우리는 Ferenc Krausz 교수와 Najd Altwaijry 교수가 원고 작성을 도와 준 것에 대해 감사드립니다. 이 작업은 CALA (Center for Advanced Laser Applications)에서 지원했습니다.

<ol>
	<li>Fattahi, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Third-generation+femtosecond+technology.">Third-generation femtosecond technology.</a> Optica. 1 (1), 45-63 (2014).</li><li>Hentschel, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Attosecond+metrology.">Attosecond metrology.</a> Nature. 414 (6863), 509-513 (2001).</li><li>Cavalieri, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intense+1.5-cycle+near+infrared+laser+waveforms+and+their+use+for+the+generation+of+ultra-broadband+soft-x-ray+harmonic+continua.">Intense 1.5-cycle near infrared laser waveforms and their use for the generation of ultra-broadband soft-x-ray harmonic continua.</a> New J Phys. 9 (7), 242 (2007).</li><li>Schweinberger, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Waveform-controlled+near-single-cycle+milli-joule+laser+pulses+generate+sub-10+nm+extreme+ultraviolet+continua.">Waveform-controlled near-single-cycle milli-joule laser pulses generate sub-10 nm extreme ultraviolet continua.</a> Opt Lett. 37, 3573-3575 (2012).</li><li>Buck, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+observation+of+laser-driven+electron+acceleration.">Real-time observation of laser-driven electron acceleration.</a> Nature Phys. 7 (7), 543-548 (2011).</li><li>Zhong, H., Karpowicz, N., Zhang, X. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Terahertz+emission+profile+from+laser-induced+air+plasma.">Terahertz emission profile from laser-induced air plasma.</a> Appl Phys Lett. 88 (26), 261103 (2006).</li><li>Herrmann, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+sub-three-cycle,+16+TW+light+pulses+by+using+noncollinear+optical+parametric+chirped-pulse+amplification.">Generation of sub-three-cycle, 16 TW light pulses by using noncollinear optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification.</a> Opt Lett. 34 (16), 2459-2461 (2009).</li><li>Adachi, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=1.5+mJ,+6.4+fs+parametric+chirped-pulse+amplification+system+at+1+kHz.">1.5 mJ, 6.4 fs parametric chirped-pulse amplification system at 1 kHz.</a> Opt Lett. 32 (17), 2487-2489 (2007).</li><li>Adachi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=5-fs,+multi-mJ,+CEP-locked+parametric+chirped-pulse+amplifier+pumped+by+a+450-nm+source+at+1+kHz.">5-fs, multi-mJ, CEP-locked parametric chirped-pulse amplifier pumped by a 450-nm source at 1 kHz.</a> Opt express. 16 (19), 14341-14352 (2008).</li><li>Yin, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-efficiency+optical+parametric+chirped-pulse+amplifier+in+BiB3O6+for+generation+of+3+mJ,+two-cycle,+carrier-envelope-phase-stable+pulses+at+1.7+&#181;m.">High-efficiency optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier in BiB3O6 for generation of 3 mJ, two-cycle, carrier-envelope-phase-stable pulses at 1.7 &#181;m.</a> Opt Lett. 41 (6), 1142-1145 (2016).</li><li>Deng, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carrier-envelope-phase-stable,+1.2+mJ,+1.5+cycle+laser+pulses+at+2.1+&#181;m.">Carrier-envelope-phase-stable, 1.2 mJ, 1.5 cycle laser pulses at 2.1 &#181;m.</a> Opt Lett. 37 (23), 4973-4975 (2012).</li><li>Rothhardt, J., Demmler, S., H&#228;drich, S., Limpert, J., T&#252;nnermann, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Octave-spanning+OPCPA+system+delivering+CEP-stable+few-cycle+pulses+and+22+W+of+average+power+at+1+MHz+repetition+rate.">Octave-spanning OPCPA system delivering CEP-stable few-cycle pulses and 22 W of average power at 1 MHz repetition rate.</a> Opt express. 20 (10), 10870-10878 (2012).</li><li>Heckl, O. H., Nolte, S., Schrempel, F., Dausinger, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Ultrafast Thin-Disk Lasers.Ultrashort Pulse Laser Technology. 195, 93-115 (2016).</li><li>Zapata, L. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cryogenic+Yb:YAG+composite-thin-disk+for+high+energy+and+average+power+amplifiers.">Cryogenic Yb:YAG composite-thin-disk for high energy and average power amplifiers.</a> Opt. Lett. 40 (11), 2610-2613 (2015).</li><li>Schulz, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Yb:YAG+Innoslab+amplifier:+efficient+high+repetition+rate+subpicosecond+pumping+system+for+optical+parametric+chirped+pulse+amplification.">Yb:YAG Innoslab amplifier: efficient high repetition rate subpicosecond pumping system for optical parametric chirped pulse amplification.</a> Opt Lett. 36 (13), 2456-2458 (2011).</li><li>Roeser, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Millijoule+pulse+energy+high+repetition+rate+femtosecond+fiber+chirped-pulse+amplification+system.">Millijoule pulse energy high repetition rate femtosecond fiber chirped-pulse amplification system.</a> Opt Lett. 32 (24), 3495-3497 (2007).</li><li>Russbueldt, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=400+W+Yb:YAG+Innoslab+fs-amplifier.">400 W Yb:YAG Innoslab fs-amplifier.</a> Opt Express. 17 (15), 12230-12245 (2009).</li><li>Baumgarten, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=0.5+kHz+repetition+rate+picosecond+laser.">0.5 kHz repetition rate picosecond laser.</a> Opt Lett. 41 (14), 3339-3342 (2016).</li><li>Klingebiel, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=220mJ,+1+kHz+Picosecond+Regenerative+Thin-Disk+Amplifier.">220mJ, 1 kHz Picosecond Regenerative Thin-Disk Amplifier.</a> , (2015).</li><li>Nubbemeyer, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=1+kW,+200+mJ+picosecond+thin-disk+laser+system.">1 kW, 200 mJ picosecond thin-disk laser system.</a> Opt Lett. 42 (7), 1381-1384 (2017).</li><li>Fattahi, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-power,+1-ps,+all-Yb:YAG+thin-disk+regenerative+amplifier.">High-power, 1-ps, all-Yb:YAG thin-disk regenerative amplifier.</a> Opt Lett. 41 (6), 1126-1129 (2016).</li><li>Brons, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Energy+scaling+of+Kerr-lens+mode-locked+thin-disk+oscillators.">Energy scaling of Kerr-lens mode-locked thin-disk oscillators.</a> Opt Lett. 39 (22), 6442-6445 (2014).</li><li>Trebino, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+ultrashort+laser+pulses+in+the+time-frequency+domain+using+frequency-resolved+optical+gating.">Measuring ultrashort laser pulses in the time-frequency domain using frequency-resolved optical gating.</a> Rev Sci Instrum. 68 (9), 3277-3295 (1997).</li><li>Arisholm, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=General+numerical+methods+for+simulating+second-order+nonlinear+interactions+in+birefringent+media.">General numerical methods for simulating second-order nonlinear interactions in birefringent media.</a> J Opt Soc Am B. 14 (10), 2543-2549 (1997).</li><li>Zhang, D. X., Kong, Y. F., Zhang, J. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+parametric+properties+of+532-nm-pumped+beta-barium-borate+near+the+infrared+absorption+edge.">Optical parametric properties of 532-nm-pumped beta-barium-borate near the infrared absorption edge.</a> Opt Commun. 184 (5), 485-491 (2000).</li><li>Kato, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temperature-tuned+90o+phase-matching+properties+of+LiB3O5.">Temperature-tuned 90o phase-matching properties of LiB3O5.</a> IEEE J Quant Electron. 30 (12), 2950-2952 (1994).</li><li>Fattahi, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Third-generation femtosecond technology. , (2016).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 할 것이 없습니다.

발진기의 턴키 작동은 레이저의 다른 구성 요소의 최적 열 관리로 수행됩니다. 오실레이터의 출력은 추가 정렬이나 최적화가 필요없이 매일 반복 재생이 가능합니다. 또한, 펄스 레이저 펄스 에너지 안정성 및 공간 포인팅 안정성은 재생 증폭기의 안정적인 작동을 달성하기위한 전제 조건을 충족시킵니다. 파이버 증폭기와 같은 다른 저에너지 종자 소스를 사용하여 증폭기를 시드 할 수 있습니다. 이 연구에서는 축적 된 비선형 위상의 성장을 줄임으로써 재생 증폭기의 증폭을 돕기 위해 2μJ Yb : YAG 박막 디스크 KLM 발진기가 사용되었는데, 이는 높은 입력 종자 에너지에 대해 필요한 왕복 횟수가 줄어들었기 때문입니다 . 또한 시드 에너지가 높을수록 증폭 과정에 영향을 미치고 게인을 줄입니다. 증폭 된 펄스의 측정 된 스펙트럼 대역폭고정 된 펌프 출력에서의 상이한 시드 에너지에 대한 결과가 도 5c에 도시되어 있다 . 이득 감소로 인해 증폭 된 스펙트럼 대역폭은 낮은 종자 에너지에 대해 감소합니다. 10 pJ의 시드 에너지의 경우 레이저는 두 배가되는 기간에 작동하며 왕복 횟수를 늘려도 안정적인 작동에 도달 할 수 없습니다. 냉각 시스템과 다이오드의 전원 공급 장치를주의 깊게 최적화하는 것 외에도 포화 상태에서 재생 앰프의 작동은 앰프의 안정성을 달성하는 데 중요한 역할을합니다. 레이저의 기본 또는 2 차 고조파는 OPCPA 시스템을 펌핑하는 데 사용될 수 있습니다. SHG의 경우, LBO와 BBO 결정의 성능은 큰 비선형 계수와 손상 임계 값을 제공하기 때문에 비교되었다. BBO의 경우에는 더 큰 공간 워킹 오프와 제한된 가용 개구에도 불구하고. BBO의 비선형 계수가 LBO의 비선형 계수의 거의 두 배이므로, 더 짧은 결정은SHG ( 그림 6a )의 포화 한계에 도달하기에 적합합니다. 누적 비선형 위상이 28 작다 따라서, BBO가 더 적합한 선택이다. SH 펄스의 펄스 지속 시간은 상이한 변환 효율에서 실험적으로 특성화됩니다. 높은 변환 효율에서는 SHG 스펙트럼이 넓어지고 고차 스펙트럼 위상이 나타난다는 것이 관찰되었습니다 ( 그림 6 ). 따라서 변환 효율이 70 % 인 사례 B는 SH 및 변환되지 않은 기본 빔이 우수한 품질을 유지하는 경우에 선택됩니다.

높은 반복률의 고 에너지, 소수 사이클 레이저 펄스의 생성은 attosecond science 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 및 직접적으로 이익을 얻는 대장학 물리 5 , 6 과 같은 응용 분야에 큰 관심을 끈다. 그러한 출처의 가용성으로부터. OPCPA 동시에 몇 사이클 펄스 1을 지원 높은 펄스 에너지와 큰 증폭 대역폭을 달성하기위한 가장 유망한 경로를 나타낸다. 현재까지 OPCPA는 초 광대역 증폭이 가능하여 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 번의 펄스를 생성합니다. 그러나 피코 초 단위로 짧은 펌프 펄스를 사용하는 OPCPA 방식의 수정 된 구현은훨씬 더 높은 펄스 에너지와 소수의 사이클 체제 1, 11, 12의 평균 전력에 대한 이러한 접근은 확장하기. 단 펄스로 펌핑 된 OPCPA에서 높은 펌프 강도로 인해 높은 단일 패스 게인은 매우 넓은 크리스털 대역폭을 지원하기 위해 매우 얇은 크리스털을 사용할 수 있습니다. 짧은 펄스로 펌핑 된 OPCPA에는 많은 장점이 있지만,이 접근법의 실현 가능성은이 목적을 위해 특별히 고안된 레이저의 가용성에 달려 있습니다. 이러한 펌프 레이저는 kHz에서 MHz 범위 13 , 14 , 15의 반복 속도에서 거의 회절 제한된 빔 품질의 고 에너지 피코 초 펄스를 전달해야합니다. 고 에너지 및 높은 평균 출력으로 피코 초 레이저 펄스를 전달할 수있는 여러 가지 형상의 이터 븀 도핑 된 레이저 도입필드 1 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 의 현재 상태를 변경하려고합니다. Yb : YAG는 열전도율이 우수하고 상온 수명이 길며 경제적 인 다이오드 레이저로 펌핑 할 수 있습니다. 얇은 디스크 지오메트리에서 사용할 때의 성능은 피크 미디어와 평균 파워를 동시에 조정할 수있는 이득 매체의 효율적인 냉각으로 인해 탁월합니다. 더욱이, 증폭 과정 동안 이득 매질 내부에서 자체 집광의 발생은 다른 이득 매체 구조와 비교하여 얇은 디스크의 가늘어 짐으로 인해 억제되어, 증폭 된 펄스의 우수한 시간 및 공간 프로파일을 초래한다. CPA와 함께이 개념을 결합하면 수백 밀리 줄의 에너지와 수백 개의 피코 초 펄스를 생성 할 수 있습니다.평균 전력 19 , 20 와트 OPCPAs (21)를 펌핑에 적합한 소스로 뛰어난 일일 실적과 YAG 얇은 디스크 재생 앰프 : 본 연구의 목적은 턴키 YB을 설명하는 것입니다. 이 목표를 달성하기 위해이 연구에서는 증폭 과정에서 누적 된 비선형 위상을 최소화하기 위해 증폭기를 시드하기 위해 펄스 에너지의 몇 마이크로 주울을 갖는 Yb : YAG 박막 디스크 발진기 22 를 사용합니다. 이 프로토콜은 다른 곳에서 설명 된 레이저 시스템을 구축하고 작동시키는 방법을 제공합니다 21 . 구성 요소 구현 및 제어 소프트웨어에 대한 세부 사항이 제시되고 시스템의 정렬 프로세스가 설명됩니다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrooptics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiber-Coupled Diode Laser Module</td>
			<td>Dilas Diodenlaser GmbH</td>
			<td>M1F8H12-940.5-500C-IS11.34</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiber-Coupled Diode Laser Module</td>
			<td>Laserline GmbH</td>
			<td>LDM1000-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power Supply for Diode Laser</td>
			<td>Delta Elektronika B.V.</td>
			<td>SM 15-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power Supply for Diode Laser</td>
			<td>Delta Elektronika B.V.</td>
			<td>SM 35-45</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pulse Picker&#39;s Driver</td>
			<td>Bergmann Messger&#228;te Entwicklung KG&#160;</td>
			<td>N/A, customized</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pockels Cell&#39;s Driver</td>
			<td>Bergmann Messger&#228;te Entwicklung KG&#160;</td>
			<td>N/A, customized</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pulse Picker&#39;s Driver Power Supply</td>
			<td>Bergmann Messger&#228;te Entwicklung KG&#160;</td>
			<td>PCD8m7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pockels Cell&#39;s Driver Power Supply</td>
			<td>Bergmann Messger&#228;te Entwicklung KG&#160;</td>
			<td>PCD8m7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Delay Generator PCI</td>
			<td>Bergmann Messger&#228;te Entwicklung KG&#160;</td>
			<td>BME_SG08p</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Splitter Box</td>
			<td>Bergmann Messger&#228;te Entwicklung KG&#160;</td>
			<td>N/A, customized</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Resonant Preamplifier</td>
			<td>Bergmann Messger&#228;te Entwicklung KG&#160;</td>
			<td>BME_P03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pulse Picker&#39;s crystal</td>
			<td>Castech Inc.</td>
			<td>N/A, customized</td>
			<td>12*12*20 mm&#179;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pockels Cell&#39;s crystal</td>
			<td>Castech Inc.</td>
			<td>N/A, customized</td>
			<td>12*12*20 mm&#179;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thin-disk</td>
			<td>TRUMPF Scientific Lasers&#160;</td>
			<td>N/A, customized</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thin-disk Head</td>
			<td>TRUMPF Scientific Lasers&#160;</td>
			<td>N/A, customized</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiber</td>
			<td>Frank Optic Products GmbH</td>
			<td>N/A, customized</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiber Objective</td>
			<td>Edmund Optics GmbH</td>
			<td>N/A, customized</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Faraday Isolator</td>
			<td>Electro-Optics Technology, Inc</td>
			<td>EOT.189.12231</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Faraday Rotator</td>
			<td>Electro-Optics Technology, Inc</td>
			<td>EOT.189.22040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stretcher&#39;s Grating 1</td>
			<td>Horiba Jobin Yvon GmbH</td>
			<td>N/A, customized</td>
			<td>60*40*10 mm&#179;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stretcher&#39;s Grating 2</td>
			<td>Horiba Jobin Yvon GmbH</td>
			<td>N/A, customized</td>
			<td>350*190*50 mm&#179;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Compressor&#39;s Grating 1</td>
			<td>Plymouth Grating Laboratory, Inc.</td>
			<td>N/A, customized</td>
			<td>40*40*16 mm&#179;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Compressor&#39;s Grating 2</td>
			<td>Plymouth Grating Laboratory, Inc.</td>
			<td>N/A, customized</td>
			<td>300*100*50 mm&#179;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HR Mirror, 1&#34; (1030nm), flat, 0&#176;</td>
			<td>Layertec GmbH</td>
			<td>108060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HR Mirror, 1&#34; (1030nm), flat, 0&#176;</td>
			<td>Laseroptik GmbH</td>
			<td>B-09965, S-04484</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HR Mirror, 1&#34; (1030nm), flat, 45&#176;</td>
			<td>Layertec GmbH</td>
			<td>108063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HR Mirror, 1&#34; (1030nm), flat, 45&#176;</td>
			<td>Laseroptik GmbH</td>
			<td>B-09966, S-04484</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HR Mirror, 1&#34; (1030nm), curved</td>
			<td>Layertec GmbH</td>
			<td>N/A, customized</td>
			<td>set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HR Mirror, 2&#34; (1030nm), flat, 0&#176;</td>
			<td>Laseroptik GmbH</td>
			<td>B-09965, S-05474</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HR Mirror, 2&#34; (1030nm), flat, 45&#176;</td>
			<td>Laseroptik GmbH</td>
			<td>B-09966, S-05474</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thin Film Polarizer (1030nm), 2&#34;</td>
			<td>Layertec GmbH</td>
			<td>103930</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Waveplate L/2 (1030nm)</td>
			<td>Layertec GmbH</td>
			<td>106058</td>
			<td>&#216;=25mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Waveplate L/4 (1030nm)</td>
			<td>Layertec GmbH</td>
			<td>106060</td>
			<td>&#216;=25mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AR Window (1030nm), wedge</td>
			<td>Laseroptik GmbH</td>
			<td>B-00183-01, S-00988</td>
			<td>&#216;=38mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Output Coupler, 1&#34; (1030nm)</td>
			<td>Layertec GmbH</td>
			<td>N/A, customized</td>
			<td>PR = 88 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High-dispersion Mirror (1030nm)</td>
			<td>UltraFast Innovations GmbH</td>
			<td>N/A, customized</td>
			<td>GDD = -3000 fs&#178;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lens, 1&#34; (1030nm), Plano-Convex</td>
			<td>Thorlabs GmbH</td>
			<td>N/A, customized</td>
			<td>set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lens, 1&#34; (1030nm), Plano-Concave</td>
			<td>Thorlabs GmbH</td>
			<td>N/A, customized</td>
			<td>set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lens, 2&#34; (1030nm), Plano-Convex</td>
			<td>Thorlabs GmbH</td>
			<td>N/A, customized</td>
			<td>set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lens, 2&#34; (1030nm), Plano-Concave</td>
			<td>Thorlabs GmbH</td>
			<td>N/A, customized</td>
			<td>set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HR Mirror, 1&#34; (515nm), flat, 0&#176;</td>
			<td>Layertec GmbH</td>
			<td>129784</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HR Mirror, 1&#34; (515nm), flat, 0&#176;</td>
			<td>Eksma Optics</td>
			<td>042-0515-i0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HR Mirror, 1&#34; (515nm), flat, 45&#176;</td>
			<td>Layertec GmbH</td>
			<td>110924</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HR Mirror, 1&#34; (515nm), flat, 45&#176;</td>
			<td>Eksma Optics</td>
			<td>042-0515</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HR Mirror, 1&#34; (515nm), curved</td>
			<td>Layertec GmbH</td>
			<td>N/A, customized</td>
			<td>set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HR Mirror, 1&#34; (515nm), curved</td>
			<td>Eksma Optics</td>
			<td>N/A, customized</td>
			<td>set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HR Mirror, 2&#34; (515nm), flat, 0&#176;</td>
			<td>Eksma Optics</td>
			<td>045-0515-i0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HR Mirror, 2&#34; (515nm), flat, 45&#176;</td>
			<td>Eksma Optics</td>
			<td>045-0515</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thin Film Polarizer (515nm), 2&#34;</td>
			<td>Layertec GmbH</td>
			<td>112544</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Waveplate L/2 (515nm)</td>
			<td>Layertec GmbH</td>
			<td>112546</td>
			<td>&#216;=25mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lens, 1&#34; (515nm), Plano-Convex</td>
			<td>Thorlabs GmbH</td>
			<td>N/A, customized</td>
			<td>set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lens, 1&#34; (515nm), Plano-Concave</td>
			<td>Thorlabs GmbH</td>
			<td>N/A, customized</td>
			<td>set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kerr Medium</td>
			<td>Meller Optics, Inc.</td>
			<td>N/A, customized</td>
			<td>Sapphire, 1mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BBO Crystal</td>
			<td>Castech Inc.</td>
			<td>N/A, customized</td>
			<td>7*7*1.5 mm&#179;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Harmonic Separator, 1&#34;, 45&#176;</td>
			<td>Eksma Optics</td>
			<td>042-5135</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Harmonic Separator, 2&#34;, 45&#176;</td>
			<td>Eksma Optics</td>
			<td>045-5135</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silver Mirror, 1&#34;, flat</td>
			<td>Thorlabs GmbH</td>
			<td>PF10-03-P01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silver Mirror, 1&#34;, curved</td>
			<td>Eksma Optics</td>
			<td>N/A, customized</td>
			<td>set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter - Absorptive Neutral Density</td>
			<td>Thorlabs GmbH</td>
			<td>NE##A</td>
			<td>set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter - Reflective Neutral Density</td>
			<td>Thorlabs GmbH</td>
			<td>ND##A</td>
			<td>set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter - Round Continuously Variable</td>
			<td>Thorlabs GmbH</td>
			<td>NDC-50C-4M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter - Edgepass Filter (Longpass)</td>
			<td>Thorlabs GmbH</td>
			<td>FEL####</td>
			<td>set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter - Edgepass Filter (Shortpass)</td>
			<td>Thorlabs GmbH</td>
			<td>FES####</td>
			<td>set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wedge</td>
			<td>Thorlabs GmbH</td>
			<td>N/A, customized</td>
			<td>set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optomechanics &#38; Motion</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mirror Mount 1&#34; (small)</td>
			<td>S. Maier GmbH</td>
			<td>S1M4-##-1&#8221;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mirror Mount 1&#34; (large)</td>
			<td>S. Maier GmbH</td>
			<td>S3-##</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mirror Mount 1&#34;</td>
			<td>TRUMPF Scientific Lasers&#160;</td>
			<td>1&#34; adjustable&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mirror Mount 2&#34;</td>
			<td>S. Maier GmbH</td>
			<td>S4-##</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mirror Mount 2&#34;</td>
			<td>TRUMPF Scientific Lasers&#160;</td>
			<td>2&#34; adjustable&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotation Mount 1&#8221;</td>
			<td>S. Maier GmbH</td>
			<td>D25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotation Mount 1&#8221;</td>
			<td>Thorlabs GmbH</td>
			<td>RSP1/M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotation Mount 2&#8221;</td>
			<td>Thorlabs GmbH</td>
			<td>RSP2/M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precision Rotation Stage</td>
			<td>Newport Corporation</td>
			<td>M-UTR120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Four-Axis Diffraction Grating Mount</td>
			<td>Newport Corporation</td>
			<td>DGM-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Translation Stage</td>
			<td>OptoSigma Corporation</td>
			<td>TADC-651SR25-M6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pockels cell stage</td>
			<td>Newport Corporation</td>
			<td>9082-M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pockels Cell Holder</td>
			<td>Home-made</td>
			<td>N/A, customized</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Picomotor Controller/Driver Kit</td>
			<td>Newport Corporation</td>
			<td>8742-12-KIT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Picomotor Piezo Linear Actuators</td>
			<td>Newport Corporation</td>
			<td>8301NF</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Picomotor Rotation Mount</td>
			<td>Newport Corporation</td>
			<td>8401-M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hand Control Pad</td>
			<td>Newport Corporation</td>
			<td>8758</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light Analysis</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beam Profiling Camera</td>
			<td>Ophir Optronics Solutions Ltd</td>
			<td>SP620</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beam Profiling Camera</td>
			<td>DataRay Inc.</td>
			<td>WCD-UCD23</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photodiodes (solw)</td>
			<td>Thorlabs GmbH</td>
			<td>DET10A/M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photodiodes (fast)</td>
			<td>Alphalas GmbH</td>
			<td>UPD-200-SP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thin-disk Camera</td>
			<td>Imaging Development Systems GmbH</td>
			<td>UI-2220SE-M-GL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oscilloscope</td>
			<td>Tektronix GmbH</td>
			<td>DPO5204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oscilloscope</td>
			<td>Teledyne LeCroy GmbH</td>
			<td>SDA 760Zi-A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrometer</td>
			<td>Avantes</td>
			<td>AvaSpec-ULS3648-USB2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrometer</td>
			<td>Ocean Optics, Inc</td>
			<td>HR4C1769</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrometer</td>
			<td>Ocean Optics, Inc</td>
			<td>HR4C3762</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrometer</td>
			<td>Ocean Optics, Inc</td>
			<td>HR4D464</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrometer</td>
			<td>Ocean Optics, Inc</td>
			<td>HR4D466</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser Thermal Power Sensor</td>
			<td>Ophir Optronics Solutions Ltd</td>
			<td>L50(150)A-PF-35</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser Thermal Power Sensor</td>
			<td>Ophir Optronics Solutions Ltd</td>
			<td>FL500A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser Thermal Power Sensor</td>
			<td>Ophir Optronics Solutions Ltd</td>
			<td>3A-P-V1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power and Energy Meter</td>
			<td>Ophir Optronics Solutions Ltd</td>
			<td>Vega</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Systems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser Beam Stabilization System</td>
			<td>TEM-Messtechnik GmbH</td>
			<td>Aligna</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser M&#178; Measuring System</td>
			<td>Ophir Optronics Solutions Ltd</td>
			<td>M&#178;-200s</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FROG</td>
			<td>Home-made</td>
			<td>N/A, customized</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XFROG</td>
			<td>Home-made</td>
			<td>N/A, customized</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Miscellaneous</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cooling Chiller</td>
			<td>H.I.B Systemtechnik GmbH</td>
			<td>6HE-000800-W-W-R23-2-DI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cooling Chiller</td>
			<td>Termotek GmbH</td>
			<td>P201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cooling Chiller</td>
			<td>Termotek GmbH</td>
			<td>P208</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser Safety Goggles</td>
			<td>Protect - Laserschutz GmbH</td>
			<td>BGU 10-0165-G-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infra-red Viewer</td>
			<td>FJW Optical Systems</td>
			<td>84499A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser Viewing Card</td>
			<td>Thorlabs GmbH</td>
			<td>VRC4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser Viewing Card</td>
			<td>Thorlabs GmbH</td>
			<td>VRC5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser Viewing Card</td>
			<td>Laser Components GmbH</td>
			<td>LDT-1064 BG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flowmeter</td>
			<td>KOBOLD Messring GmbH</td>
			<td>DTK-1250G2C34P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pressure Gauge</td>
			<td>KOBOLD Messring GmbH</td>
			<td>EN 837-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Temperature Sensor</td>
			<td>KOBOLD Messring GmbH</td>
			<td>TDA-15H* ***P3M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>WinLase Software</td>
			<td>Dr. C. Horvath &#38; Dr. F. Loesel</td>
			<td>WinLase Version 2.1 pro.</td>
			<td>Laser Cavity Software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

20 mj, 1 ps yb:yag thin-disk regenerative amplifier

이 보고서는 100W, 20mJ, 1ps Yb : YAG 박막 디스크 재생 증폭기에 대한 보고서입니다. 수제 Yb : YAG 박막 디스크, 턴 - 키 성능 및 마이크로 줄 레벨 펄스 에너지를 갖는 Kerr-lens 모드 고정 발진기는 재생성 Chirped-Pulse 증폭기를 시드하는 데 사용됩니다. 앰프는 밀폐 된 하우징에 설치됩니다. 실온에서 작동하며 펄스 - 펄스 안정성이 1 % 미만인 5kHz 반복 속도에서 안정적인 작동을 보입니다. 1.5mm 두께의 베타 바륨 붕산염 결정체를 사용함으로써, 레이저 출력의 주파수는 515nm로 두 배가되고 평균 전력은 70W로 광학 - 광학 효율은 70 %에 해당한다. 이 우수한 성능으로 시스템은 근적외선 및 중 적외선 스펙트럼 범위의 광 파라 메트릭 처프 펄스 펄스 증폭기의 매력적인 펌프 소스가됩니다. 턴 - 키 성능과 재생 앰프의 탁월한 안정성을 결합한이 시스템은 광대역의 CEP 안정화씨. 하나의 레이저 소스로부터 OPCPA (optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification)의 시드 및 펌프를 제공하면 이러한 펄스 사이의 활성 시간 동기화 요구가 사라집니다. 이 작품은 광학 매개 변수 처프 펄스 증폭기의 펌프 소스로 Chirped-Pulse Amplification (CPP)에 기반한 Yb : YAG 박막 디스크 재생 증폭기를 설치하고 작동하는 방법에 대한 자세한 안내를 제공합니다.

<html> 오실레이터는 11MHz 반복 속도에서 350fs, 2μJ, 25W 펄스를 제공하며 펄스 투 펄스 (pulse-to-pulse) 안정성이 1 % (rms)이고 빔 포인팅 요동이 1 시간 동안 0.6 % 미만입니다 ( 그림 4 ). <img alt="그림 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55717/55717fig4.jpg" /> 그림 4 : Yb : YAG 박막 디스크, Kerr 렌즈 모드 잠금 오실레이터 ( a ) 발진기 펄스의 스펙트럼 (적색), 검색된 시간 강도 프로파일 (파란색) 및 공간 프로파일 (삽입). ( b ) 오실레이터의 SHG-FROG 분광기 측정 및 검색. 이 수치는 Fattahi et al. 참조 21의 허가를 얻어야한다.&gt;이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오. 시드 펄스는 280W에서 940nm의 파장에서 CW 광 결합 다이오드로 펌핑되는 동안 재생 증폭기에서 125W로 증폭되며 47 %의 광 대 광 효율에 해당합니다. 증폭기의 펄스 - 펄스 안정성은 1 % 미만이며, 연속 동작 10 시간 후 우수한 장기 안정성을 보입니다. 증폭 된 빔은 M 2 가 1 (M 2 x = 1.08 및 M 2 y = 1.07)이고 압축 후 1 ps (FWHM에서)에 우수한 시간 프로파일을 갖는 우수한 공간 프로파일을 갖는다 ( 그림 5 ). <img alt="그림 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55717/55717fig5.jpg" /> 그림 5 : 재생 앰프의 특성출력 및 게인 - 감소 효과가있다. ( a ) 연속 운전 10 시간 후 재생 증폭기 평균 전력의 안정성. 삽입 : ( a-1 ) 평균 시간에 0.5 시간의 평균 전력으로 정규화 된 전력; ( a-2 ) 회생 증폭기의 출력 빔 프로파일. ( b ) 격자 압축기 이후 평균 출력 100W에서 레이저 출력 스펙트럼 (녹색) 및 검색된 시간 강도 (청색). ( c ) 증폭기 출력의 종단 에너지 대 스펙트럼 대역폭 (FWHM) 및 펌프 출력 300W에서 동일한 출력 평균 전력에 대해 요구되는 왕복 시간. 이 수치는 Fattahi et al. 참조 21의 허가를 얻어야한다. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55717/55717fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> 25를 사용하여 분석되었습니다. 다음과 같은 파라미터를 가진 두 개의 다른 결정이 고려되었다 : 1) 위상 정합 각이 13.7 °이고 비선형 계수가 0.819 pm / V 인 I 형, 6 mm 두께의 리튬 트리 보레이트 (LBO) 및 2) 타입 -1, 23.4 °의 위상 정합 각 및 2 pm / V의 비선형 계수 26 , 27 을 갖는 3mm 두께의 BBO. 1030 nm에서 1 ps, 20 mJ 펄스 및 100 GW / cm 2 의 피크 강도가 시뮬레이션의 입력으로 고려되었다. 시뮬레이션 결과 BBO 성능은 SHG의 LBO 성능보다 우수함이 확인되었습니다 ( 그림 6 ). <img alt="도 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55717/55717fig6.jpg" /> 그림 6 : 2 차 고조파 생성. ( a ) Simulated SHG ENE6mm 두께의 LBO 결정체와 3mm 두께의 BBO 결정체의 경우 rgy. ( b ) 증폭기 출력의 0.5 mJ (흑색) 및 20 mJ (녹색)를 사용하는 1.5 mm 두께의 BBO 결정에서의 실험적 SHG 효율 대 입력 펌프 피크 강도. ( c ) ( b )의 점 A, B 및 C에 대응하는 상이한 SHG 효율에 대한 검색된 스펙트럼 강도 및 ( d ) XFROG 측정의 군 지연. 이 수치는 Fattahi et al. , 참고 문헌 21의 허가를 얻어서 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55717/55717fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier at JoVE.com

20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier

Yb : YAG 박막 디스크 재생 증폭기를 기반으로하는 고 에너지, 고출력 광 파라 메트릭 처프 펄스 증폭기 펌프 소스의 작동을위한 프로토콜이 여기에 제시됩니다.

20 mJ, 1 ps Yb : YAG Thin-disk 재생 앰프

This is a report on a 100 W, 20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG thin-disk regenerative amplifier. A homemade Yb:YAG thin-disk, Kerr-lens mode-locked oscillator with ...

20-mj-1-ps-ybyag-thin-disk-regenerative-amplifier

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Electrical Engineering

Bioengineering

Unit 1

Power Distributions

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

11.4K 조회수.  Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.  Yb : YAG 박막 디스크 재생 증폭기를 기반으로하는 고 에너지, 고출력 광 파라 메트릭 처프 펄스 증폭기 펌프 소스의 작동을위한 프로토콜이 여기에 제시됩니다. 

비디오: 20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier

Elastomeric PGS Scaffolds in Arterial Tissue Engineering

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading cause of mortality in the US and especially, coronary artery disease increases with an aging population and increasing obesity1. Currently, bypass surgery using autologous vessels, allografts, and synthetic grafts are known as a commonly used for arterial substitutes2. However, these grafts have limited applications when an inner diameter of arteries is less than 6 mm due to low availability, thrombotic complications, compliance mismatch, and late intimal hyperplasia3,4. To overcome these limitations, tissue engineering has been successfully applied as a promising alternative to develop small-diameter arterial constructs that are nonthrombogenic, robust, and compliant. Several previous studies have developed small-diameter arterial constructs with tri-lamellar structure, excellent mechanical properties and burst pressure comparable to native arteries5,6. While high tensile strength and burst pressure by increasing collagen production from a rigid material or cell sheet scaffold, these constructs still had low elastin production and compliance, which is a major problem to cause graft failure after implantation. Considering these issues, we hypothesized that an elastometric biomaterial combined with mechanical conditioning would provide elasticity and conduct mechanical signals more efficiently to vascular cells, which increase extracellular matrix production and support cellular orientation.
The objective of this report is to introduce a fabrication technique of porous tubular scaffolds and a dynamic mechanical conditioning for applying them to arterial tissue engineering. We used a biodegradable elastomer, poly (glycerol sebacate) (PGS)7 for fabricating porous tubular scaffolds from the salt fusion method. Adult primary baboon smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were seeded on the lumen of scaffolds, which cultured in our designed pulsatile flow bioreactor for 3 weeks. PGS scaffolds had consistent thickness and randomly distributed macro- and micro-pores. Mechanical conditioning from pulsatile flow bioreactor supported SMC orientation and enhanced ECM production in scaffolds. These results suggest that elastomeric scaffolds and mechanical conditioning of bioreactor culture may be a promising method for arterial tissue engineering.

Elastomeric PGS scaffolds with vascular smooth muscle cells cultured in a pulsatile flow bioreactor may lead to promising small-diameter arterial constructs with native ECM production in a relatively short culture period.

탄성 PGS는 아티 조직 공학 공사장 공중 발판

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading cause of mortality in the US and especially, coronary artery disease increases with an aging population and ...

연구

생체공학

Constructing a Collagen Hydrogel for the Delivery of Stem Cell-loaded Chitosan Microspheres

Multipotent stem cells have been shown to be extremely useful in the field of regenerative medicine1-3. However, in order to use these cells effectively for tissue regeneration, a number of variables must be taken into account. These variables include: the total volume and surface area of the implantation site, the mechanical properties of the tissue and the tissue microenvironment, which includes the amount of vascularization and the components of the extracellular matrix. Therefore, the materials being used to deliver these cells must be biocompatible with a defined chemical composition while maintaining a mechanical strength that mimics the host tissue. These materials must also be permeable to oxygen and nutrients to provide a favorable microenvironment for cells to attach and proliferate. Chitosan, a cationic polysaccharide with excellent biocompatibility, can be easily chemically modified and has a high affinity to bind with in vivo macromolecules4-5. Chitosan mimics the glycosaminoglycan portion of the extracellular matrix, enabling it to function as a substrate for cell adhesion, migration and proliferation. In this study we utilize chitosan in the form of microspheres to deliver adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) into a collagen based three-dimensional scaffold6. An ideal cell-to-microsphere ratio was determined with respect to incubation time and cell density to achieve maximum number of cells that could be loaded. Once ASC are seeded onto the chitosan microspheres (CSM), they are embedded in a collagen scaffold and can be maintained in culture for extended periods. In summary, this study provides a method to precisely deliver stem cells within a three dimensional biomaterial scaffold.

A major hurdle in current stem cell therapies is determining the most effective method to deliver these cells to host tissues. Here, we describe a chitosan-based delivery method that is efficient and simple in approach, while allowing adipose-derived stem cells to maintain their multipotency.

줄기 세포 - 로드된 키토산 Microspheres의 배달을 위해 콜라겐 히드로겔을 구축

Multipotent stem cells have been shown to be extremely useful in the field of regenerative medicine1-3. However, in order to use these cells effectively ...

Microfluidic Picoliter Bioreactor for Microbial Single-cell Analysis: Fabrication, System Setup, and Operation

In this protocol the fabrication, experimental setup and basic operation of the recently introduced microfluidic picoliter bioreactor (PLBR) is described in detail. The PLBR can be utilized for the analysis of single bacteria and microcolonies to investigate biotechnological and microbiological related questions concerning, e.g.&#160;cell growth, morphology, stress response, and metabolite or protein production on single-cell level. The device features continuous media flow enabling constant environmental conditions for perturbation studies, but in addition allows fast medium changes as well as oscillating conditions to mimic any desired environmental situation. To fabricate the single use devices, a silicon wafer containing sub micrometer sized SU-8 structures served as the replication mold for rapid polydimethylsiloxane casting. Chips were cut, assembled, connected, and set up onto a high resolution and fully automated microscope suited for time-lapse imaging, a powerful tool for spatio-temporal cell analysis. Here, the biotechnological platform organism Corynebacterium glutamicum&#160;was seeded into the PLBR and cell growth and intracellular fluorescence were followed over several hours unraveling time dependent population heterogeneity on single-cell level, not possible with conventional analysis methods such as flow cytometry. Besides insights into device fabrication, furthermore, the preparation of the preculture, loading, trapping of bacteria, and the PLBR cultivation of single cells and colonies is demonstrated. These devices will add a new dimension in microbiological research to analyze time dependent phenomena of single bacteria under tight environmental control. Due to the simple and relatively short fabrication process the technology can be easily adapted at any microfluidics lab and simply tailored towards specific needs.

In this protocol the fabrication, setup and basic operation of a microfluidic picoliter bioreactor (PLBR) for single-cell analysis of prokaryotic microorganisms is introduced. Industrially relevant microorganisms were analyzed as proof of principle allowing insights into growth rate, morphology, and phenotypic heterogeneity over certain time periods, hardly possible with conventional methods.

In this protocol the fabrication, experimental setup and basic operation of the recently introduced microfluidic picoliter bioreactor (PLBR) is described ...

Harmonic Nanoparticles for Regenerative Research

In this visualized experiment, protocol details are provided for in vitro labeling of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) with second harmonic generation nanoparticles (HNPs). The latter are a new family of probes recently introduced for labeling biological samples for multi-photon imaging. HNPs are capable of doubling the frequency of excitation light by the nonlinear optical process of second harmonic generation with no restriction on the excitation wavelength.
Multi-photon based methodologies for hESC differentiation into cardiac clusters (maintained as long term air-liquid cultures) are presented in detail. In particular, evidence on how to maximize the intense second harmonic (SH) emission of isolated HNPs during 3D monitoring of beating cardiac tissue in 3D is shown. The analysis of the resulting images to retrieve 3D displacement patterns is also detailed.

Protocol details are provided for in vitro labeling human embryonic stem cells with second harmonic generating nanoparticles. Methodologies for hESC investigation by multi-photon microscopy and their differentiation into cardiac clusters are also presented.

재생 연구를위한 고조파 나노 입자

In this visualized experiment, protocol details are provided for in vitro labeling of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) with second harmonic generation ...

Generation of a Three-dimensional Full Thickness Skin Equivalent and Automated Wounding

In vitro models are a cost effective and ethical alternative to study cutaneous wound healing processes. Moreover, by using human cells, these models reflect the human wound situation better than animal models. Although two-dimensional models are widely used to investigate processes such as cellular migration and proliferation, models that are more complex are required to gain a deeper knowledge about wound healing. Besides a suitable model system, the generation of precise and reproducible wounds is crucial to ensure comparable results between different test runs. In this study, the generation of a three-dimensional full thickness skin equivalent to study wound healing is shown. The dermal part of the models is comprised of human dermal fibroblast embedded in a rat-tail collagen type I hydrogel. Following the inoculation with human epidermal keratinocytes and consequent culture at the air-liquid interface, a multilayered epidermis is formed on top of the models. To study the wound healing process, we additionally developed an automated wounding device, which generates standardized wounds in a sterile atmosphere.

The goal of this protocol is to build up a three-dimensional full thickness skin equivalent, which resembles natural skin. With a specifically constructed automated wounding device, precise and reproducible wounds can be generated under maintenance of sterility.

3 차원 전체 두께 피부의 세대 동등한 및 자동화 부상

In vitro models are a cost effective and ethical alternative to study cutaneous wound healing processes. Moreover, by using human cells, these models ...

Neonatal Cardiac Scaffolds: Novel Matrices for Regenerative Studies

The only definitive therapy for end stage heart failure is orthotopic heart transplantation. Each year, it is estimated that more than 100,000 donor hearts are needed for cardiac transplantation procedures in the United States1-2. Due to the limited numbers of donors, only approximately 2,400 transplants are performed each year in the U.S.2. Numerous approaches, from cell therapy studies to implantation of mechanical assist devices, have been undertaken, either alone or in combination, in an attempt to coax the heart to repair itself or to rest the failing heart3. In spite of these efforts, ventricular assist devices are still largely used for the purpose of bridging to transplantation and the utility of cell therapies, while they hold some curative promise, is still limited to clinical trials. Additionally, direct xenotransplantation has been attempted but success has been limited due to immune rejection. Clearly, another strategy is required to produce additional organs for transplantation and, ideally, these organs would be autologous so as to avoid the complications associated with rejection and lifetime immunosuppression. Decellularization is a process of removing resident cells from tissues to expose the native extracellular matrix (ECM) or scaffold. Perfusion decellularization offers complete preservation of the three dimensional structure of the tissue, while leaving the bulk of the mechanical properties of the tissue intact4. These scaffolds can be utilized for repopulation with healthy cells to generate research models and, possibly, much needed organs for transplantation. We have exposed the scaffolds from neonatal mice (P3), known to retain remarkable cardiac regenerative capabilities,5-8 to detergent mediated decellularization and we repopulated these scaffolds with murine cardiac cells. These studies support the feasibility of engineering a neonatal heart construct. They further allow for the investigation as to whether the ECM of early postnatal hearts may harbor cues that will result in improved recellularization strategies.

In these studies, we provide methodology for novel, neonatal, murine cardiac scaffolds for use in regenerative studies.

신생아 심장 공사장 공중 발판 : 회생 연구 소설 행렬

The only definitive therapy for end stage heart failure is orthotopic heart transplantation.  Each year, it is estimated that more than 100,000 donor ...

Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2

The KWS-2 SANS diffractometer is dedicated to the investigation of soft matter and biophysical systems covering a wide length scale, from nm to &#181;m. The instrument is optimized for the exploration of the wide momentum transfer Q range between 1x10-4 and 0.5 &#197;-1 by combining classical pinhole, focusing (with lenses), and time-of-flight (with chopper) methods, while simultaneously providing high-neutron intensities with an adjustable resolution. Because of its ability to adjust the intensity and the resolution within wide limits during the experiment, combined with the possibility to equip specific sample environments and ancillary devices, the KWS-2 shows a high versatility in addressing the broad range of structural and morphological studies in the field. Equilibrium structures can be studied in static measurements, while dynamic and kinetic processes can be investigated over time scales between minutes to tens of milliseconds with time-resolved approaches. Typical systems that are investigated with the KWS-2 cover the range from complex, hierarchical systems that exhibit multiple structural levels (e.g., gels, networks, or macro-aggregates) to small and poorly-scattering systems (e.g., single polymers or proteins in solution). The recent upgrade of the detection system, which enables the detection of count rates in the MHz range, opens new opportunities to study even very small biological morphologies in buffer solution with weak scattering signals close to the buffer scattering level at high Q.
In this paper, we provide a protocol to investigate samples with characteristic size levels spanning a wide length scale and exhibiting ordering in the mesoscale structure using KWS-2. We present in detail how to use the multiple working modes that are offered by the instrument and the level of performance that is achieved.

Here, we present a protocol to investigate soft matter and biophysical systems over a wide mesoscopic length scale, from nm to &#181;m that involves the use of the KWS-2 SANS diffractometer at high intensities and an adjustable resolution.

작은 각도 중성자 회절 계 KWS-2에서 나노 미터와 마이크로 미터 크기에서 넓은 길이 규모 이상 소프트 물질과 생물학적 시스템을 공부

The KWS-2 SANS diffractometer is dedicated to the investigation of soft matter and biophysical systems covering a wide length scale, from nm to &#181;m. ...

3D Microtissues for Injectable Regenerative Therapy and High-throughput Drug Screening

To upgrade traditional 2D cell culture to 3D cell culture, we have integrated microfabrication with cryogelation technology to produce macroporous microscale cryogels (microcryogels), which can be loaded with a variety of cell types to form 3D microtissues. Herein, we present the protocol to fabricate versatile 3D microtissues and their applications in regenerative therapy and drug screening. Size and shape-controllable microcryogels can be fabricated on an array chip, which can be harvested off-chip as individual cell-loaded carriers for injectable regenerative therapy or be further assembled on-chip into 3D microtissue arrays for high-throughput drug screening. Due to the high elastic nature of these microscale cryogels, the 3D microtissues exhibit great injectability for minimally invasive cell therapy by protecting cells from mechanical shear force during injection. This ensures enhanced cell survival and therapeutic effect in the mouse limb ischemia model. Meanwhile, assembly of 3D microtissue arrays in a standard 384-multi-well format facilitates the use of common laboratory facilities and equipment, enabling high-throughput drug screening on this versatile 3D cell culture platform.

This protocol describes the fabrication of elastic 3D macroporous microcryogels by integrating microfabrication with cryogelation technology. Upon loading with cells, 3D microtissues are generated, which can be readily injected in vivo to facilitate regenerative therapy or assembled into arrays for in vitro high-throughput drug screening.

주 사용 재생 치료와 높은 처리량 마약 검사에 대 한 3D Microtissues

To upgrade traditional 2D cell culture to 3D cell culture, we have integrated microfabrication with cryogelation technology to produce macroporous ...

Generic Protocol for Optimization of Heterologous Protein Production Using Automated Microbioreactor Technology

A core business in industrial biotechnology using microbial production cell factories is the iterative process of strain engineering and optimization of bioprocess conditions. One important aspect is the improvement of cultivation medium to provide an optimal environment for microbial formation of the product of interest. It is well accepted that the media composition can dramatically influence overall bioprocess performance. Nutrition medium optimization is known to improve recombinant protein production with microbial systems and thus, this is a rewarding step in bioprocess development. However, very often standard media recipes are taken from literature, since tailor-made design of the cultivation medium is a tedious task that demands microbioreactor technology for sufficient cultivation throughput, fast product analytics, as well as support by lab robotics to enable reliability in liquid handling steps. Furthermore, advanced mathematical methods are required for rationally analyzing measurement data and efficiently designing parallel experiments such as to achieve optimal information content.
The generic nature of the presented protocol allows for easy adaption to different lab equipment, other expression hosts, and target proteins of interest, as well as further bioprocess parameters. Moreover, other optimization objectives like protein production rate, specific yield, or product quality can be chosen to fit the scope of other optimization studies. The applied Kriging Toolbox (KriKit) is a general tool for Design of Experiments (DOE) that contributes to improved holistic bioprocess optimization. It also supports multi-objective optimization which can be important in optimizing both upstream and downstream processes.

This manuscript describes a generic approach for tailor-made design of microbial cultivation media. This is enabled by an iterative workflow combining Kriging-based experimental design and microbioreactor technology for sufficient cultivation throughput, which is supported by lab robotics to increase reliability and speed in liquid handling media preparation.

자동화 된 Microbioreactor 기술을 사용 하 여 분리 단백질 생산의 최적화를 위한 일반 프로토콜

A core business in industrial biotechnology using microbial production cell factories is the iterative process of strain engineering and optimization of ...

Recombinant Collagen I Peptide Microcarriers for Cell Expansion and Their Potential Use As Cell Delivery System in a Bioreactor Model

Tissue engineering is a promising field, focused on developing solutions for the increasing demand on tissues and organs regarding transplantation purposes. The process to generate such tissues is complex, and includes an appropriate combination of specific cell types, scaffolds, and physical or biochemical stimuli to guide cell growth and differentiation. Microcarriers represent an appealing tool to expand cells in a three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment, since they provide higher surface-to volume ratios and mimic more closely the in vivo situation compared to traditional two-dimensional methods. The vascular system, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the cells and ensuring waste removal, constitutes an important building block when generating engineered tissues. In fact, most constructs fail after being implanted due to lacking vascular support. In this study, we present a protocol for endothelial cell expansion on recombinant collagen-based microcarriers under dynamic conditions in spinner flask and bioreactors, and we explain how to determine in this setting cell viability and functionality. In addition, we propose a method for cell delivery for vascularization purposes without additional detachment steps necessary. Furthermore, we provide a strategy to evaluate the cell vascularization potential in a perfusion bioreactor on a decellularized&#160;biological matrix. We believe that the use of the presented methods could lead to the development of new cell-based therapies for a large range of tissue engineering applications in the clinical practice.

We propose a cell expansion protocol on macroporous microcarriers and their use as delivery system in a perfusion bioreactor to seed a decellularized tissue matrix. We also include different techniques to determine cell proliferation and viability of cells cultured on microcarriers. Furthermore, we demonstrate functionality of cells after bioreactor cultures.