verstärkers durch Verringerung des Wachstums der angesammelten nichtlinearen Phasen zu unterstützen, da die erforderliche Anzahl von Rundfahrten für höher eingeführte Samenergie verringert wird . Darüber hinaus beeinflusst die höhere Saatgut-Energie den Verstärkungsprozess und reduziert die Verstärkung. Die gemessene spektrale Bandbreite der verstärkten ImpulseEs für verschiedene Samenergien bei einer festen Pumpenleistung ist in Abbildung 5c ​​gezeigt . Verstärkte spektrale Bandbreite sinkt für niedrigere Samenergien wegen der Verringerung der Verstärkung. Für 10 pJ Samenenergie arbeitet der Laser in der Periodenverdopplung, und es ist nicht möglich, einen stabilen Betrieb zu erreichen, auch wenn die Anzahl der Rundfahrten erhöht wird. Neben der sorgfältigen Optimierung der Kühlsysteme und der Stromversorgung der Dioden spielt der Betrieb des regenerativen Verstärkers bei der Sättigung eine wesentliche Rolle bei der erreichten Stabilität des Verstärkers. Die grundlegende oder zweite Harmonische des Lasers kann verwendet werden, um ein OPCPA-System zu pumpen. Für SHG wurden die Leistungen eines LBO und eines BBO-Kristalls verglichen, da sie trotz des größeren räumlichen Walk-offs und der begrenzten verfügbaren Blende im Falle von BBO einen hohen nichtlinearen Koeffizienten und Schadensschwelle bieten. Da der nichtlineare Koeffizient von BBO fast doppelt so hoch ist wie der LBO, ist ein kürzerer Kristall sufUm die Sättigungsgrenze für SHG zu erreichen ( Abbildung 6a ). Daher ist BBO die geeignetere Wahl, da die akkumulierte nichtlineare Phase kleiner ist 28 . Die Pulsdauern der SH-Impulse werden experimentell bei unterschiedlichen Umwandlungswirkungsgraden charakterisiert. Es wurde beobachtet, dass bei hohen Umwandlungswirkungsgraden das SHG-Spektrum erweitert und eine höherwertige Spektralphase erscheint ( Abbildung 6 ). Daher wird der Fall B mit dem Umwandlungswirkungsgrad von 70% gewählt, wo der SH und die nicht umgesetzten Grundstrahlen eine ausgezeichnete Qualität erhalten.

Die Erzeugung von hochenergetischen, wenigen Zyklus-Laserpulsen mit einer hohen Wiederholrate ist für angewandte Felder wie die Attosekundenwissenschaft 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 und die Hochfeldphysik 5 , 6 von großem Interesse, die direkt zugute kommen Aus der Verfügbarkeit solcher Quellen. OPCPA stellt den vielversprechendsten Weg zur Erzielung hoher Pulsenergien und großer Verstärkungsbandbreiten dar, die gleichzeitig wenige Zyklusimpulse unterstützen 1 . Bis heute ermöglicht OPCPA eine Ultrabreitbandverstärkung, die wenige Zyklusimpulse 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 erzeugt . Eine modifizierte Implementierung des OPCPA-Schemas, das kurze Pumpimpulse auf der Pikosekunden-Skala verwendet, hält jedoch VersprechenWobei dieser Ansatz für noch höhere Puls-Energien und durchschnittliche Potenzen im wenigen Zyklus-Regime 1 , 11 , 12 skalierbar ist. Aufgrund der hohen Pumpenintensität bei kurzimpulsgepumptem OPCPA ermöglicht die hohe Single-Pass-Verstärkung die Verwendung von sehr dünnen Kristallen, um große Verstärkungsbandbreiten zu unterstützen. Obwohl das kurzpulsgepumpte OPCPA viele Vorteile hat, unterliegt die Realisierbarkeit dieses Ansatzes der Verfügbarkeit von Lasern, die speziell für diesen Zweck zugeschnitten sind. Solche Pumplaser sind verpflichtet, hochenergetische Pikosekundenimpulse mit nahezu beugungsbegrenzter Strahlqualität bei Wiederholraten im kHz bis MHz Bereich 13 , 14 , 15 zu liefern. Die Einführung von Ytterbium-dotierten Lasern in verschiedenen Geometrien, die in der Lage sind, Pikosekunden-Laserpulse mit hoher Energie und hoher Durchschnittsleistung zu liefernUm den aktuellen Zustand des Feldes 1 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 zu ändern. Yb: YAG hat eine gute Wärmeleitfähigkeit und eine lange Lebensdauer des oberen Lebens und kann durch kostengünstige Diodenlaser gepumpt werden. Seine Leistung bei Verwendung in Dünnschicht-Geometrie ist hervorragend aufgrund der effizienten Kühlung des Verstärkungsmediums, um gleichzeitig die Spitzen- und Durchschnittsleistung zu skalieren. Darüber hinaus wird das Auftreten von Selbstfokussierung innerhalb des Verstärkungsmediums während des Verstärkungsprozesses aufgrund der Schlankheit der Dünnschicht im Vergleich zu anderen Verstärkungsmediumgeometrien unterdrückt, was zu exzellenten zeitlichen und räumlichen Profilen der verstärkten Impulse führt. Die Kombination dieses Konzepts mit CPA hält Versprechen für die Erzeugung von Pikosekunden-Impulsen mit Hunderten von Millajoulen Energie und HundertenVon Watt der durchschnittlichen Macht 19 , 20 . Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, einen schlüsselfertigen Yb: YAG-Dünnschicht-Regenerationsverstärker mit hervorragender Tagesleistung als geeignete Quelle für das Pumpen von OPCPAs 21 zu demonstrieren. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, verwendet diese Studie einen Yb: YAG-Dünnschicht-Oszillator 22 mit mehreren Mikrokoppeln von Pulsenergie, um den Verstärker zu säubern, um die akkumulierte nichtlineare Phase während des Verstärkungsprozesses zu minimieren. Dieses Protokoll liefert das Rezept für den Bau und Betrieb des Lasersystems, das an anderer Stelle beschrieben wird 21 . Details zur Komponentenimplementierung und Steuerungssoftware werden vorgestellt und der Ausrichtungsprozess des Systems beschrieben.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Electrooptics&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fiber-Coupled Diode Laser Module</td><td>Dilas Diodenlaser GmbH</td><td>M1F8H12-940.5-500C-IS11.34</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fiber-Coupled Diode Laser Module</td><td>Laserline GmbH</td><td>LDM1000-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Power Supply for Diode Laser</td><td>Delta Elektronika B.V.</td><td>SM 15-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Power Supply for Diode Laser</td><td>Delta Elektronika B.V.</td><td>SM 35-45</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pulse Picker&#039;s Driver</td><td>Bergmann Messger&amp;auml;te Entwicklung KG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pockels Cell&#039;s Driver</td><td>Bergmann Messger&amp;auml;te Entwicklung KG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pulse Picker&#039;s Driver Power Supply</td><td>Bergmann Messger&amp;auml;te Entwicklung KG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>PCD8m7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pockels Cell&#039;s Driver Power Supply</td><td>Bergmann Messger&amp;auml;te Entwicklung KG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>PCD8m7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Delay Generator PCI</td><td>Bergmann Messger&amp;auml;te Entwicklung KG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BME_SG08p</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Splitter Box</td><td>Bergmann Messger&amp;auml;te Entwicklung KG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Resonant Preamplifier</td><td>Bergmann Messger&amp;auml;te Entwicklung KG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BME_P03</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pulse Picker&#039;s crystal</td><td>Castech Inc.</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>12*12*20 mm&amp;sup3;</td></tr><tr><td>Pockels Cell&#039;s crystal</td><td>Castech Inc.</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>12*12*20 mm&amp;sup3;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Optics&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thin-disk</td><td>TRUMPF Scientific Lasers&amp;nbsp;</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thin-disk Head</td><td>TRUMPF Scientific Lasers&amp;nbsp;</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fiber</td><td>Frank Optic Products GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fiber Objective</td><td>Edmund Optics GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Faraday Isolator</td><td>Electro-Optics Technology, Inc</td><td>EOT.189.12231</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Faraday Rotator</td><td>Electro-Optics Technology, Inc</td><td>EOT.189.22040</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stretcher&#039;s Grating 1</td><td>Horiba Jobin Yvon GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>60*40*10 mm&amp;sup3;</td></tr><tr><td>Stretcher&#039;s Grating 2</td><td>Horiba Jobin Yvon GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>350*190*50 mm&amp;sup3;</td></tr><tr><td>Compressor&#039;s Grating 1</td><td>Plymouth Grating Laboratory, Inc.</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>40*40*16 mm&amp;sup3;</td></tr><tr><td>Compressor&#039;s Grating 2</td><td>Plymouth Grating Laboratory, Inc.</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>300*100*50 mm&amp;sup3;</td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (1030nm), flat, 0&amp;deg;</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>108060</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (1030nm), flat, 0&amp;deg;</td><td>Laseroptik GmbH</td><td>B-09965, S-04484</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (1030nm), flat, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>108063</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (1030nm), flat, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Laseroptik GmbH</td><td>B-09966, S-04484</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (1030nm), curved</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 2&quot; (1030nm), flat, 0&amp;deg;</td><td>Laseroptik GmbH</td><td>B-09965, S-05474</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 2&quot; (1030nm), flat, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Laseroptik GmbH</td><td>B-09966, S-05474</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thin Film Polarizer (1030nm), 2&quot;</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>103930</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Waveplate L/2 (1030nm)</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>106058</td><td>&amp;Oslash;=25mm</td></tr><tr><td>Waveplate L/4 (1030nm)</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>106060</td><td>&amp;Oslash;=25mm</td></tr><tr><td>AR Window (1030nm), wedge</td><td>Laseroptik GmbH</td><td>B-00183-01, S-00988</td><td>&amp;Oslash;=38mm</td></tr><tr><td>Output Coupler, 1&quot; (1030nm)</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>PR = 88 %</td></tr><tr><td>High-dispersion Mirror (1030nm)</td><td>UltraFast Innovations GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>GDD = -3000 fs&amp;sup2;</td></tr><tr><td>Lens, 1&quot; (1030nm), Plano-Convex</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Lens, 1&quot; (1030nm), Plano-Concave</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Lens, 2&quot; (1030nm), Plano-Convex</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Lens, 2&quot; (1030nm), Plano-Concave</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (515nm), flat, 0&amp;deg;</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>129784</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (515nm), flat, 0&amp;deg;</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>042-0515-i0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (515nm), flat, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>110924</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (515nm), flat, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>042-0515</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (515nm), curved</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (515nm), curved</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 2&quot; (515nm), flat, 0&amp;deg;</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>045-0515-i0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 2&quot; (515nm), flat, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>045-0515</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thin Film Polarizer (515nm), 2&quot;</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>112544</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Waveplate L/2 (515nm)</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>112546</td><td>&amp;Oslash;=25mm</td></tr><tr><td>Lens, 1&quot; (515nm), Plano-Convex</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Lens, 1&quot; (515nm), Plano-Concave</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Kerr Medium</td><td>Meller Optics, Inc.</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>Sapphire, 1mm</td></tr><tr><td>BBO Crystal</td><td>Castech Inc.</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>7*7*1.5 mm&amp;sup3;</td></tr><tr><td>Harmonic Separator, 1&quot;, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>042-5135</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Harmonic Separator, 2&quot;, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>045-5135</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silver Mirror, 1&quot;, flat</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>PF10-03-P01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silver Mirror, 1&quot;, curved</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Filter - Absorptive Neutral Density</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>NE##A</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Filter - Reflective Neutral Density</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>ND##A</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Filter - Round Continuously Variable</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>NDC-50C-4M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Filter - Edgepass Filter (Longpass)</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>FEL####</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Filter - Edgepass Filter (Shortpass)</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>FES####</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Wedge</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Optomechanics &amp;amp; Motion&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mirror Mount 1&quot; (small)</td><td>S. Maier GmbH</td><td>S1M4-##-1&amp;rdquo;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mirror Mount 1&quot; (large)</td><td>S. Maier GmbH</td><td>S3-##</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mirror Mount 1&quot;</td><td>TRUMPF Scientific Lasers&amp;nbsp;</td><td>1&quot; adjustable&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mirror Mount 2&quot;</td><td>S. Maier GmbH</td><td>S4-##</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mirror Mount 2&quot;</td><td>TRUMPF Scientific Lasers&amp;nbsp;</td><td>2&quot; adjustable&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rotation Mount 1&amp;rdquo;</td><td>S. Maier GmbH</td><td>D25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rotation Mount 1&amp;rdquo;</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>RSP1/M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rotation Mount 2&amp;rdquo;</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>RSP2/M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Precision Rotation Stage</td><td>Newport Corporation</td><td>M-UTR120</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Four-Axis Diffraction Grating Mount</td><td>Newport Corporation</td><td>DGM-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Translation Stage</td><td>OptoSigma Corporation</td><td>TADC-651SR25-M6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pockels cell stage</td><td>Newport Corporation</td><td>9082-M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pockels Cell Holder</td><td>Home-made</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Picomotor Controller/Driver Kit</td><td>Newport Corporation</td><td>8742-12-KIT</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Picomotor Piezo Linear Actuators</td><td>Newport Corporation</td><td>8301NF</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Picomotor Rotation Mount</td><td>Newport Corporation</td><td>8401-M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hand Control Pad</td><td>Newport Corporation</td><td>8758</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Light Analysis&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Beam Profiling Camera</td><td>Ophir Optronics Solutions Ltd</td><td>SP620</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Beam Profiling Camera</td><td>DataRay Inc.</td><td>WCD-UCD23</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Photodiodes (solw)</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>DET10A/M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Photodiodes (fast)</td><td>Alphalas GmbH</td><td>UPD-200-SP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thin-disk Camera</td><td>Imaging Development Systems GmbH</td><td>UI-2220SE-M-GL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Oscilloscope</td><td>Tektronix GmbH</td><td>DPO5204</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Oscilloscope</td><td>Teledyne LeCroy GmbH</td><td>SDA 760Zi-A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrometer</td><td>Avantes</td><td>AvaSpec-ULS3648-USB2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrometer</td><td>Ocean Optics, Inc</td><td>HR4C1769</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrometer</td><td>Ocean Optics, Inc</td><td>HR4C3762</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrometer</td><td>Ocean Optics, Inc</td><td>HR4D464</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrometer</td><td>Ocean Optics, Inc</td><td>HR4D466</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Thermal Power Sensor</td><td>Ophir Optronics Solutions Ltd</td><td>L50(150)A-PF-35</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Thermal Power Sensor</td><td>Ophir Optronics Solutions Ltd</td><td>FL500A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Thermal Power Sensor</td><td>Ophir Optronics Solutions Ltd</td><td>3A-P-V1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Power and Energy Meter</td><td>Ophir Optronics Solutions Ltd</td><td>Vega</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Systems&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Beam Stabilization System</td><td>TEM-Messtechnik GmbH</td><td>Aligna</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser M&amp;sup2; Measuring System</td><td>Ophir Optronics Solutions Ltd</td><td>M&amp;sup2;-200s</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FROG</td><td>Home-made</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>XFROG</td><td>Home-made</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Miscellaneous&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cooling Chiller</td><td>H.I.B Systemtechnik GmbH</td><td>6HE-000800-W-W-R23-2-DI</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cooling Chiller</td><td>Termotek GmbH</td><td>P201</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cooling Chiller</td><td>Termotek GmbH</td><td>P208</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Safety Goggles</td><td>Protect - Laserschutz GmbH</td><td>BGU 10-0165-G-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Infra-red Viewer</td><td>FJW Optical Systems</td><td>84499A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Viewing Card</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>VRC4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Viewing Card</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>VRC5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Viewing Card</td><td>Laser Components GmbH</td><td>LDT-1064 BG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Flowmeter</td><td>KOBOLD Messring GmbH</td><td>DTK-1250G2C34P</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pressure Gauge</td><td>KOBOLD Messring GmbH</td><td>EN 837-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Temperature Sensor</td><td>KOBOLD Messring GmbH</td><td>TDA-15H* ***P3M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>WinLase Software</td><td>Dr. C. Horvath &amp;amp; Dr. F. Loesel</td><td>WinLase Version 2.1 pro.</td><td>Laser Cavity Software</td></tr></tbody></table>

20 mj, 1 ps yb:yag thin-disk regenerative amplifier

Dies ist ein Bericht über einen 100 W, 20 mJ, 1 ps Yb: YAG Dünnschicht-regenerative Verstärker. Ein hausgemachter Yb: YAG-Dünnschicht-, Kerr-Objektiv-Modus-gesperrter Oszillator mit schlüsselfertiger Leistung und Mikrojoule-Puls-Energie wird verwendet, um den regenerativen Chirped-Puls-Verstärker zu säen. Der Verstärker befindet sich im luftdichten Gehäuse. Es arbeitet bei Raumtemperatur und zeigt einen stabilen Betrieb bei einer Wiederholrate von 5 kHz bei einer Puls-zu-Puls-Stabilität von weniger als 1%. Durch die Verwendung eines 1,5 mm dicken Beta-Barium-Borat-Kristalls wird die Frequenz der Laserleistung auf 515 nm verdoppelt, mit einer durchschnittlichen Leistung von 70 W, was einem optisch-optischen Wirkungsgrad von 70% entspricht. Diese überlegene Leistung macht das System zu einer attraktiven Pumpquelle für optische parametrische Chirped-Puls-Verstärker im Nah-Infrarot- und Mid-Infrarot-Spektralbereich. Durch die Kombination der schlüsselfertigen Leistung und der überlegenen Stabilität des regenerativen Verstärkers erleichtert das System die Erzeugung eines breitbandigen, CEP-stabilenSamen. Die Bereitstellung des Saatguts und der Pumpe der optischen parametrischen Chirped-Puls-Verstärkung (OPCPA) von einer Laserquelle eliminiert den Bedarf einer aktiven zeitlichen Synchronisation zwischen diesen Impulsen. Diese Arbeit stellt eine detaillierte Anleitung zum Aufbau und Betrieb eines Yb: YAG-Dünnschicht-Regenerationsverstärkers, basierend auf Chirped-Puls-Verstärkung (CPA), als Pumpquelle für einen optischen parametrischen Chirped-Puls-Verstärker dar.

<html> Der Oszillator liefert 350 fs, 2 μJ, 25-W-Impulse bei 11 MHz Wiederholrate mit einer Puls-zu-Puls-Stabilität von 1% (rms) und Strahlpunktschwankungen von weniger als 0,6% über 1 h Messwert ( Abbildung 4 ). <img alt="Abbildung 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55717/55717fig4.jpg" /> Abbildung 4 : Yb: YAG-Dünnschicht, Kerr-Linsen-Modus-gesperrter Oszillator. ( A ) Das Spektrum (rot), das abgerufene zeitliche Intensitätsprofil (blau) und das räumliche Profil (Einfügung) der Oszillatorimpulse. ( B ) Gemessener und abgerufener SHG-FROG-Spektrograph des Oszillators. Diese Figur wurde von Fattahi et al. , Mit Erlaubnis aus Referenz 21 .&gt; Bitte klicken Sie hier, um eine größere Version dieser Figur zu sehen. Die Seed-Impulse werden im regenerativen Verstärker auf 125 W verstärkt, während sie mit einer CW-fasergekoppelten Diode bei einer Wellenlänge von 940 nm bei 280 W gepumpt werden, was einer optisch-optischen Effizienz von 47% entspricht. Die Puls-zu-Puls-Stabilität des Verstärkers beträgt weniger als 1%, und der Verstärker weist nach 10 h Dauerbetrieb eine ausgezeichnete Langzeitstabilität auf. Der verstärkte Strahl hat ein ausgezeichnetes Raumprofil mit einem M 2 von 1 (M 2 x = 1,08 und M 2 y = 1,07) und einem ausgezeichneten zeitlichen Profil nach Kompression auf 1 ps (bei FWHM) ( Abbildung 5 ). <img alt="Abbildung 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55717/55717fig5.jpg" /> Abbildung 5 : Charakterisierung des regenerativen VerstärkersAusgabe und der Verstärkungsverengung. ( A ) Die Stabilität der regenerativen Verstärker-Durchschnittsleistung nach 10 h Dauerbetrieb. Inset: ( a-1 ) Normalisierte Leistung auf ihren Mittelwert in einem Zeitfenster von 0,5 h; ( A-2 ) Ausgangsstrahlprofil des regenerativen Verstärkers. ( B ) Verstärkerausgangsspektrum (grün) und die abgerufene zeitliche Intensität (blau) der Laserpulse bei 100 W durchschnittlicher Leistung nach dem Gitterverdichter. ( C ) Samenergie gegen Spektralbandbreite (FWHM) des Verstärkerausgangs und die erforderlichen Rundfahrten für die gleiche Ausgangsleistung bei 300 W Pumpleistung. Diese Figur wurde von Fattahi et al. , Mit Erlaubnis aus Referenz 21 . <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55717/55717fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte klicken Sie hier, um eine größere Version dieser Figur zu sehen.</a> 25 analysiert. Es wurden zwei verschiedene Kristalle mit folgenden Parametern in Betracht gezogen: 1) ein Typ-I, 6 mm dickes Lithiumtriborat (LBO) mit einem Phasenanpassungswinkel von 13,7 ° und einem nichtlinearen Koeffizienten von 0,819 pm / V und 2) a Typ-I, 3 mm dickes BBO mit einem Phasenanpassungswinkel von 23,4 ° und einem nichtlinearen Koeffizienten von 2 pm / V 26 , 27 . 1-ps, 20-mJ-Pulse bei 1.030 nm und eine Peak-Intensität von 100 GW / cm 2 wurden als Eingang der Simulation betrachtet. Die Simulationsergebnisse zeigten, dass die BBO-Leistung dem des LBO für SHG überlegen war ( Abbildung 6 ). <img alt="Abbildung 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55717/55717fig6.jpg" /> Abbildung 6 : Zweite Harmonische Generation. ( A ) simuliertes SHG eneRgy für einen 6 mm dicken LBO-Kristall und einen 3 mm dicken BBO-Kristall. ( B ) Experimentelle SHG-Effizienz gegenüber Input-Inputity-Intensität in einem 1,5 mm dicken BBO-Kristall mit 0,5 mJ (schwarz) und 20 mJ (grün) des Verstärkerausgangs. ( C ) Die abgetastete spektrale Intensität und ( d ) die Gruppenverzögerung von XFROG-Messungen für verschiedene SHG-Effizienzen entsprechend den Punkten A, B und C in (b). Diese Figur wurde von Fattahi et al. , Mit Erlaubnis aus Referenz 21 . <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55717/55717fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte klicken Sie hier, um eine größere Version dieser Figur zu sehen.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier at JoVE.com

20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier

Ein Protokoll für den Betrieb einer hochenergetischen, hochleistungsfähigen, optisch parametrischen Chirp-Impulsverstärker-Pumpquelle auf der Basis eines Yb: YAG-Dünnschicht-Regenerationsverstärkers ist hier dargestellt.

20 mJ, 1 ps Yb: YAG Dünnschicht-Regenerationsverstärker

This is a report on a 100 W, 20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG thin-disk regenerative amplifier. A homemade Yb:YAG thin-disk, Kerr-lens mode-locked oscillator with ...

20-mj-1-ps-ybyag-thin-disk-regenerative-amplifier

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11.4K Aufrufe.  Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.  Ein Protokoll für den Betrieb einer hochenergetischen, hochleistungsfähigen, optisch parametrischen Chirp-Impulsverstärker-Pumpquelle auf der Basis eines Yb: YAG-Dünnschicht-Regenerationsverstärkers ist hier dargestellt. 

Serie: 20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier

Hyperpolarized Xenon for NMR and MRI Applications

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and imaging (MRI) suffer from intrinsic low sensitivity because even strong external magnetic fields of ~10 T generate only a small detectable net-magnetization of the sample at room temperature 1. Hence, most NMR and MRI applications rely on the detection of molecules at relative high concentration (e.g., water for imaging of biological tissue) or require excessive acquisition times. This limits our ability to exploit the very useful molecular specificity of NMR signals for many biochemical and medical applications. However, novel approaches have emerged in the past few years: Manipulation of the detected spin species prior to detection inside the NMR/MRI magnet can dramatically increase the magnetization and therefore allows detection of molecules at much lower concentration 2.
Here, we present a method for polarization of a xenon gas mixture (2-5% Xe, 10% N2, He balance) in a compact setup with a ca. 16000-fold signal enhancement. Modern line-narrowed diode lasers allow efficient polarization 7 and immediate use of gas mixture even if the noble gas is not separated from the other components. The SEOP apparatus is explained and determination of the achieved spin polarization is demonstrated for performance control of the method.
The hyperpolarized gas can be used for void space imaging, including gas flow imaging or diffusion studies at the interfaces with other materials 8,9. Moreover, the Xe NMR signal is extremely sensitive to its molecular environment 6. This enables the option to use it as an NMR/MRI contrast agent when dissolved in aqueous solution with functionalized molecular hosts that temporarily trap the gas 10,11. Direct detection and high-sensitivity indirect detection of such constructs is demonstrated in both spectroscopic and imaging mode.

The production of hyperpolarized xenon by means of spin exchange optical pumping (SEOP) is described. This method yields a ~10000-fold enhancement of the nuclear spin polarization of Xe-129 and has applications in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging. Examples of gas phase and solution state experiments are given.

Hyperpolarisiertem Xenon für NMR-und MRI-Anwendungen

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and imaging (MRI) suffer from intrinsic low sensitivity because even strong external magnetic fields of ~10 ...

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Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

Gradient echo memory (GEM) is a protocol for storing optical quantum states of light in atomic ensembles. The primary motivation for such a technology is that quantum key distribution (QKD), which uses Heisenberg uncertainty to guarantee security of cryptographic keys, is limited in transmission distance. The development of a quantum repeater is a possible path to extend QKD range, but a repeater will need a quantum memory. In our experiments we use a gas of rubidium 87 vapor that is contained in a warm gas cell. This makes the scheme particularly simple. It is also a highly versatile scheme that enables in-memory refinement of the stored state, such as frequency shifting and bandwidth manipulation. The basis of the GEM protocol is to absorb the light into an ensemble of atoms that has been prepared in a magnetic field gradient. The reversal of this gradient leads to rephasing of the atomic polarization and thus recall of the stored optical state. We will outline how we prepare the atoms and this gradient and also describe some of the pitfalls that need to be avoided, in particular four-wave mixing, which can give rise to optical gain.

The gradient echo memory is a protocol for storing optical quantum states of light in atomic ensembles. Quantum memory is a key element of a quantum repeater, which can extend the range of quantum key distribution. We outline the operation of the scheme when implemented in a 3-level atomic ensemble.

Gradient Echo Quantum Speicher in Warm Atomic Vapor

Gradient  echo memory (GEM) is a protocol for storing optical quantum states of light in  atomic ensembles. The primary motivation for such a technology ...

Construction and Characterization of External Cavity Diode Lasers for Atomic Physics

Since their development in the late 1980s, cheap, reliable external cavity diode lasers (ECDLs) have replaced complex and expensive traditional dye and Titanium Sapphire lasers as the workhorse laser of atomic physics labs1,2. Their versatility and prolific use throughout atomic physics in applications such as absorption spectroscopy and laser cooling1,2 makes it imperative for incoming students to gain a firm practical understanding of these lasers. This publication builds upon the seminal work by Wieman3, updating components, and providing a video tutorial. The setup, frequency locking and performance characterization of an ECDL will be described. Discussion of component selection and proper mounting of both diodes and gratings, the factors affecting mode selection within the cavity, proper alignment for optimal external feedback, optics setup for coarse and fine frequency sensitive measurements, a brief overview of laser locking techniques, and laser linewidth measurements are included.

This is an instructional paper to guide the construction and diagnostics of external cavity diode lasers (ECDLs), including component selection and optical alignment, as well as the basics of frequency reference spectroscopy and laser linewidth measurements for applications in the field of atomic physics.

Konstruktion und Charakterisierung von External Cavity Diode Laser für die Atomphysik

Since their development in the late 1980s, cheap, reliable external cavity diode lasers (ECDLs) have replaced complex and expensive traditional dye and ...

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators

Dielectric microspheres can confine light and sound for a length of time through high quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGM). Glass microspheres can be thought as a store of energy with a huge variety of applications: compact laser sources, highly sensitive biochemical sensors and nonlinear phenomena. A protocol for the fabrication of both the microspheres and coupling system is given. The couplers described here are tapered fibers. Efficient generation of nonlinear phenomena related to third order optical non-linear susceptibility &#935;(3) interactions in triply resonant silica microspheres is presented in this paper. The interactions here reported are: Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and four wave mixing processes comprising Stimulated Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (SARS). A proof of the cavity-enhanced phenomenon is given by the lack of correlation among the pump, signal and idler: a resonant mode has to exist in order to obtain the pair of signal and idler. In the case of hyperparametric oscillations (four wave mixing and stimulated anti-stokes Raman scattering), the modes must fulfill the energy and momentum conservation and, last but not least, have a good spatial overlap.

Efficient generation of nonlinear phenomena related to third order optical non-linear susceptibility &#935;(3) interactions in triply resonant silica microspheres is presented in this paper. The interactions here reported are: Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and four wave mixing processes comprising Stimulated Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (SARS).

Stimulated Stokes und Antistokes Raman Scattering in Mikrosphärische Whispering Gallery-Modus Resona

Dielectric microspheres can confine light and sound for a length of time through high quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGM). Glass microspheres ...

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

We present a cooling method for a cold Fermi gas by parametrically driving atomic motions in a crossed-beam optical dipole trap (ODT). Our method employs the anharmonicity of the ODT, in which the hotter atoms at the edge of the trap feel the anharmonic components of the trapping potential, while the colder atoms in the center of the trap feel the harmonic one. By modulating the trap depth with frequencies that are resonant with the anharmonic components, we selectively excite the hotter atoms out of the trap while keeping the colder atoms in the trap, generating parametric cooling. This experimental protocol starts with a magneto-optical trap (MOT) that is loaded by a Zeeman slower. The precooled atoms in the MOT are then transferred to an ODT, and a bias magnetic field is applied to create an interacting Fermi gas. We then lower the trapping potential to prepare a cold Fermi gas near the degenerate temperature. After that, we sweep the magnetic field to the noninteracting regime of the Fermi gas, in which the parametric cooling can be manifested by modulating the intensity of the optical trapping beams. We find that the parametric cooling effect strongly depends on the modulation frequencies and amplitudes. With the optimized frequency and amplitude, we measure the dependence of the cloud energy on the modulation time. We observe that the cloud energy is changed in an anisotropic way, where the energy of the axial direction is significantly reduced by parametric driving. The cooling effect is limited to the axial direction because the dominant anharmonicity of the crossed-beam ODT is along the axial direction. Finally, we propose to extend this protocol for the trapping potentials of large anharmonicity in all directions, which provides a promising scheme for cooling quantum gases using external driving.

We present a parametric driving method to cool an ultracold Fermi gas in a crossed-beam optical dipole trap. This method selectively removes high-energy atoms from the trap by periodically modulating the trap depth with frequencies that are resonant with the anharmonic components of the trapping potential.

Kühlen eines Optisch Trapped Ultrakalte Fermi Gas von Zeitfahr

We present a cooling method for a cold Fermi gas by parametrically driving atomic motions in a crossed-beam optical dipole trap (ODT). Our method employs ...

High-speed Continuous-wave Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Spectrometer for Material Analysis

Recent years have witnessed a significant increase in the use of spontaneous Brillouin spectrometers for non-contact analysis of soft matter, such as aqueous solutions and biomaterials, with fast acquisition times. Here, we discuss the assembly and operation of a Brillouin spectrometer that uses stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) to measure stimulated Brillouin gain (SBG) spectra of water and lipid emulsion-based tissue-like samples in transmission mode with &lt;10 MHz spectral-resolution and &lt;35 MHz Brillouin-shift measurement precision at &lt;100 ms. The spectrometer consists of two nearly counter-propagating continuous-wave (CW) narrow-linewidth lasers at 780 nm whose frequency detuning is scanned through the material Brillouin shift. By using an ultra-narrowband hot rubidium-85 vapor notch filter and a phase-sensitive detector, the signal-to-noise-ratio of the SBG signal is significantly enhanced compared to that obtained with existing CW-SBS spectrometers. This improvement enables measurement of SBG spectra with up to 100-fold faster acquisition times, thereby facilitating high spectral-resolution and high-precision Brillouin analysis of soft materials at high speed.

We describe the construction of a rapid continuous-wave-stimulated-Brillouin-scattering (CW-SBS) spectrometer. The spectrometer employs single-frequency diode-lasers and an atomic vapor notch-filter to acquire transmission spectra of turbid/non-turbid samples with high spectral-resolution at speeds up to 100-fold faster than those of existing CW-SBS spectrometers. This improvement enables high-speed Brillouin material analysis.

High-Speed-Dauerstrich-stimulierten Brillouin-Streuung Spektrometer für Materialanalyse

Recent years have witnessed a significant increase in the use of spontaneous Brillouin spectrometers for non-contact analysis of soft matter, such as ...

Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing

We present a protocol for performing gas spectroscopy using infrared degenerated four-wave mixing (IR-DFWM), for the quantitative detection of gas species in the ppm-to-single-percent range. The main purpose of the method is the spatially resolved detection of low-concentration species, which have no transitions in the visible or near-IR spectral range that could be used for detection. IR-DFWM is a nonintrusive method, which is a great advantage in combustion research, as inserting a probe into a flame can change it drastically. The IR-DFWM is combined with upconversion detection. This detection scheme uses sum-frequency generation to move the IR-DFWM signal from the mid-IR to the near-IR region, to take advantage of the superior noise characteristics of silicon-based detectors. This process also rejects most of the thermal background radiation. The focus of the protocol presented here is on the proper alignment of the IR-DFWM optics and on how to align an intracavity upconversion detection system.

Here, we present a protocol to perform sensitive, spatially resolved gas spectroscopy in the mid-infrared region, using degenerate four-wave mixing combined with upconversion detection.

Infrarot-entartete vier-Welle mischen mit Großbildschirmen Erkennung für Quantitative Gassensorik

We present a protocol for performing gas spectroscopy using infrared degenerated four-wave mixing (IR-DFWM), for the quantitative detection of gas species ...

Low-cost Custom Fabrication and Mode-locked Operation of an All-normal-dispersion Femtosecond Fiber Laser for Multiphoton Microscopy

A protocol is presented to build a custom low-cost yet high-performance femtosecond (fs) fiber laser. This all-normal-dispersion (ANDi) ytterbium-doped fiber laser is built completely using commercially available parts, including $8,000 in fiber optic and pump laser components, plus $4,800 in standard optical components and extra-cavity accessories. Researchers new to fiber optic device fabrication may also consider investing in basic fiber splicing and laser pulse characterization equipment (~$63,000). Important for optimal laser operation, methods to verify true versus apparent (partial or noise-like) mode-locked performance are presented. This system achieves 70 fs pulse duration with a center wavelength of approximately 1,070 nm and a pulse repetition rate of 31 MHz. This fiber laser exhibits the peak performance that may be obtained for an easily assembled fiber laser system, which makes this design ideal for research laboratories aiming to develop compact and portable fs laser technologies that enable new implementations of clinical multiphoton microscopy and fs surgery.

A method is presented to build a custom low-cost, mode-locked femtosecond fiber laser for potential applications in multiphoton microscopy, endoscopy, and photomedicine. This laser is built using commercially available parts and basic splicing techniques.

Kostengünstige kundenspezifische Fertigung und Modus-gesperrter Betrieb eines Femtosekunden-Faserlasers mit All-Normal-Dispersion für die Multiphotonenmikroskopie

A protocol is presented to build a custom low-cost yet high-performance femtosecond (fs) fiber laser. This all-normal-dispersion (ANDi) ytterbium-doped ...

Rapid Repetition Rate Fluctuation Measurement of Soliton Crystals in a Microresonator

Temporal solitons have attracted great interest in the past decades for their behavior in a steady state, where the dispersion is balanced by the nonlinearity in a propagation Kerr medium. The development of dissipative Kerr solitons (DKSs) in high-Q microcavities drives a novel, compact, chip-scale soliton source. When DKSs serve as femtosecond pulses, the repetition rate fluctuation can be applied to ultrahigh precision metrology, high-speed optical sampling, and optical clocks, etc. In this paper, the rapid repetition rate fluctuation of soliton crystals (SCs), a special state of DKSs where particle-like solitons are tightly packed and fully occupy a resonator, is measured based on the well-known delayed self-heterodyne method. The SCs are generated using a thermal-controlled method. The pump is a frequency fixed laser with a linewidth of 100 Hz. The integral time in frequency fluctuation measurements is controlled by the length of the delay fiber. For a SC with a single vacancy, the repetition rate fluctuations are ~53.24 Hz within 10 &#181;s and ~509.32 Hz within 125 &#181;s, respectively.

Here, we present a protocol to generate soliton crystals in a butterfly-packaged micro-ring resonator using a thermal tuned method. Further, the repetition rate fluctuations of a soliton crystal with a single vacancy are measured using a delayed self-heterodyne method.

Schnelle Variation der Wiederholrate Messung von Solitonkristallen in einem Mikroresonator

Temporal solitons have attracted great interest in the past decades for their behavior in a steady state, where the dispersion is balanced by the ...

Optimizing Brillouin Optical Time-Domain Analyzers Based on Gain Spectrum Engineering

Demonstrated is a unique method for sensing performance enhancement in Brillouin optical time-domain analyzers (BOTDA). A Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS) is superimposed with two symmetric Brillouin loss spectra (BLS). This leads to a complex engineered spectrum shape that is more resistant to the sensing system noise. Instead of only one pump and probe interaction as in the conventional BOTDA setup, three optical probe waves are exploited, with one probe located in the BGS and the other two symmetrically in the BLS. Due to the resistance and insensitivity of the engineered spectrum shape to the noise, the sensing performance is enhanced by 60% and the measurand resolution is doubled.

A protocol for Brillouin optical time-domain analyzers based on gain spectrum engineering is presented. Enhancements in the sensing performance, including sensing range and measurand resolution are achieved and the excess Brillouin intensity noise is studied. The protocol introduces a new way to enhance distributed Brillouin sensing performance.

Demonstrated is a unique method for sensing performance enhancement in Brillouin optical time-domain analyzers (BOTDA). A Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS) is ...