Name: 20 mj, 1 ps yb:yag thin-disk regenerative amplifier
Uploaded: 2017-07-12T12:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 10 min 17 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier at JoVE.com

我们要感谢Ferenc Krausz教授的讨论和Najd Altwaijry的支持，以完成手稿。这项工作由高级激光应用中心（CALA）提供资金。

注意:使用本设备之前，请注意与激光相关的所有安全规定。避免眼睛或皮肤暴露于直接或分散的激光束。请在整个过程中佩戴适当的激光安全护目镜。 <img alt="图1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55717/55717fig1.jpg" /> 图1 :Yb:YAG薄盘再生放大器的示意图。 （ a ）Yb:YAG薄盘Kerr镜头锁模振荡器。振荡器的13 m线性腔由13％的传输输出耦合器，三个高分散镜，GDD为-3,000 fs 2，1 mm蓝宝石克尔介质和铜硬孔组成。使用包含25mm厚的BBO晶体的脉冲拾取器将重复率降低到5kHz。 （ b ）注册会计师。第一块:脉冲担架设置包含g两个反平行金光栅（1,740线/ mm），其中种子脉冲在时间上拉伸至约2ns。第二块:当应用包含厚度为20mm的BBO晶体的Pockels电池的高电压时，再生放大器，其中种子脉冲被限制在放大器腔中用于放大。第三块:脉冲压缩机包含两个平行的介质光栅（1,740线/ mm），其中放大的脉冲在时间上被压缩到1ps。这个数字已经从Fattahi et al。 ， 获得参考21的许可。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55717/55717fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a> <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2">零件</td><td>鹏</td><td>距离</td></tr><tr><td> （毫米） </td><td> （毫米） </td></tr><tr><td> OC </td><td> ∞ </td><td> 0 </td></tr><tr><td> TD </td><td> -17000 </td><td> 600 </td></tr><tr><td> M 1 </td><td> -1000 </td><td> 5000 </td></tr><tr><td> BP </td><td> ∞ </td><td> 510 </td></tr><tr><td> M 2 </td><td> -1000 </td><td> 510 </td></tr><tr><td> EM </td><td> ∞ </td><td> 800 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1:振荡器的腔体设计。 ROC:曲率半径，OC:输出耦合器，TD:薄盘，M:反射镜，BP:布鲁斯板，EM:端镜。 <img alt="图2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55717/55717fig2.jpg" /> 图2 :振荡器腔设计。空腔部件的计算模式半径。 OC:输出耦合器，TD:薄盘，M:反射镜，BP:Brewster plate，EM:结束镜。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55717/55717fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a> <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2">零件</td><td>鹏</td><td>距离</td></tr><tr><td> （毫米） </td><td> （毫米） </td></tr><tr><td> EM 1 </td><td> ∞ </td><td> 0 </td></tr><tr><td>个人计算机</td><td> ∞ </td><td> 200 </td></tr><tr><td> M 1 </td><td> -5000 </td><td> 525 </td></tr><tr><td> M 2 </td><td> 1500 </td><td> 1500 </td></tr><tr><td> TD </td><td> -2000 </td><td> 1050 </td></tr><tr><td> EM 2 </td><td> -2000 </td><td> 2350 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表2:再生放大器的腔设计。 ROC:曲率半径，EM:end mirror，PC:Pockels cell，M:mirror，TD:thin-disk。 <img alt="图3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55717/55717fig3.jpg" /> 图3 :再生放大器腔设计。空腔部件的计算模式半径。 EM:端镜，PC:Pockels单元，M:镜，TD:薄盘。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55717/55717fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a> 振荡器<ol><li>打开振荡器的冷却水（ 图1a ）。 </li><li>打开冷却冷却器，冷却泵二极管，薄磁盘头和面包板。将两台冷水机的温度设置为20°C。 </li><li>打开泵二极管单元的电源（参见材料表 1），然后单击"输出"PUT ON / OFF"按钮。 注意:激光谐振器的模拟软件（见材料的该表中，第113号）中的溶液用于模拟，设计和振荡器再生放大器腔体（表1和表2; 图2和图3）23。 </li><li>通过将电源上的"电流"旋钮设置为对应于210 W输出的26.2 A，通过耦合光纤在波长940 nm上泵出薄磁盘（参见材料表 14）在连续波（CW）模式下在振荡器中启动激光。 </li><li> 要观察CW模式的输出频谱，请将光纤连接到光谱仪，并在使用适当的衰减后将其放在脉冲拾取器之前。 <ol><li>在光谱仪软件中，选择"光谱仪"选项卡，然后单击"重新扫描设备"。 </li><li>右键单击光谱仪名称并选择"频谱图"。 </li><li>点击"选择目标"窗口上的"接受"按钮。 </li><li>屏蔽激光束后，单击工具栏上的"存储深度光谱"按钮，然后单击"范围减号"按钮以减去背景光谱。 </li><li>解锁激光束以观察光谱。 </li></ol></li><li>在脉冲选择器之前，请注意功率计上CW模式的输出功率。 </li><li>为了以脉冲模式操作振荡器并启动模式锁定，通过机械地从后面图1a ）推动激光器腔（在平移台上）来扰动高反射镜。 注意:在振荡器和再生放大器腔中使用了具有高损伤阈值的高反射镜。（参见" 材料表"第24和28页）。 </li><li>观察脉冲m的光谱和输出功率在使用光谱仪和功率计的脉冲拾取器之前分别。 注:振荡器输出的平均功率为25 W，波长为1,030 nm，重复频率为11 MHz，频谱宽度为4 nm。如果不需要振荡器优化，请跳过步骤1.9-1.14。 </li><li>稍微增加电源上的电流，直到光谱仪测量的光谱出现CW尖峰。 </li><li>通过调整其千分尺螺丝垂直和水平对准振荡器中的硬孔（参见图1a ），以最大化CW尖峰。 </li><li> 观察薄磁盘上泵浦光束剖面的耗尽。 <ol><li>运行磁盘摄像机程序，从"选择模式"窗口中选择"单色"。 </li><li>单击工具栏上的"打开相机"按钮，观察光盘上的光斑。 </li></ol></li><li>调整端面镜的压电线性致动器（通过从手持控制板上按垂直或水平电机上的"+"或" - "按钮，以将此耗尽与泵波束剖面中心对齐。 </li><li>稍微减少电源上的电流，直到CW尖峰在频谱中消失。 </li><li>重复1.9-1.13中的步骤，直到获得与获得的参考电平相似的频谱和输出功率（参见图4a中的测量光谱（红色曲线），平均功率为25 W）。 </li><li> 要观察输出脉冲序列并确定脉冲到脉冲的稳定性，请将快速光电二极管连接到示波器，并将其放在脉冲拾取器之前（使用适当的衰减后）。 <ol><li>通过调整示波器上的"触发电平"旋钮来选择适当的触发电平，以稳定重复波形并观察示波器屏幕上的输出脉冲串。 </li><li>从第<html> e"测量"菜单，选择"峰峰值幅度"来确定脉冲到脉冲的稳定性。 </li></ol></li><li> 观察脉冲拾取器之前的输出光束轮廓并确定光束指向波动。 <ol><li>运行光束分析仪软件，然后从工具栏中点击"Go，start capture"按钮，观察光束轮廓。 </li><li>从工具栏打开"波束漂移"对话框，然后单击"清除"按钮开始新的光束定位稳定性测量。 注意:光束中的波动或畸变的光束轮廓（由光学损伤，光束剪切等引起 ）可能会降低系统稳定性。 </li></ol></li><li>使用基于二次谐波发生（SHG-FROG）21，24的频率分辨光学开关测量脉冲持续时间。 </li></ol>脉冲拾取器和脉冲放大器内容"&gt;注意:注意，在将脉冲拾取器上施加高电压之前，请注意所有相关的电气安全规定。使用适当的高压隔离。在进行此部分之前，请从光束路径中取出诊断。并且其设置不是必需的，请跳过步骤2.1,2.3-2.6,2.8-2.9和2.11。 <ol><li>在脉冲选择器设置之前使用两个反射镜，以使来自振荡器的输出光束通过脉冲拾取器单元（参见材料表 5和7）和其25mm厚的硼酸钡（BBO）晶体（参见借助于红外观察器和激光观察卡（ 图1a ） ，材料表 12号）。 </li><li>在振荡器计算机上运行脉冲选择程序。 </li><li>在快速光圈的帮助下，观察示波器上脉冲拾取器和振荡器脉冲序列的切换信号（见步骤1.15）odiode。 </li><li>在脉冲选择程序中，从"定义延迟参数"对话框设置延迟时间（延迟时间A），以使脉冲拾取晶体上的切换信号和脉冲序列同步。 </li><li>从"定义延迟参数"对话框设置切换时间窗口（延迟B），从脉冲序列中选择一个脉冲。 </li><li>将内部触发时间（禁止）从"定义延迟参数"对话框设置为200μs，每5 kHz选一个脉冲。 </li><li>通过将脉冲拾取器驱动器的电源切换为"on"，将振荡器的重复频率从11 MHz降低到5 kHz，以将高电压施加到晶振。 </li><li>在脉冲拾取器之后，通过使用薄膜偏振器（TFP）（见材料表 31），从脉冲序列中选择拾取的脉冲，并将剩余的脉冲转储到光束转储中。 </li><li>通过调整半波片来提高拾取脉冲的对比度（se在材料表 ，第32号）之前，脉冲选择器。 </li><li>通过将拾取的脉冲通过担架设置来减小激光脉冲的峰值功率，以将脉冲拉伸至2 ns的持续时间（ 见图1a- b ）。 </li><li>如果需要，在脉冲选择器设置之后使用两个反射镜，以将拾取的脉冲对准通过担架设置。 注意:担架包含两个反平行金色光栅（参见材料表 ，第20和21条），线密度为1740线/ mm，以将脉冲拉伸至2 ns的持续时间，以避免在扩增过程中损坏光学器件在再生放大器中由于峰值强度高。这些脉冲用于播放再生放大器，如下一节（ 图1b ，上图 ）中所述。 </li></ol> 3.再生放大器警告;注意所有在将高电压施加到普克尔电池之前，应遵守相关的电气安全规定。使用适当的高压隔离。在继续本部分之前，从光束路径中删除诊断。种子脉冲从Yb:YAG薄盘Kerr透镜锁模振荡器传送。其他种子策略可用于种子放大器，如光纤放大器。 <ol><li>打开再生放大器的冷却水（ 图1b ，中间）。 </li><li>打开冷却器冷却泵二极管，薄盘，激光头和Pockels单元。将冷却器的温度设置为28°C，17°C和18°C，然后启动互锁系统。 注意:未对准的种子束可能会降低放大器的稳定性。如果不需要对准再生放大器，请跳过步骤3.3-3.13和3.25。 </li><li>接通泵浦二极管单元的电源（参见" Materi " 表als，No.2），然后单击"OUTPUT ON / OFF"按钮。 </li><li>通过将电源上的"电流"旋钮设置为阈值，通过耦合光纤在940 nm波长下泵送薄磁盘。 </li><li>使用磁盘摄像机观察磁盘上的泵浦光束轮廓（参见步骤1.11），并在磁盘摄像机程序的"绘制"菜单中选择"圆形几何"，以标记相机程序中光束的位置。 </li><li>将电源电流降至零，然后单击"OUTPUT ON / OFF"按钮。关闭泵二极管单元的电源。 </li><li>在再生放大器之前使用两个反射镜，使来自担架（种子脉冲）的输出光束通过再生放大器中的耦合光学器件对准，以到达第一端镜（Pockels单元后面）。使用光束分析仪，红外观察器和激光观察卡来帮助您。 </li><li>关闭放大器腔，转动夸脱在波克尔细胞后面，消除了腔内的激光束（见表格材料 No.33）。 </li><li>通过从手持控制板上按垂直或水平电机（驱动程序1）上的"+"或" - "按钮来调整前端镜的电动旋钮，以对齐输出耦合光束。 </li><li>通过转动四分之一波片（Pockels单元后）打开放大器腔，直到腔内达到最大激光束强度。阻挡来自第二端镜的后反射光束。 </li><li>观察磁盘摄像机程序上的种子脉冲的光束分布，并通过在薄磁盘之前调谐一个腔镜的旋钮，将光束与标记位置重叠。 </li><li>取消阻挡反射光束并观察其光盘相机程序上的光点。 </li><li>按下垂直或水平方向的"+"或" - "按钮调节第二端镜的电动旋钮电动机（驱动器2）在手控板上与背面反射与标记位置重叠。 </li><li>从Pockels单元格计算机，运行Pockels单元格程序。 注意:如果不需要Pockels单元格的设置，请跳过步骤3.15-3.18。 </li><li>利用快速光电二极管（ 图1b ，中间），观察普克尔斯单元（参见材料表 6和8）的切换信号和示波器上的种子脉冲（见步骤1.15）。 </li><li>在Pockels单元程序中，从"定义延迟参数"对话框设置延迟时间（延迟时间A），以同步Pockels单元格和Pockels单元晶体的种子脉冲的切换。 </li><li>从"定义延迟参数"对话框设置切换时间窗口（延迟B），将再生放大器腔内的一个脉冲限制在4μs，对应于脉冲的87次往返。 </li><li>设置内部触发r时间（禁止）从"定义延迟参数"对话框到"200μs"将速率限制在每5 kHz一个脉冲。 </li><li>打开Pockels电池驱动器的电源，将高电压施加在晶体上。 </li><li>打开泵二极管单元的电源，点击"OUTPUT ON / OFF"按钮。 </li><li>为了放大再生放大器中的种子脉冲，通过将电源上的"电流"旋钮设置为57.7 A，对应于280 W. 注意:放大的光束通过法拉第旋转器（参见材料表 19）和TFP的组合与种子束​​分离。 Yb:YAG振荡器通过隔离器防止放大光束的背反射（参见材料表 18号）。 注意:按照上述顺序保持Pockels单元和泵浦二极管单元的运行，以避免Q开关损坏光学元件。</li><li>观察压缩机前的频谱和输出功率（见步骤1.5和1.6）。 注意:放大器输出的波长为1,030 nm，重复频率为5 kHz，频谱带宽为1 nm的平均功率为125 W。 </li><li>观察示波器屏幕上的压缩机之前的输出脉冲序列，借助快速光电二极管确定脉冲到脉冲的稳定性（见步骤1.15）。 </li><li>观察压缩机前的输出光束轮廓并确定光束指向波动（见步骤1.16）。 </li><li>通过从手持控制面板上按垂直或水平电机（驱动器2）上的"+"或" - "按钮，精细调整第二端镜的电动旋钮，以改善再生放大器的运行。 </li><li> 表征增益变窄效应。 <ol><li>通过用中性粒子调节种子能量来考虑不同种子能级的放大l密度过滤器。 </li><li>改变往返次数，以获得固定泵功率为300W的最高输出功率。 </li><li>观察每种情况的输出光谱。 </li></ol></li></ol>脉冲压缩机，光束对准和稳定系统注意:在继续本部分之前，从光束路径中删除诊断。如果不需要对准压缩机和光束稳定器单元，请跳过步骤4.3和4.6。 <ol><li>通过从手持控制板上按下电机A（驱动程序5）上的"+"或" - "按钮，转动半波片的电动旋转底座（在输出路径中），发送几瓦的放大器输出到压缩机（ 图1b ，底部）。 </li><li>将放大的光束通过压缩机设置，将激光脉冲压缩至1 ps。 </li><li>在再生放大器设置后使用两个镜子对准放大镜d如果需要，通过压缩机设置脉冲。 注意:压缩机包含两个平行的电介质光栅（参见材料表 22和23），线密度为1740线/ mm。 </li><li>打开光束稳定器单元的电源（参见表格 98号）。在光束稳定器计算机上运行光束稳定器程序。 </li><li>在光束稳定器的检测器设置之前使用两个反射镜，以将来自压缩机中的第一光栅的零级衍射与光束稳定器检测器对准。 </li><li>按下光束稳定器程序上的"调节"按钮锁定激光束，以避免压缩机后的波束漂移。再次转动电动半波片，使放大器的全输出功率通过压缩机。借助于中性密度滤光片调节光束稳定器检测器的增益。 </li><li>表征压缩p的持续时间ulses使用SHG-FROG 21,24。 </li></ol> 5. OPCPA系统的泵浦源注意:在继续本部分之前，从光束路径中删除诊断。 <ol><li>从OPCPA计算机运行光束分析器的程序。 </li><li>压缩后调整激光束尺寸，使用适当的望远镜达到80GW / cm 2的峰值强度。使用光束分析仪，红外观察器和激光观察卡。 注意:基于在光学科学仿真系统（SISYFOS）代码25上完成的模拟结果，为SHG选择了1.5mm厚的BBO晶体。 </li><li>通过非线性晶体（1.5mm厚的BBO;参见材料表 54）引导基波束（1,030nm），以在515nm处产生二次谐波（SH）。 </li><li>将SH光束与不可见光分开通过在45°放置一个谐波分离器rted基波束（参见材料 ，56号的表 ）的晶体后。 注意:SH波束从谐波分离器反射，而未转换的基波束被透射。 </li><li>通过调整晶体座的旋钮来精确地优化SH的相位匹配角，达到SH的最高转换效率（70％，相当于70W）。 </li><li>观察功率计上的SH和未转换的基波束的功率（见步骤1.6）。 </li><li>观察SH和未转换的基波束的高斯波束分布（见步骤1.16）。 </li><li>表征使用互相关频域分辨光学开关（XFROG）21，24中的SH脉冲的时间形状。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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作者没有什么可以披露的。

振荡器的交钥匙操作是通过对激光器的不同部件的最佳热管理实现的。振荡器的输出可以每天重现，无需额外的对准或优化。此外，种子激光器的脉冲到脉冲能量稳定性和空间指向稳定性满足了实现再生放大器稳定运行的前提条件。 可以使用其他低能量种子源（例如光纤放大器）来种子放大器。在本研究中，使用2μJYb:YAG薄磁盘KLM振荡器来帮助放大再生放大器，通过减少积累的非线性相位的增长，因为对于较高输入的种子能量，所需的往返次数减少。此外，较高的种子能量影响放大过程并减少增益变窄。被测脉波的频谱带宽在固定的泵浦功率下用于不同的种子能量如图5c所示。由于增益变窄，放大的光谱带宽会降低较低的种子能量。对于10 pJ种子能量，激光器在倍增时间内运行，即使增加往返次数也不可能达到稳定运行。除了冷却系统和二极管的电源的仔细优化之外，再生放大器在饱和状态下的运行在实现放大器的稳定性方面起主要作用。 激光的基波或二次谐波可用于泵浦OPCPA系统。对于SHG，LBO和BBO晶体的性能进行了比较，因为它们具有高的非线性系数和损伤阈值，尽管在BBO的情况下具有较大的空间走向和有限的可用孔径。由于BBO的非线性系数几乎是LBO的两倍，所以较短的晶体是足够的以达到SHG的饱和极限（ 图6a ）。因此，BBO是更合适的选择，因为累积的非线性相位越小28。 SH脉冲的脉冲持续时间通过不同的转换效率实验表征。观察到，在高转换效率下，SHG光谱变宽并出现较高阶光谱相（ 图6 ）。因此，选择转换效率为70％的情况B，其中SH和未转换的基波束保持优良的质量。

高能量的产生，以高重复率几周期的激光脉冲是非常感兴趣的应用领域，如阿秒科学1，2，3，4和高场物理5,6的哪个站到直接受益从这些来源的可用性。 OPCPA代表了实现高脉冲能量和大放大带宽的最有希望的途径，同时支持几个周期的脉冲1 。迄今为止，OPCPA允许超宽带放大，其产生几周期脉冲7，8，9，10。然而，OPCPA方案的修改实现，其使用短脉冲脉冲在皮秒级，具有希望使得这种方法可扩展为更高的脉冲能量，并在几个循环机制1，11，12平均功率。由于短脉冲泵浦OPCPA中的高泵浦强度，高单通道增益允许使用非常薄的晶体来支持大的放大带宽。虽然短脉冲泵浦OPCPA具有许多优点，但是这种方法的可实现性受到专门为此目的而定制的激光器的可用性。这种泵激光器在所需的重复率在kHz提供近衍射极限的光束质量高能量皮秒脉冲到MHz范围13，14，15。 引入镱掺杂激光器在不同的几何形状，能够提供高能量和高平均功率的皮秒激光脉冲，即将改变字段1，13，14，15，16，17，18的当前状态。 Yb:YAG具有良好的导热性和较长的上限寿命，可以通过成本效益的二极管激光器进行泵浦。由于增益介质的有效冷却同时缩放了峰值和平均功率，因此其在薄盘几何形状中的性能非常突出。此外，与其他增益介质几何形状相比，由于薄盘细长，因此在放大过程中增益介质内的自聚焦的发生被抑制，导致放大脉冲的优异的时间和空间分布。将这一概念与CPA相结合，可以产生具有数百毫焦耳的能量和数百的皮秒脉冲的平均功率19，20瓦。 这项工作的目的是展示一个交钥匙Yb:YAG薄盘再生放大器，具有卓越的日常性能，作为泵浦OPCPAs 21的合适来源。为了实现这一目标，本研究采用具有几微焦点脉冲能量的Yb:YAG薄盘振荡器22来种放大器以使放大过程中积累的非线性相位最小化。该协议提供了建立和操作激光系统的配方，这在其他地方描述21 。介绍了有关组件实现和控制软件的详细信息，介绍了系统的对齐过程。

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Electrooptics&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fiber-Coupled Diode Laser Module</td><td>Dilas Diodenlaser GmbH</td><td>M1F8H12-940.5-500C-IS11.34</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fiber-Coupled Diode Laser Module</td><td>Laserline GmbH</td><td>LDM1000-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Power Supply for Diode Laser</td><td>Delta Elektronika B.V.</td><td>SM 15-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Power Supply for Diode Laser</td><td>Delta Elektronika B.V.</td><td>SM 35-45</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pulse Picker&#039;s Driver</td><td>Bergmann Messger&amp;auml;te Entwicklung KG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pockels Cell&#039;s Driver</td><td>Bergmann Messger&amp;auml;te Entwicklung KG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pulse Picker&#039;s Driver Power Supply</td><td>Bergmann Messger&amp;auml;te Entwicklung KG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>PCD8m7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pockels Cell&#039;s Driver Power Supply</td><td>Bergmann Messger&amp;auml;te Entwicklung KG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>PCD8m7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Delay Generator PCI</td><td>Bergmann Messger&amp;auml;te Entwicklung KG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BME_SG08p</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Splitter Box</td><td>Bergmann Messger&amp;auml;te Entwicklung KG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Resonant Preamplifier</td><td>Bergmann Messger&amp;auml;te Entwicklung KG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BME_P03</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pulse Picker&#039;s crystal</td><td>Castech Inc.</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>12*12*20 mm&amp;sup3;</td></tr><tr><td>Pockels Cell&#039;s crystal</td><td>Castech Inc.</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>12*12*20 mm&amp;sup3;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Optics&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thin-disk</td><td>TRUMPF Scientific Lasers&amp;nbsp;</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thin-disk Head</td><td>TRUMPF Scientific Lasers&amp;nbsp;</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fiber</td><td>Frank Optic Products GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fiber Objective</td><td>Edmund Optics GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Faraday Isolator</td><td>Electro-Optics Technology, Inc</td><td>EOT.189.12231</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Faraday Rotator</td><td>Electro-Optics Technology, Inc</td><td>EOT.189.22040</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stretcher&#039;s Grating 1</td><td>Horiba Jobin Yvon GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>60*40*10 mm&amp;sup3;</td></tr><tr><td>Stretcher&#039;s Grating 2</td><td>Horiba Jobin Yvon GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>350*190*50 mm&amp;sup3;</td></tr><tr><td>Compressor&#039;s Grating 1</td><td>Plymouth Grating Laboratory, Inc.</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>40*40*16 mm&amp;sup3;</td></tr><tr><td>Compressor&#039;s Grating 2</td><td>Plymouth Grating Laboratory, Inc.</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>300*100*50 mm&amp;sup3;</td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (1030nm), flat, 0&amp;deg;</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>108060</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (1030nm), flat, 0&amp;deg;</td><td>Laseroptik GmbH</td><td>B-09965, S-04484</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (1030nm), flat, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>108063</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (1030nm), flat, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Laseroptik GmbH</td><td>B-09966, S-04484</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (1030nm), curved</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 2&quot; (1030nm), flat, 0&amp;deg;</td><td>Laseroptik GmbH</td><td>B-09965, S-05474</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 2&quot; (1030nm), flat, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Laseroptik GmbH</td><td>B-09966, S-05474</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thin Film Polarizer (1030nm), 2&quot;</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>103930</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Waveplate L/2 (1030nm)</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>106058</td><td>&amp;Oslash;=25mm</td></tr><tr><td>Waveplate L/4 (1030nm)</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>106060</td><td>&amp;Oslash;=25mm</td></tr><tr><td>AR Window (1030nm), wedge</td><td>Laseroptik GmbH</td><td>B-00183-01, S-00988</td><td>&amp;Oslash;=38mm</td></tr><tr><td>Output Coupler, 1&quot; (1030nm)</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>PR = 88 %</td></tr><tr><td>High-dispersion Mirror (1030nm)</td><td>UltraFast Innovations GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>GDD = -3000 fs&amp;sup2;</td></tr><tr><td>Lens, 1&quot; (1030nm), Plano-Convex</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Lens, 1&quot; (1030nm), Plano-Concave</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Lens, 2&quot; (1030nm), Plano-Convex</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Lens, 2&quot; (1030nm), Plano-Concave</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (515nm), flat, 0&amp;deg;</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>129784</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (515nm), flat, 0&amp;deg;</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>042-0515-i0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (515nm), flat, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>110924</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (515nm), flat, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>042-0515</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (515nm), curved</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 1&quot; (515nm), curved</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 2&quot; (515nm), flat, 0&amp;deg;</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>045-0515-i0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HR Mirror, 2&quot; (515nm), flat, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>045-0515</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thin Film Polarizer (515nm), 2&quot;</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>112544</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Waveplate L/2 (515nm)</td><td>Layertec GmbH</td><td>112546</td><td>&amp;Oslash;=25mm</td></tr><tr><td>Lens, 1&quot; (515nm), Plano-Convex</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Lens, 1&quot; (515nm), Plano-Concave</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Kerr Medium</td><td>Meller Optics, Inc.</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>Sapphire, 1mm</td></tr><tr><td>BBO Crystal</td><td>Castech Inc.</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>7*7*1.5 mm&amp;sup3;</td></tr><tr><td>Harmonic Separator, 1&quot;, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>042-5135</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Harmonic Separator, 2&quot;, 45&amp;deg;</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>045-5135</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silver Mirror, 1&quot;, flat</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>PF10-03-P01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silver Mirror, 1&quot;, curved</td><td>Eksma Optics</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Filter - Absorptive Neutral Density</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>NE##A</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Filter - Reflective Neutral Density</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>ND##A</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Filter - Round Continuously Variable</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>NDC-50C-4M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Filter - Edgepass Filter (Longpass)</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>FEL####</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Filter - Edgepass Filter (Shortpass)</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>FES####</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>Wedge</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td>set</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Optomechanics &amp;amp; Motion&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mirror Mount 1&quot; (small)</td><td>S. Maier GmbH</td><td>S1M4-##-1&amp;rdquo;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mirror Mount 1&quot; (large)</td><td>S. Maier GmbH</td><td>S3-##</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mirror Mount 1&quot;</td><td>TRUMPF Scientific Lasers&amp;nbsp;</td><td>1&quot; adjustable&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mirror Mount 2&quot;</td><td>S. Maier GmbH</td><td>S4-##</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mirror Mount 2&quot;</td><td>TRUMPF Scientific Lasers&amp;nbsp;</td><td>2&quot; adjustable&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rotation Mount 1&amp;rdquo;</td><td>S. Maier GmbH</td><td>D25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rotation Mount 1&amp;rdquo;</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>RSP1/M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rotation Mount 2&amp;rdquo;</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>RSP2/M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Precision Rotation Stage</td><td>Newport Corporation</td><td>M-UTR120</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Four-Axis Diffraction Grating Mount</td><td>Newport Corporation</td><td>DGM-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Translation Stage</td><td>OptoSigma Corporation</td><td>TADC-651SR25-M6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pockels cell stage</td><td>Newport Corporation</td><td>9082-M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pockels Cell Holder</td><td>Home-made</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Picomotor Controller/Driver Kit</td><td>Newport Corporation</td><td>8742-12-KIT</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Picomotor Piezo Linear Actuators</td><td>Newport Corporation</td><td>8301NF</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Picomotor Rotation Mount</td><td>Newport Corporation</td><td>8401-M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hand Control Pad</td><td>Newport Corporation</td><td>8758</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Light Analysis&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Beam Profiling Camera</td><td>Ophir Optronics Solutions Ltd</td><td>SP620</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Beam Profiling Camera</td><td>DataRay Inc.</td><td>WCD-UCD23</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Photodiodes (solw)</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>DET10A/M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Photodiodes (fast)</td><td>Alphalas GmbH</td><td>UPD-200-SP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thin-disk Camera</td><td>Imaging Development Systems GmbH</td><td>UI-2220SE-M-GL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Oscilloscope</td><td>Tektronix GmbH</td><td>DPO5204</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Oscilloscope</td><td>Teledyne LeCroy GmbH</td><td>SDA 760Zi-A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrometer</td><td>Avantes</td><td>AvaSpec-ULS3648-USB2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrometer</td><td>Ocean Optics, Inc</td><td>HR4C1769</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrometer</td><td>Ocean Optics, Inc</td><td>HR4C3762</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrometer</td><td>Ocean Optics, Inc</td><td>HR4D464</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrometer</td><td>Ocean Optics, Inc</td><td>HR4D466</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Thermal Power Sensor</td><td>Ophir Optronics Solutions Ltd</td><td>L50(150)A-PF-35</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Thermal Power Sensor</td><td>Ophir Optronics Solutions Ltd</td><td>FL500A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Thermal Power Sensor</td><td>Ophir Optronics Solutions Ltd</td><td>3A-P-V1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Power and Energy Meter</td><td>Ophir Optronics Solutions Ltd</td><td>Vega</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Systems&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Beam Stabilization System</td><td>TEM-Messtechnik GmbH</td><td>Aligna</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser M&amp;sup2; Measuring System</td><td>Ophir Optronics Solutions Ltd</td><td>M&amp;sup2;-200s</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FROG</td><td>Home-made</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>XFROG</td><td>Home-made</td><td>N/A, customized</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Miscellaneous&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cooling Chiller</td><td>H.I.B Systemtechnik GmbH</td><td>6HE-000800-W-W-R23-2-DI</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cooling Chiller</td><td>Termotek GmbH</td><td>P201</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cooling Chiller</td><td>Termotek GmbH</td><td>P208</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Safety Goggles</td><td>Protect - Laserschutz GmbH</td><td>BGU 10-0165-G-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Infra-red Viewer</td><td>FJW Optical Systems</td><td>84499A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Viewing Card</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>VRC4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Viewing Card</td><td>Thorlabs GmbH</td><td>VRC5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Viewing Card</td><td>Laser Components GmbH</td><td>LDT-1064 BG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Flowmeter</td><td>KOBOLD Messring GmbH</td><td>DTK-1250G2C34P</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pressure Gauge</td><td>KOBOLD Messring GmbH</td><td>EN 837-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Temperature Sensor</td><td>KOBOLD Messring GmbH</td><td>TDA-15H* ***P3M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>WinLase Software</td><td>Dr. C. Horvath &amp;amp; Dr. F. Loesel</td><td>WinLase Version 2.1 pro.</td><td>Laser Cavity Software</td></tr></tbody></table>

20 mj, 1 ps yb:yag thin-disk regenerative amplifier

这是关于100W，20mJ，1ps Yb:YAG薄盘再生放大器的报告。使用自制的Yb:YAG薄盘，具有交钥匙性能和微焦耳级脉冲能量的克尔透镜锁模振荡器来种子再生啁啾脉冲放大器。放大器放置在气密的外壳中。它在室温下工作，并以5 kHz的重复频率稳定运行，脉冲到脉冲的稳定性小于1％。通过使用1.5mm厚的β硼酸钡晶体，将激光输出的频率加倍至515nm，平均功率为70W，这对应于光学至光学效率的70％。这种卓越的性能使得该系统成为近红外和中红外光谱范围内的光参量啁啾脉冲放大器的有吸引力的泵浦源。结合再生放大器的交钥匙性能和卓越的稳定性，该系统有助于生成宽带，CEP稳定种子。从一个激光源提供光学参量啁啾脉冲放大（OPCPA）的种子和泵，消除了这些脉冲之间的活动时间同步的需求。这项工作提供了一个详细的指导，以建立和操作基于啁啾脉冲放大（CPA）的Yb:YAG薄盘再生放大器作为光参量啁啾脉冲放大器的泵浦源。

<html>振荡器以11 MHz的重复频率提供350 fs，2μJ，25 W脉冲，脉冲到脉冲的稳定性为1％（rms），波束指向波动在1 h的测量范围内小于0.6％（ 图4 ）。 <img alt="图4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55717/55717fig4.jpg" /> 图4 :Yb:YAG薄盘，Kerr镜头锁模振荡器。 （ a ）频谱（红色），检索的时间强度分布（蓝色）和振荡器脉冲的空间分布（插图）。 （ b ）测量和检索振荡器的SHG-FROG光谱仪。这个数字已经从Fattahi et al。获得参考21的许可。&gt;请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。 在再生放大器中将种子脉冲放大到125W，同时用波长为940nm的CW光纤耦合二极管在280W下泵浦，对应于47％的光学至光学效率。放大器的脉冲到脉冲稳定度小于1％，放大器在连续运行10小时后表现出优异的长期稳定性。放大的光束具有优异的空间分布，M 2为1（M 2 x = 1.08和M 2 y = 1.07），并且在压缩至1ps（FWHM）之后具有优异的时间分布（ 图5 ）。 <img alt="图5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55717/55717fig5.jpg" /> 图5 :再生放大器的表征输出和增益变窄效应。 （ a ）连续运行10h后再生放大器平均功率的稳定性。插入:（ a-1 ）在0.5小时的时间窗内其平均值的归一化功率; （ a-2 ）再生放大器的输出光束轮廓。 （ b ）放大器输出光谱（绿色）和光栅压缩机后平均功率为100W的激光脉冲的检索时间强度（蓝色）。 （ c ）放大器输出的种子能量与光谱带宽（FWHM）以及在300W泵浦功率下的相同输出平均功率所需的往返行程。这个数字已经从Fattahi et al。获得参考21的许可。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55717/55717fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a> 25分析SHG。考虑了以下参数的两种不同的晶体:1）I型，6mm厚的三硼酸锂（LBO），相位匹配角为13.7°，非线性系数为0.819μm/ V，2）a I型，3mm厚的BBO 23.4°的相位匹配角和下午2点/ V 26，27的非线性系数。在1,030nm处的1-ps，20-mJ脉冲和100GW / cm 2的峰值强度被认为是模拟的输入。仿真结果表明，BBO的性能优于SHG的LBO（ 图6 ）。 <img alt="图6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55717/55717fig6.jpg" /> 图6 :二次谐波产生。 （ a ）模拟SHG恩对于6mm厚的LBO晶体和3mm厚的BBO晶体来说， （ b ）使用0.5mJ（黑色）和20mJ（绿色）放大器输出的1.5mm厚的BBO晶体中的实验SHG效率与输入泵浦峰强度的关系。 （ c ）检索的光谱强度和（ d ）对应于（b）中的点A，B和C的不同SHG效率的XFROG测量的群延迟。这个数字已经从Fattahi et al。 ， 获得参考21的许可。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55717/55717fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier at JoVE.com

20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier

本文介绍了一种基于Yb:YAG薄盘再生放大器的高能，大功率光参量啁啾脉冲放大器泵源的操作协议。

20 mJ，1 ps Yb:YAG薄盘再生放大器

This is a report on a 100 W, 20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG thin-disk regenerative amplifier. A homemade Yb:YAG thin-disk, Kerr-lens mode-locked oscillator with ...

20-mj-1-ps-ybyag-thin-disk-regenerative-amplifier

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Education

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JoVE Journal

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Power Distributions

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

11.4K 次观看.  Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. 本文介绍了一种基于Yb:YAG薄盘再生放大器的高能，大功率光参量啁啾脉冲放大器泵源的操作协议。 

视频: 20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier

Hyperpolarized Xenon for NMR and MRI Applications

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and imaging (MRI) suffer from intrinsic low sensitivity because even strong external magnetic fields of ~10 T generate only a small detectable net-magnetization of the sample at room temperature 1. Hence, most NMR and MRI applications rely on the detection of molecules at relative high concentration (e.g., water for imaging of biological tissue) or require excessive acquisition times. This limits our ability to exploit the very useful molecular specificity of NMR signals for many biochemical and medical applications. However, novel approaches have emerged in the past few years: Manipulation of the detected spin species prior to detection inside the NMR/MRI magnet can dramatically increase the magnetization and therefore allows detection of molecules at much lower concentration 2.
Here, we present a method for polarization of a xenon gas mixture (2-5% Xe, 10% N2, He balance) in a compact setup with a ca. 16000-fold signal enhancement. Modern line-narrowed diode lasers allow efficient polarization 7 and immediate use of gas mixture even if the noble gas is not separated from the other components. The SEOP apparatus is explained and determination of the achieved spin polarization is demonstrated for performance control of the method.
The hyperpolarized gas can be used for void space imaging, including gas flow imaging or diffusion studies at the interfaces with other materials 8,9. Moreover, the Xe NMR signal is extremely sensitive to its molecular environment 6. This enables the option to use it as an NMR/MRI contrast agent when dissolved in aqueous solution with functionalized molecular hosts that temporarily trap the gas 10,11. Direct detection and high-sensitivity indirect detection of such constructs is demonstrated in both spectroscopic and imaging mode.

The production of hyperpolarized xenon by means of spin exchange optical pumping (SEOP) is described. This method yields a ~10000-fold enhancement of the nuclear spin polarization of Xe-129 and has applications in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging. Examples of gas phase and solution state experiments are given.

超极化氙NMR和MRI的应用

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and imaging (MRI) suffer from intrinsic low sensitivity because even strong external magnetic fields of ~10 ...

科研

工程学

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

Gradient echo memory (GEM) is a protocol for storing optical quantum states of light in atomic ensembles. The primary motivation for such a technology is that quantum key distribution (QKD), which uses Heisenberg uncertainty to guarantee security of cryptographic keys, is limited in transmission distance. The development of a quantum repeater is a possible path to extend QKD range, but a repeater will need a quantum memory. In our experiments we use a gas of rubidium 87 vapor that is contained in a warm gas cell. This makes the scheme particularly simple. It is also a highly versatile scheme that enables in-memory refinement of the stored state, such as frequency shifting and bandwidth manipulation. The basis of the GEM protocol is to absorb the light into an ensemble of atoms that has been prepared in a magnetic field gradient. The reversal of this gradient leads to rephasing of the atomic polarization and thus recall of the stored optical state. We will outline how we prepare the atoms and this gradient and also describe some of the pitfalls that need to be avoided, in particular four-wave mixing, which can give rise to optical gain.

The gradient echo memory is a protocol for storing optical quantum states of light in atomic ensembles. Quantum memory is a key element of a quantum repeater, which can extend the range of quantum key distribution. We outline the operation of the scheme when implemented in a 3-level atomic ensemble.

梯度回波量子存储在温暖的原子蒸气

Gradient  echo memory (GEM) is a protocol for storing optical quantum states of light in  atomic ensembles. The primary motivation for such a technology ...

Construction and Characterization of External Cavity Diode Lasers for Atomic Physics

Since their development in the late 1980s, cheap, reliable external cavity diode lasers (ECDLs) have replaced complex and expensive traditional dye and Titanium Sapphire lasers as the workhorse laser of atomic physics labs1,2. Their versatility and prolific use throughout atomic physics in applications such as absorption spectroscopy and laser cooling1,2 makes it imperative for incoming students to gain a firm practical understanding of these lasers. This publication builds upon the seminal work by Wieman3, updating components, and providing a video tutorial. The setup, frequency locking and performance characterization of an ECDL will be described. Discussion of component selection and proper mounting of both diodes and gratings, the factors affecting mode selection within the cavity, proper alignment for optimal external feedback, optics setup for coarse and fine frequency sensitive measurements, a brief overview of laser locking techniques, and laser linewidth measurements are included.

This is an instructional paper to guide the construction and diagnostics of external cavity diode lasers (ECDLs), including component selection and optical alignment, as well as the basics of frequency reference spectroscopy and laser linewidth measurements for applications in the field of atomic physics.

外腔半导体激光器的原子物理的构建与鉴定

Since their development in the late 1980s, cheap, reliable external cavity diode lasers (ECDLs) have replaced complex and expensive traditional dye and ...

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators

Dielectric microspheres can confine light and sound for a length of time through high quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGM). Glass microspheres can be thought as a store of energy with a huge variety of applications: compact laser sources, highly sensitive biochemical sensors and nonlinear phenomena. A protocol for the fabrication of both the microspheres and coupling system is given. The couplers described here are tapered fibers. Efficient generation of nonlinear phenomena related to third order optical non-linear susceptibility &#935;(3) interactions in triply resonant silica microspheres is presented in this paper. The interactions here reported are: Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and four wave mixing processes comprising Stimulated Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (SARS). A proof of the cavity-enhanced phenomenon is given by the lack of correlation among the pump, signal and idler: a resonant mode has to exist in order to obtain the pair of signal and idler. In the case of hyperparametric oscillations (four wave mixing and stimulated anti-stokes Raman scattering), the modes must fulfill the energy and momentum conservation and, last but not least, have a good spatial overlap.

Efficient generation of nonlinear phenomena related to third order optical non-linear susceptibility &#935;(3) interactions in triply resonant silica microspheres is presented in this paper. The interactions here reported are: Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and four wave mixing processes comprising Stimulated Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (SARS).

刺激斯托克斯和反斯托克斯拉曼散射在微球形回音壁模式谐振器

Dielectric microspheres can confine light and sound for a length of time through high quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGM). Glass microspheres ...

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

We present a cooling method for a cold Fermi gas by parametrically driving atomic motions in a crossed-beam optical dipole trap (ODT). Our method employs the anharmonicity of the ODT, in which the hotter atoms at the edge of the trap feel the anharmonic components of the trapping potential, while the colder atoms in the center of the trap feel the harmonic one. By modulating the trap depth with frequencies that are resonant with the anharmonic components, we selectively excite the hotter atoms out of the trap while keeping the colder atoms in the trap, generating parametric cooling. This experimental protocol starts with a magneto-optical trap (MOT) that is loaded by a Zeeman slower. The precooled atoms in the MOT are then transferred to an ODT, and a bias magnetic field is applied to create an interacting Fermi gas. We then lower the trapping potential to prepare a cold Fermi gas near the degenerate temperature. After that, we sweep the magnetic field to the noninteracting regime of the Fermi gas, in which the parametric cooling can be manifested by modulating the intensity of the optical trapping beams. We find that the parametric cooling effect strongly depends on the modulation frequencies and amplitudes. With the optimized frequency and amplitude, we measure the dependence of the cloud energy on the modulation time. We observe that the cloud energy is changed in an anisotropic way, where the energy of the axial direction is significantly reduced by parametric driving. The cooling effect is limited to the axial direction because the dominant anharmonicity of the crossed-beam ODT is along the axial direction. Finally, we propose to extend this protocol for the trapping potentials of large anharmonicity in all directions, which provides a promising scheme for cooling quantum gases using external driving.

We present a parametric driving method to cool an ultracold Fermi gas in a crossed-beam optical dipole trap. This method selectively removes high-energy atoms from the trap by periodically modulating the trap depth with frequencies that are resonant with the anharmonic components of the trapping potential.

通过定期行驶冷却光学被困超冷费米气体

We present a cooling method for a cold Fermi gas by parametrically driving atomic motions in a crossed-beam optical dipole trap (ODT). Our method employs ...

High-speed Continuous-wave Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Spectrometer for Material Analysis

Recent years have witnessed a significant increase in the use of spontaneous Brillouin spectrometers for non-contact analysis of soft matter, such as aqueous solutions and biomaterials, with fast acquisition times. Here, we discuss the assembly and operation of a Brillouin spectrometer that uses stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) to measure stimulated Brillouin gain (SBG) spectra of water and lipid emulsion-based tissue-like samples in transmission mode with &lt;10 MHz spectral-resolution and &lt;35 MHz Brillouin-shift measurement precision at &lt;100 ms. The spectrometer consists of two nearly counter-propagating continuous-wave (CW) narrow-linewidth lasers at 780 nm whose frequency detuning is scanned through the material Brillouin shift. By using an ultra-narrowband hot rubidium-85 vapor notch filter and a phase-sensitive detector, the signal-to-noise-ratio of the SBG signal is significantly enhanced compared to that obtained with existing CW-SBS spectrometers. This improvement enables measurement of SBG spectra with up to 100-fold faster acquisition times, thereby facilitating high spectral-resolution and high-precision Brillouin analysis of soft materials at high speed.

We describe the construction of a rapid continuous-wave-stimulated-Brillouin-scattering (CW-SBS) spectrometer. The spectrometer employs single-frequency diode-lasers and an atomic vapor notch-filter to acquire transmission spectra of turbid/non-turbid samples with high spectral-resolution at speeds up to 100-fold faster than those of existing CW-SBS spectrometers. This improvement enables high-speed Brillouin material analysis.

用于材料分析的高速连续波受激布里渊散射光谱仪

Recent years have witnessed a significant increase in the use of spontaneous Brillouin spectrometers for non-contact analysis of soft matter, such as ...

Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing

We present a protocol for performing gas spectroscopy using infrared degenerated four-wave mixing (IR-DFWM), for the quantitative detection of gas species in the ppm-to-single-percent range. The main purpose of the method is the spatially resolved detection of low-concentration species, which have no transitions in the visible or near-IR spectral range that could be used for detection. IR-DFWM is a nonintrusive method, which is a great advantage in combustion research, as inserting a probe into a flame can change it drastically. The IR-DFWM is combined with upconversion detection. This detection scheme uses sum-frequency generation to move the IR-DFWM signal from the mid-IR to the near-IR region, to take advantage of the superior noise characteristics of silicon-based detectors. This process also rejects most of the thermal background radiation. The focus of the protocol presented here is on the proper alignment of the IR-DFWM optics and on how to align an intracavity upconversion detection system.

Here, we present a protocol to perform sensitive, spatially resolved gas spectroscopy in the mid-infrared region, using degenerate four-wave mixing combined with upconversion detection.

用于定量气体传感的红外退化四波融合与上转换检测

We present a protocol for performing gas spectroscopy using infrared degenerated four-wave mixing (IR-DFWM), for the quantitative detection of gas species ...

Low-cost Custom Fabrication and Mode-locked Operation of an All-normal-dispersion Femtosecond Fiber Laser for Multiphoton Microscopy

A protocol is presented to build a custom low-cost yet high-performance femtosecond (fs) fiber laser. This all-normal-dispersion (ANDi) ytterbium-doped fiber laser is built completely using commercially available parts, including $8,000 in fiber optic and pump laser components, plus $4,800 in standard optical components and extra-cavity accessories. Researchers new to fiber optic device fabrication may also consider investing in basic fiber splicing and laser pulse characterization equipment (~$63,000). Important for optimal laser operation, methods to verify true versus apparent (partial or noise-like) mode-locked performance are presented. This system achieves 70 fs pulse duration with a center wavelength of approximately 1,070 nm and a pulse repetition rate of 31 MHz. This fiber laser exhibits the peak performance that may be obtained for an easily assembled fiber laser system, which makes this design ideal for research laboratories aiming to develop compact and portable fs laser technologies that enable new implementations of clinical multiphoton microscopy and fs surgery.

A method is presented to build a custom low-cost, mode-locked femtosecond fiber laser for potential applications in multiphoton microscopy, endoscopy, and photomedicine. This laser is built using commercially available parts and basic splicing techniques.

用于多光子显微镜的全正常分散飞秒光纤激光器的低成本定制制造和模式锁定操作

A protocol is presented to build a custom low-cost yet high-performance femtosecond (fs) fiber laser. This all-normal-dispersion (ANDi) ytterbium-doped ...

Rapid Repetition Rate Fluctuation Measurement of Soliton Crystals in a Microresonator

Temporal solitons have attracted great interest in the past decades for their behavior in a steady state, where the dispersion is balanced by the nonlinearity in a propagation Kerr medium. The development of dissipative Kerr solitons (DKSs) in high-Q microcavities drives a novel, compact, chip-scale soliton source. When DKSs serve as femtosecond pulses, the repetition rate fluctuation can be applied to ultrahigh precision metrology, high-speed optical sampling, and optical clocks, etc. In this paper, the rapid repetition rate fluctuation of soliton crystals (SCs), a special state of DKSs where particle-like solitons are tightly packed and fully occupy a resonator, is measured based on the well-known delayed self-heterodyne method. The SCs are generated using a thermal-controlled method. The pump is a frequency fixed laser with a linewidth of 100 Hz. The integral time in frequency fluctuation measurements is controlled by the length of the delay fiber. For a SC with a single vacancy, the repetition rate fluctuations are ~53.24 Hz within 10 &#181;s and ~509.32 Hz within 125 &#181;s, respectively.

Here, we present a protocol to generate soliton crystals in a butterfly-packaged micro-ring resonator using a thermal tuned method. Further, the repetition rate fluctuations of a soliton crystal with a single vacancy are measured using a delayed self-heterodyne method.

微谐振器中孤子晶体的快速重复率波动测量

Temporal solitons have attracted great interest in the past decades for their behavior in a steady state, where the dispersion is balanced by the ...

Optimizing Brillouin Optical Time-Domain Analyzers Based on Gain Spectrum Engineering

Demonstrated is a unique method for sensing performance enhancement in Brillouin optical time-domain analyzers (BOTDA). A Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS) is superimposed with two symmetric Brillouin loss spectra (BLS). This leads to a complex engineered spectrum shape that is more resistant to the sensing system noise. Instead of only one pump and probe interaction as in the conventional BOTDA setup, three optical probe waves are exploited, with one probe located in the BGS and the other two symmetrically in the BLS. Due to the resistance and insensitivity of the engineered spectrum shape to the noise, the sensing performance is enhanced by 60% and the measurand resolution is doubled.

A protocol for Brillouin optical time-domain analyzers based on gain spectrum engineering is presented. Enhancements in the sensing performance, including sensing range and measurand resolution are achieved and the excess Brillouin intensity noise is studied. The protocol introduces a new way to enhance distributed Brillouin sensing performance.

Demonstrated is a unique method for sensing performance enhancement in Brillouin optical time-domain analyzers (BOTDA). A Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS) is ...