Yazarlar aşağıdaki personel üye teşekkür ve araştırma katkılarından dolayı personel: Matthew Librach, Leila Maghen, Tanya A. Baretto, Shlomit Kenigsberg ve Andrée Gauthier-Fisher. Bu eser Ontario araştırma fonu tarafından - araştırmada mükemmellik (ORF-RE, yuvarlak #7) ve Program A.ş. oluşturmak destek verdi

All studies involving animals were conducted and reported according to ARRIVE guidelines48. All studies were performed with institutional research ethics board approval (REB number 454-2011, Sunnybrook Research Institute; REB 29889, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada). All animal procedures were approved by the Animal Care Committee of the University Health Network (Toronto, Canada), and all animals received humane care in compliance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, 8th edition (National Institutes of Health 2011).
1. Tissue Culture
<ol>
	<li>Culture FTM HUCPVCs, term HUCPVCs (previously established, n &#8805; 3 independent lines for each)42 and commercially available BMSCs in alpha-minimum essential medium (MEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and a 1% penicillin/streptomycin (P/S) cocktail. Culture rat primary cardiomyocytes and MSC-cardiomyocyte co-cultures in Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium: Nutrient Mixture F-12 (DMEM-F12) containing 10% FBS and 1% P/S. 
	NOTE: Sterilize the medium using a 0.2-&#181;m filter. Store prepared medium solutions at 4 &#176;C for up to 3 weeks.</li>
	<li>Maintain cell cultures in humidified incubators (95% relative humidity, 37 &#176;C, and 5% CO2) and passage at 70-80% confluency, determined by phase-contrast microscopy. Use appropriate volumes of medium for the size of tissue culture dish used (e.g., 10 mL in a 10-cm dish and 2 mL per well in 6-well tissue culture plate). Use these culture conditions for the duration of the protocol.</li>
	<li>Dissociate MSC monolayers for passaging or MSC-cardiomyocyte co-culture establishment using a dissociation enzyme solution (2 mL/well in a 6-well plate) and incubate at 37 &#176;C for 4 min.</li>
	<li>Transfer the dissociated cells to a 15-mL tube and centrifuge at 400 x g for 5 min.</li>
	<li>Aspirate the supernatant without disrupting the cell pellet and resuspend the cells in 1 mL of a culture medium appropriate for counting using an automated cell counter. Seed the cells as described in the following protocol sections.</li>
</ol>
2. Preparation of Primary Rat Cardiomyocyte-MSC Co-cultures
<ol>
	<li>Obtain heart tissue for primary cardiomyocyte isolation.
	<ol>
		<li>Euthanize rat pups (5-6 days postnatal) using CO2 asphyxiation. Set CO2 chambers to 20% gas replacement (flow rate = 0.2 x chamber volume per min). Confirm exitus by the absence of the pinch reflex.</li>
		<li>Remove the atria with the connecting major blood vessels using sterilized instruments (i.e., forceps and curved scissors)41. Transfer the hearts to 50-mL tubes containing sterile PBS with1% P/S (PBS-P/S) on ice.</li>
		<li>Cut the ventriculi in half and let the blood wash out in a 10-cm dish with 10 mL of PBS-P/S on ice. Cut the ventricular walls into small pieces (diameter = 2-3 mm) using curved scissors.</li>
		<li>Transfer the heart pieces from 10-12 animals to a 50-mL tube using a serological pipette and let them settle.</li>
		<li>Remove as much PBS-P/S as possible without removing any heart pieces. Add 10 mL of new PBS-P/S.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Digest the heart tissue to isolate the cardiomyocytes.
	<ol>
		<li>Allow the heart pieces to settle. Replace the PBS-P/S with 10 mL of 0.15% trypsin in PBS and shake at 37 &#176;C for 10 min.</li>
		<li>Discard the supernatant. Repeat the digestion described in step 2.2.1 three more times, but decant the supernatants into 50-mL collection tubes containing 10 mL of 100% FBS.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Centrifuge the cells (400 x g, 5 min) and aspirate the supernatant. Resuspend the cells in DMEM-F12 containing 10% FBS and 1% P/S and seed onto a 6-well plate (1 x 105 cells/cm2, 2 mL of medium per well).</li>
	<li>After 1 h, transfer the medium containing non-attached cells to a 50-mL tube and discard the attached cells. Count the cells in suspension and re-plate them into new 6-well plates (1 x 105 cells/cm2, 2 mL of DMEM-F12 containing 10% FBS and 1% P/S per well).</li>
	<li>Inhibit cell proliferation with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). 
	Caution: BrdU is a strong teratogen and suspected mutagen. Please ensure proper training is provided and refer to the safety data sheet before use.
	<ol>
		<li>Once cells have attached, replace the medium in the 6-well plate with DMEM-F12 containing 10% FBS, 1% P/S (2 mL of medium per well), and 5 &#181;M BrdU. Incubate for 16 h (37 &#176;C, 5% CO2).</li>
		<li>Remove the BrdU-containing medium and replace with DMEM-F12 containing 10% FBS and 1% P/S (2 mL of medium per well).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Prepare pre-stained MSCs.
	<ol>
		<li>Once MSC cultures are at 70-80% confluency in 10-cm dishes, remove the culture medium and add 3 mL of cell dissociation solution. Incubate the dish at 37 &#176;C and 5% CO2 for 5 min.</li>
		<li>Transfer the dissociated cells to a 15-mL tube and centrifuge at 400 x g for 5 min.</li>
		<li>Aspirate the supernatant without disrupting the cell pellet and resuspend the cells in 1 mL of DMEM-F12 containing 10% FBS and 1% P/S for counting using an automated cell counter.</li>
		<li>Dilute the cells to a concentration of 1 x 106 MSC/mL of DMEM-F12 containing 10% FBS and 1% P/S.</li>
		<li>Incubate the MSCs with viable, non-transferable fluorescent dye (5 &#181;M, 30 min, 37 &#176;C, 5% CO2) in 1.5-mL centrifuge tubes for 1 h.</li>
		<li>Centrifuge the tubes at 400 x g for 5 min. Aspirate the supernatant and resuspend the pellet in DMEM-F12 containing 10% FBS and 1% P/S for a cell concentration of 1 x 106 MSC/mL. Repeat this a total of 3 times.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Transfer the MSCs onto cardiomyocytes (step 2.5.2) at a concentration of 10 x 104 cells per well of the 6-well plate.</li>
</ol>
3. Preparation of Aggregate Co-cultures
<ol>
	<li>Prepare a single-cell suspension of MSCs (2 x 104 cells/mL of medium, passage # &#8804; 6) in alpha-MEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% P/S (see step 2.6). 
	NOTE: Refer to section 1 of the protocol for the passaging of cells. Alternatively, pre-stain MSCs as per step 2.6.</li>
	<li>Initiate aggregate formation by placing 25-&#181;L drops of cell suspension (500 cells) on the inner surface of the lids of 10-cm tissue culture dishes (up to 50 drops per lid). Place the lids on their bottom counterparts containing PBS-P/S. Incubate at 37 &#176;C and 5% CO2. 
	NOTE: Place 5-7 mL of PBS-P/S into the culture dish below the hanging drops to avoid drop evaporation.</li>
	<li>Observe aggregate formation in the drops after 3 days using a stereomicroscope. If over 40 out of 50 drops contain formed aggregates, collect the drops from the lids using a 1-mL micropipette and transfer the aggregates directly onto primary rat cardiomyocyte monolayers (prepared in steps 2.1-2.7; 10 drops/well). Avoid vigorous pipetting to preserve aggregate integrity.</li>
	<li>Keep aggregate co-cultures in the incubators for up to 2 weeks, changing the full volume of medium (2 mL of DMEM-F12 containing 10% FBS and 1% P/S per well) every 72 h.
	<ol>
		<li>Daily observe aggregates attaching on feeder cell layers using bright-field microscopy. Record contracting aggregates when observed.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Prepare aggregates for analysis.
	<ol>
		<li>Remove the medium and add 2 mL of PBS per well of a 6-well tissue culture dish. Remove the PBS and add 2 mL of dissociation solution per well. Incubate for 3 min at 37 &#176;C and 5% CO2.</li>
		<li>Centrifuge at 400 x g for 5 min to obtain a cell pellet. Resuspend in medium, as specified for the applications described in the subsequent steps (see steps 4.1, 5.1, and 6.1) and pass through a 70-&#181;m cell strainer.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
4. Flow Cytometry (FC) and Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting (FACS)
<ol>
	<li>Incubate cell suspensions (1 x 105 cells in 200 &#181;L of PBS containing 3% FBS) with fluorophore-conjugated (FITC or APC) primary antibodies (i.e., CD49f, Cx43, TRA-1-85, HLA-A, HLA-G, and SIRPA for FC or TRA-1-85 for FACS; 1:40) at 4 &#176;C for 30 min, protected from light.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge (400 x g, 5 min) and resuspend the cells in 1 mL of PBS with 3% FBS for FC or PBS with 0.5% FBS for FACS. 
	NOTE: The FC of MSCs was optimized by Hong et al.41.</li>
	<li>Maintain the cells at 4 &#176;C in the dark until they are ready to be analyzed by FC (at least 1 x 104 events) or FACS. Sort the cells as described41. Re-plate TRA-1-85 high-positive sorted cells in 6-well plates (1 x 104 cells/well, 2 mL of DMEM-F12 containing 10% FBS and 1% P/S) within 1 h. 
	NOTE: For the gating strategy of the TRA-1-85 human cell surface antigen, see the Supplementary Figure.</li>
</ol>
5. Immunocytochemistry (ICC) and Microscopy
<ol>
	<li>Re-plate the cell suspensions obtained from the co-cultures (step 3.5.2) or FACS (section 4) onto chamber slides (1 x 104 cells/well, 2 mL of DMEM-F12 containing 10% FBS and 1% P/S per well). Let the cells attach overnight in a tissue culture incubator (see section 1 for the conditions).</li>
	<li>Fix the cells using 3 mL of 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) in PBS for 15 min at room temperature. Wash 3 times with 3 mL of PBS containing 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA; PBS-BSA) for 5 min per wash. 
	Caution: Wear appropriate personal protective equipment when handling PFA.</li>
	<li>Permeabilize the cells in 3 mL of PBS-BSA with 0.1% Triton X-100. Incubate at room temperature for 10 min for intracellular antigens (i.e., alpha sarcomeric actinin (aSarc) and Cx43), or 25 min for intra-nuclear antigens (i.e., Mef2c and human nuclear antigen (HuNu)). Wash 3 times with 3 mL of PBS-BSA for 5 min per wash.</li>
	<li>Block the samples against non-specific antibody reactions with 3 mL of PBS containing 5% normal goat serum (NGS) and 1% BSA for 15 min at room temperature. Wash 3 times with 3 mL of PBS-BSA for 5 min per wash.</li>
	<li>Incubate the cells in the primary antibodies (i.e., Mef2c, aSarc, Cx43, and HuNu) diluted 1:200 in 3 mL of PBS-BSA at 4 &#176;C overnight.</li>
	<li>Wash 3 times with 3 mL of PBS-BSA for 5 min per wash and incubate with secondary antibodies for 30 min at room temperature. Wash 3 times with 3 mL of PBS-BSA for 5 min per wash.</li>
	<li>Store the stained specimens in 3 mL of of mounting medium.</li>
	<li>Acquire images using a fluorescence microscope. Use a 10X objective (NA = 0.3), and a 20X objective (NA = 0.45) for lower-magnification imaging. Use fluorescence filter cubes and wavelengths for GFP (ex = 470/22 nm, em = 525/50 nm) and RFP (ex = 531/40 nm, em = 593/40 nm) for the secondary antibodies used (see the Materials and Equipment Table).</li>
	<li>Quantify images using imaging software (see the Materials and Equipment Table for the recommended software). Normalize the fluorescence intensity readings to the secondary control acquisitions.</li>
</ol>
6. RNA Isolation and Quantitative RT-PCR
<ol>
	<li>Prepare RNA samples from undifferentiated MSC cultures or MSCs sorted from co-cultures using column-based RNA isolation, according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. Prepare 1 x 104 to 1 x 106 cells in 0.7 mL of cell lysis buffer (provided with the RNA isolation kit) per sample.</li>
	<li>Prepare cDNA from up to 2 &#181;g of RNA per 100-&#181;L RT reaction.</li>
	<li>Perform qPCR using 10 ng of cDNA per reaction (40 cycles, 60 &#176;C annealing/extending temperature).
	<ol>
		<li>Use primers for human MY6H and cTnT in a 500-nM concentration and 1-100 ng of cDNA per reaction (see the Materials and Equipment Table). Use GAPDH, ACTB, and HPRT as internal housekeeping normalizers. Use commercially available human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes as a positive control. 
		NOTE: Express the fold-change of expression compared to undifferentiated MSC-derived cDNA samples.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

Dr. Clifford L. Librach olduğunu ortak patent sahibinin: Kanada ve Avustralya'verilen yöntemleri yalıtım ve ilk üç aylık göbek kordonu dokusundan elde edilen hücre kullanımı,.

Kök hücre kardiyak farklılaşma geliştirme için 2 yılda altında MSC kaynaklardan cardiomyocyte benzeri hücreleri oluşturmak için kullanılan birkaç farklı stratejileri ile olmuştur. Bu stratejiler, birçoğu ancak, verimsiz, ve kullanılan koşulları genellikle çevre nakledilen hücreler karşılaşma içinde vivotemsilcisi değildir.
Mevcut yöntemler aksine burada sunulan Protokolü birincil kardiyak besleyici katmanlar ve MSC toplama oluşumu bir arada kullanır. Bir...

Konjestif kalp yetmezliği (CHF) morbidite ve mortalite dünya çapında önde gelen bir nedeni olarak devam ederse. En düşük CHF kez cardiomyocytes büyük kaybı ve akut miyokard infarktüsü (mı)1patolojik sonucu olarak skar dokusu boş hücre gelişimi takip oluşur. Kalp kısmen kendi kendini yenileyerek bir organ olmakla birlikte, bereket ve fonksiyon kez yaralanma sonra en iyi kurtarma için yetersiz hale yaşlı hastalarda ikamet kök ve progenitör hücre havuz önemli ölçüde doku rejenerasyonu yürütmek için sorumlu azalır. Böylece, sağlıklı donör hücre nakli hasarlı Miyokardiyum içine dahil deneysel tedaviler geliştirmede büyük bir ilgi vardır. Donör hücreleri doku yapısı geri kalmayıp aynı zamanda etkilenen Miyokardiyum fonksiyonel iyileşme elde etmek olduğunu zorunludur.
Yerel kalp kalp doku yerleşik istihdam ve endojen kemik iliği kökenli kök hücre sonrası yaralanma için2,3,4onarmak. Rejeneratif hücreleri-host ve donör-kaynaklı hem-must uygun fenotip ve yetenek verimli ve güvenli bir şekilde kayıp hücreleri değiştirmek için birlikte remodeling Miyokardiyum microenvironment işlevinde elde etmek için kapasite var. Vitro farklılaştırma yöntemleri yaygın yüksek verimli, kök hücre tabanlı cardiomyocyte üretim5,6elde etmek için kullanılmaktadır. Kardiyak lineage işaretleri ifade profili kardiyak lineage7karşı kök hücre farklılaşma süreci tanımlamak için kullanılır. Erken ayırt etme belirteçleri, NKX2.5, myocyte enhancer factor 2 C gibi (Mef2c) ve GATA48,9, cardiomyogenic sürecinin başlangıç belirtisi olabilir. Olgun cardiomyocyte işaretleri farklılaşma etkinliğini değerlendirmek için yaygın olarak kullanılan sinyal düzenleyici protein α (SIRPA)10, kardiyak troponin T (cTnT)11, ağır zincir kardiyak myosin (MYH6)8,12,13ve connexin 43 (Cx43)14,15,16' dır. Embriyonik kök hücreler (ESCs) ve pluripotent kök hücreler (PSC) kullanarak yöntemler iyice en iyi duruma getirilmiş ve endüktif faktörler, oksijen ve besin gradyan ayrıntılarını ve eylem5,6,7,17,18tam zamanlaması ile ilgili ele. Yine de, ESC ve PSC temel teknolojileri hala birden çok etik ve güvenlik endişeleri, suboptimal Elektrofizyolojik ve immünolojik özellikleri19,20birlikte mevcut. Bu hücreler ile sık sık nakledilen ev sahipliği yapan immunorejection deneyim ve kalıcı immünosupresyon gerektirir. Bu esas olarak MHC kompleksi (MHC) molekülleri ana bilgisayar ve donör ve elde edilen T hücreli yanıt21eşleşmeyebilir nedeniyle. Bireysel MHC sınıf ı eşleştirme olası bir çözüm, daha erişilebilir bir klinik pratikte immunoprivileged ret endişe üstesinden gelmek için evrensel bir hücre kaynağı gerektirir.
Klinik uygulamalar, MSCs ve özellikle, BMSCs, kullanmak için bir alternatif hücre kaynağı olarak kullanılmak üzere doku rejenerasyonu 199522onların ilk açıklama beri araştırdı. MSCs hemen hemen her bozukluklarına doku23' bulunabilir yerleşik rejeneratif hücreleri olduğuna inanılmaktadır. Yalıtım istenilen kaynaktan üzerine MSCs kültüründe kolayca genişletilebilir, geniş parakrin kapasitesine sahip ve genellikle immunoprivileged ya da immunomodulatory özellikleri24,25sahip. Onların güvenliği ve etkinliği zaten birkaç önceden klinik çalışmalarda, özellikle kalp yenilenme3,26için gösterilmiştir.
Birçok MSC farklılaşma stratejileri farmakolojik ajanlar, 5-azacytidine22 ve DMSO27ve büyüme veya BMP5,7,28,29 veya Anjiyotensin-II gibi30, morphogenic faktörler gibi değişken verimlilik ile kullanmaktadır. Bu stratejiler, saf rejeneratif hücre posta veya yaralanma siteye teslim sonra karşılaşmak muhtemeldir engelleri Ancak, temel alan değil içinde vivo. Daha fizyolojik ilgili stratejileri, süre daha zor için tanımlamak ve işlemek, MSC farklılaşma doku microenvironment gelen sinyalleri aracılığıyla bağlı olmak öncül dayalı. Önceki çalışmalarda bu maruz kalma kardiyak hücre lysates31 veya Ventriküler Miyokardiyum32,33göstermiştir veya doğrudan birincil cardiomyocytes vitro15,34, kişiyle MSCs kardiyak işaretlerinin ifade artırabilir. Kısmen, BMSCs ve cardiomyocytes39,40 füzyon doğmakta olan Miyokardiyum oluşturulan, ancak diğerleri ile MSCs35,36,37,38, kardiyak yaralanmaları tedavi sonra spontan cardiomyogenesis göstermiştir. Bilgimizi, fonksiyonel, kendiliğinden sözleşme cardiomyocytes insan MSCs (hMSCs) herhangi bir doku kaynağı üzerinden henüz bildirilmiştir değil.
Geçerli fikir birliği tüm MSCs Perivasküler hücreleri23ortaya olduğunu. Genç MSCs pericyte özelliklere sahip insan göbek kordonu doku41,42,43Perivasküler bölgesinden ayrılmış olabilir. BMSCs ile karşılaştırıldığında, HUCPVCs sahip artan farklılaşma potansiyeli ve birçok Rejeneratif avantajı, her iki vitro41,44 ve in vivo45,46,47. Özellikle, maternal-fetal arabirim olan kaynak, önemli ölçüde daha düşük immünojenisite MSCs yetişkin kaynaklarına göre HUCPVCs var. Bizim araştırma karakterizasyonu ve FTM HUCPVCs, araştırdık, MSCs en genç kaynak önceden klinik uygulamaları hangi biz daha önce proliferatif ve daha yüksek multilineage arttı göstermiştir odaklanır ayırt etme kapasiteleri, cardiomyogenic soy41yılında da dahil olmak üzere.
Burada, endüktif Kuvvetleri MSCs. toplamları tam cardiomyogenic farklılaşma ulaşmak için daha iyi koşullar içinde vivo 2D yapisan kültürlere göre modeller 3D bir çevre sağlamak olarak toplama oluşumu ve birincil kalp hücresi besleyici katmanlar birleştirir bir iletişim kuralı mevcut. Kardiyak besleyici katmanlar kullanarak son nakli site için MSCs temsilcisidir bir ortam sağlar. Biz öncesi ya da doğum sonrası göbek bağları izole MSCs genç kaynakları formu toplamları ve yetişkin BMSCs için hala onların bağışıklık ayrıcalık koruyarak karşılaştırıldığında kalp fenotip ulaşmak için daha yüksek bir kapasiteye sahip göstermek. Kardiyak lineage marker genler ve hücre içi indüklenen ifade dik yükselmesine dışında (Yani, cTnT ve MYH6) ve hücre yüzey proteinleri (Yani, SIRPA ve Cx43) belirli cardiomyocytes için biz göstermek FTM HUCPVCs farklılaşma potansiyeli bu yöntemle harnessed olabilir ve onlar kendiliğinden cardiomyocyte benzeri hücreler sözleşme için artış verebilir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="917">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">0.25% Trypsin/EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25200056</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">For cell dissociation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Alpha-MEM</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Gibco</td>
			<td>12571071</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">For HUCPVC and BMSC culture media.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:297px;">PE-conjugated anti-human/mouse CD49f antibody</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">313612</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">Integrin marker for FC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:297px;">APC-conjugated human Cx43/GJA1 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FAB7737A</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">Connexin 43 marker for FC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">FITC-conjugated HLA-A2 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Genway Biotech Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">GWB-66FBD2</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">Immunogenicity marker for FC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:297px;">FITC-conjugated anti-HLA-G [MEM-G/9] antibody</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ab7904</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">Immunogenicity marker for FC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:297px;">FITC-conjugated mouse anti-human SIRPA/CD172a antibody</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">AbD Serotec/Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MCA2518F</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">Cardiac marker for FC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:297px;">APC-conjugated human TRA-1-85/CD147 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FAB3195A</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">Human cell marker for FC and FACS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:297px;">FITC-conjugated human TRA-1-85/CD147 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FAB3195F</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">Human cell marker for FC and FACS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Anti-connexin 43/GJA1 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ab11370</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">Cx43. For ICC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:297px;">Goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) cross-absorbed secondary antibody, Alexa Fluor 555</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A-21428</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">For ICC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:297px;">Anti-sarcomeric alpha actinin [EA-53] antibody</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ab9465</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">aSARC. For ICC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:297px;">Goat anti-mouse IgM heavy chain cross-absorbed secondary antibody, Alexa Fluor 555</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A-21426</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">For ICC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Mef2C (D80C1) XP rabbit antibody</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">New England BioLabs Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5030S</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">For ICC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:297px;">Donkey anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) secondary antibody, Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A-21206</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">For ICC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Anti-nuclei (HuNu) (clone 235-1) antibody</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">EMD Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MAB1281</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">For ICC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">MZ9.5 Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:299px;">For imaging aggregates.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">1.5 ml centrifuge microtubes</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Axygen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MCT-150-C</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">For staining MSCs with fluorescent dye.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">ImageJ</td>
			<td style="width:203px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:299px;">Open source image processing software.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Aria II&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:299px;">UHN SickKids FC Facility. For cell sorting.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Bone marrow mesechymal stromal cells</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PT-2501</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">BMSCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A7030-100G</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">BSA. To prepare solutions for ICC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:297px;">BrdU</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">EMD Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MAB3424</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">Caution: BrdU is a strong teratogen and suspected mutagen. Please ensure proper training and refer to the SDS before use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:297px;">Canto II</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:299px;">UHN SickKids FC Facility. For flow cytometry.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">cDNA EcoDry Premix</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Clontech/Takara</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">639570</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">For preparation of cDNA for qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">CellTracker Green CMFDA Dye</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C7025</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">Fluorescent imaging of cell cytoplasm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Countess automated cell counter</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Invitrogen Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C10227</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">For cell counting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">DMEM-F12</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D6421</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">For rat primary cardiomyocyte culture medium.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:297px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Gibco</td>
			<td>10010023</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">D-PBS, without Ca2+, Mg2+</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">EVOS</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:299px;">In-house fluorescent microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">FACSCalibur</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:299px;">In-house. For flow cytometry.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Fetal bovine serum (Hyclone)</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SH3039603</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">FBS. Component of cell culture medium.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:297px;">IDT Prime Time qPCR probes</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Integrated Data Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FAM fluorophore</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">http://www.idtdna.com/pages/products/gene-expression/primetime-qpcr-assays-and-primers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:297px;">Lab Vision PermaFluor Aqueous Mounting Medium</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">ThermoScientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">TA-030-FM</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">For storage of cells to undergo ICC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:297px;">LSR II&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:299px;">UHN SickKids FC Facility. For flow cytometry.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">MoFlo Astrios</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:299px;">UHN SickKids FC Facility. For cell sorting.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Normal goat serum</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5425S</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">NGS. Used in blocking solution for ICC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Nunc Lab-Tek II Chamber Coverglass, 8-wells</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Thermo Scientific Nunc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">155409</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">To prepare samples for ICC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="47">
			<td height="47" style="height:47px;width:297px;">OmniPur Triton X-100 Surfactant</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">EMD Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">9410-OP</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">As a component of permeabilizing solution when preparing cells for ICC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Paraformaldehyde, 16% Solution, EM Grade</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15710</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">For fixing cells for ICC.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140122</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">Component of cell culture medium.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="110">
			<td height="110" style="height:110px;width:297px;">Primers</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Custom Standard DNA Oligos, Desalted, 0.2 &#956;mol</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">CTnT_F: GGC AGC GGA AGA GGA TGC TGA A; CTnT_R: GAG GCA CCA AGT TGG GCA TGA ACG A; MYH6 F: GCA AAG TAC TGG ATG ACA CGC T; MYH6 R: GTC ATT GCT GAA ACC GAG AAT G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Quorum Spinning Disk Confocal</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:299px;">SickKids Imaging Facility</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:297px;">ReproCardio hiPS cell derived cardiomyocytes</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">ReproCell</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RCD001N</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">Positive control for qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">RNeasy mini kit</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">74106</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">To isolate RNA for qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Rotor-Gene SYBR Green PCR Kit</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">204074</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">For qPCR with master mix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">RPMI 1640</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Gibco</td>
			<td>A1049101</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">For MSC, monocyte coculture medium.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">TaqMan qPCR primer assays</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4444556</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">For qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Trypan Blue</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T10282</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">Staining of cells for viability and counting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Trypsin</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Gibco</td>
			<td>272500108</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">For cell dissociation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Volocity</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Perkin-Elmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Volocity 6.3</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">Imaging software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">0.2 &#956;m pore filter</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">566-0020</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">For sterilizing tissue culture media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:297px;">HERAcell 150i CO2 Incubator</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">51026410</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">For incubating cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:297px;">Dulbecco&#39;s phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D8537</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">PBS. 1X, Without calcium chloride and magnesium chloride</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:297px;">Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Almedic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">7727-A10-704</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">For handing rat heart. Can use any similar forceps.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:297px;">Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14059-11</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">For mincing rat heart. Curved scissors recommended.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:297px;">50 mL tube</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">352070</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">For collection during cardiomyocyte collection and general tissue culture procedures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">15 mL tube</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">352096</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">For general tissue culture procedures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">6-well plates</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Thermo Scientific Nunc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CA73520-906</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">For tissue culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">10 cm tissue culture dishes</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25382-428</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">For aggregate formation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:297px;">Axiovert 40C Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:299px;">For bright-field imaging through out tissue culture and the rest of the protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:297px;">70 &#956;m cell strainer</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">22363548</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">To ensure a single cell suspension before flow cytometry or sorting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">EMD Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">9410-1L</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">Used in permeabilization solution for ICC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:297px;">Hoechst 33342</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H1399</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">Stain used during visualization of Cx43 localization</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vitro differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells into functional cardiomyocyte-like cells

Miyokard İnfarktüsü ve sonraki iskemik art arda sıralı cardiomyocytes, konjestif kalp yetmezliği, ölüm dünya çapında önde gelen nedenidir önde gelen geniş kaybına neden. Mezenkimal Kök hücre (MSCs) geçerli, invaziv teknikler değiştirmek hücre tabanlı terapiler için umut verici bir seçenek vardır. MSCs kardiyak hücre tipleri, dahil olmak üzere Mezenkimal soy ayırabilirsiniz ama fonksiyonel hücrelere tam farklılaşma değil henüz elde. Önceki yöntemler farklılaşma farmakolojik ajanlar veya büyüme faktörleri dayalı. Ancak, daha fizyolojik ilgili stratejileri cardiomyogenic dönüşüme MSCs etkinleştirmesini de isteyebilirsiniz. Burada, cardiomyocyte gibi sözleşme hücreleri üretmek için cardiomyocyte besleyici katmanlar üzerinde MSC toplamları kullanarak bir farklılaşma yöntem mevcut.
İnsan göbek kordonu Perivasküler hücreleri (HUCPVCs) daha ayrıştırması daha potansiyel için gösterilmiştir kemik iliği MSCs (BMSCs) gibi MSC türleri yaygın olarak araştırıldı. Ontogenetically genç bir kaynağı olarak, biz büyük kaynaklarına göre birinci üç aylık dönem (FTM) HUCPVCs cardiomyogenic potansiyelini araştırdık. FTM HUCPVCs çoğu zaman kültürlü rahim içinde immunoprivileged özellikleri korumak MSCs roman, zengin bir kaynağıdır vitro. Bu farklılaşma protokolü, FTM ve terim kullanarak HUCPVCs BMSCs için karşılaştırıldığında önemli ölçüde artış cardiomyogenic farklılaşma cardiomyocyte işaretleri (Yani, myocyte artırıcı bir faktör 2 C, kardiyak troponin T, ağır zincir kardiyak myosin, sinyal düzenleyici protein α ve connexin 43) artan ifade tarafından belirtildiği şekilde elde. Onlar da kendi alt HLA-A ifade ve daha yüksek HLA-G ifade tarafından gösterdiği olarak anlamlı derecede düşük immünojenisite muhafaza. Farklılaşma toplamak tabanlı uygulama, FTM HUCPVCs potansiyel ve oluşturulan ortak kültür kardiyak besleyici katmanlar üzerinde 1 hafta içinde hücre kümeleri müteahhitlik, bunu yapmak için ilk MSC türü haline artan toplama oluşumu gösterdi.
Bu farklılaşma stratejisi etkili FTM HUCPVCs gibi genç MSCs cardiomyogenic potansiyelini koşum ve o vitro öncesi farklılaşma onların rejeneratif etkinliği içinde vivoartırmak için potansiyel bir strateji olabilir öneriyor bizim sonuçlar gösterilmektedir.

HUCPVCs Display Higher Aggregate-formation Potential and CD49f Expression Levels Compared to BMSCs:
To induce the differentiation of hMSCs (i.e., FTM HUCPVCs, term HUCPVCs, and BMSCs), single-cell suspensions of undifferentiated MSCs or MSC-containing hanging drops (Table 1) were transferred onto rat primary cardiomyocyte monolayers to establish direct co-cultures or aggregate co-cultur...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vitro Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Functional Cardiomyocyte-like Cells at JoVE.com

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Functional Cardiomyocyte-like Cells

Burada, fonksiyonel, sözleşme, cardiomyocyte benzeri hücreler üretmek için kardiyak farklılaşma potansiyeli insan Mezenkimal kök hücrelerin genç kaynaklarının verimli koşum için bir yöntem mevcut tüp bebek.

Vitro İnsan Mezenkimal Kök hücre farklılaşma fonksiyonel Cardiomyocyte benzeri hücre içine

Myocardial infarction and the subsequent ischemic cascade result in the extensive loss of cardiomyocytes, leading to congestive heart failure, the leading ...

in-vitro-differentiation-human-mesenchymal-stem-cells-into-functional

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Functional Cardiomyocyte-like Cells

10.8K Görüntüleme.  Create Fertility Centre. Burada, fonksiyonel, sözleşme, cardiomyocyte benzeri hücreler üretmek için kardiyak farklılaşma potansiyeli insan Mezenkimal kök hücrelerin genç kaynaklarının verimli koşum için bir yöntem mevcut tüp bebek.

Video: In Vitro Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Functional Cardiomyocyte-like Cells

Directed Differentiation of Primitive and Definitive Hematopoietic Progenitors from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

One of the major goals for regenerative medicine is the generation and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Until recently, efforts to differentiate hPSCs into HSCs have predominantly generated hematopoietic progenitors that lack HSC potential, and instead resemble yolk sac hematopoiesis.&#160;These resulting hematopoietic progenitors may have limited utility for in vitro disease modeling of various adult hematopoietic disorders, particularly those of the lymphoid lineages. However, we have recently described methods to generate erythro-myelo-lymphoid multilineage definitive hematopoietic progenitors from hPSCs using a stage-specific directed differentiation protocol, which we outline here. Through enzymatic dissociation of hPSCs on basement membrane matrix-coated plasticware, embryoid bodies (EBs) are formed. EBs are differentiated to mesoderm by recombinant BMP4, which is subsequently specified to the definitive hematopoietic program by the GSK3&#946; inhibitor, CHIR99021. Alternatively, primitive hematopoiesis is specified by the PORCN inhibitor, IWP2. Hematopoiesis is further driven through the addition of recombinant VEGF and supportive hematopoietic cytokines. The resulting hematopoietic progenitors generated using this method have the potential to be used for disease and developmental modeling, in vitro.

Here, we present human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) culture protocols, used to differentiate hPSCs into CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors. This method uses stage-specific manipulation of canonical WNT signaling to specify cells exclusively to either the definitive or primitive hematopoietic program.

İlkel ve kesin hematopoetik ataları insan Pluripotent kök hücrelerden farklılaşma yönetmen

One of the major goals for regenerative medicine is the generation and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) derived from human pluripotent stem ...

Gelişim Biyolojisi

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Trophoblastic Cells

The placenta is the first organ to develop during embryogenesis and is required for the survival of the developing embryo. The placenta is comprised of various trophoblastic cells that differentiate from the extra-embryonic trophectoderm cells of the preimplantation blastocyst. As such, our understanding of the early differentiation events of the human placenta is limited because of ethical and legal restrictions on the isolation and manipulation of human embryogenesis. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are a robust model system for investigating human development and can also be differentiated in vitro into trophoblastic cells that express markers of the various trophoblast cell types. Here, we present a detailed protocol for differentiating hPSCs into trophoblastic cells using bone morphogenic protein 4 and inhibitors of the Activin/Nodal signaling pathways. This protocol generates various trophoblast cell types that can be transfected with siRNAs for investigating loss-of-function phenotypes or can be infected with pathogens. Additionally, hPSCs can be genetically modified and then differentiated into trophoblast progenitors for gain-of-function analyses. This in vitro differentiation method for generating human trophoblasts starting from hPSCs overcomes the ethical and legal restrictions of working with early human embryos, and this system can be used for a variety of applications, including drug discovery and stem cell research.

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Trophoblastic Cells

Here, we present a protocol to efficiently generate human trophoblastic cells from human pluripotent stem cells using bone morphogenic protein 4 and inhibitors of the Activin/Nodal pathways. This method is suitable for the efficient differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells and can generate large quantities of cells for genetic manipulation.

Insan pluripotent İn Vitro Farklılaşma Trofoblastik Hücreleri içine Kök Hücreler

The placenta is the first organ to develop during embryogenesis and is required for the survival of the developing embryo. The placenta is comprised of ...

Horizontal Whole Mount: A Novel Processing and Imaging Protocol for Thick, Three-dimensional Tissue Cross-sections of Skin

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality microscopic images is not entirely dependent upon the quality of the microscope, but also upon the methods of tissue processing, which often involve multiple critical actions or steps. Furthermore, mesenchymal cell types in the skin and other tissues represent a new challenge for tissue preparation and imaging. Here, we present a complete process, from tissue harvest to microscopy. Our technique, called &#34;horizontal whole mount,&#34; is one that novices can quickly become proficient in and that allows for antigen preservation and detection in 60-300 &#181;m-thick sections cut with a cryostat. Sections of this thickness provide enhanced visualization of tissue microarchitecture in a three-dimensional environment. In addition, the protocol preserves mesenchymal cells in a manner that enhances image quality when compared to standard cryostat or paraffin sections, thereby increasing the efficacy and reliability of immunostaining. We believe that this protocol will benefit all laboratories that visualize skin, and possibly other tissues and organs.

This work presents a novel processing and imaging protocol for thick, three-dimensional tissue cross-section analysis that enables the full exploitation of confocal imaging modalities. This protocol preserves antigenicity and represents a robust system to analyze skin histology and potentially other tissue types.

Yatay Dağ Dağı: Derinin kalın, üç boyutlu doku kesitleri için yeni bir İşleme ve Görüntüleme Protokolü

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality ...

Rapid, Directed Differentiation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Human Embryonic or Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing a detailed and thorough protocol is to clearly demonstrate each step and to make this readily available to researchers in the field. This protocol results in a homogenous layer of RPE with minimal or no manual dissection needed. The method presented here has been shown to be effective for induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and human embryonic stem cells. Additionally, we describe methods for cryopreservation of intermediate cell banks that allow long-term storage. RPE generated using this protocol might be useful for iPSC disease-in-a-dish modeling or clinical application.

This protocol describes how to produce retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) from pluripotent stem cells. The method uses a combination of growth factors and small molecules to direct the differentiation of stem cells into immature RPE in fourteen days and mature, functional RPE after three months.

Hızlı, yönlendirilmiş farklılaşma insan embriyonik veya İndüklenmiş Pluripotent kök hücrelerinden retina Pigment epitel hücrelerinin

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing ...

Single-cell Photoconversion in Living Intact Zebrafish

Animal and plant tissue is composed of distinct populations of cells. These cells interact over time to build and maintain the tissue and can cause disease when disrupted. Scientists have developed clever techniques to investigate characteristics and natural dynamics of these cells within intact tissue by expressing fluorescent proteins in subsets of cells. However, at times, experiments require more selected visualization of cells within the tissue, sometimes at the single-cell or population-of-cells manner. To achieve this and visualize single cells within a population of cells, scientists have utilized single-cell photoconversion of fluorescent proteins. To demonstrate this technique, we show here how to direct UV light to an Eos-expressing cell of interest in an intact, living zebrafish. We then image those photoconverted Eos+ cells 24 h later to determine how they changed in the tissue. We describe two techniques: single cell photoconversion and photoconversions of populations of cell. These techniques can be used to visualize cell-cell interactions, cell-fate and differentiation, and cell migrations, making it a technique that is applicable in numerous biological questions.

Here, we present a protocol to show how cell photoconversion is achieved through UV exposure to specific areas expressing the fluorescent protein, Eos, in living animals.

Yaşam sağlam Zebra balığı tek hücreli Photoconversion

Animal and plant tissue is composed of distinct populations of cells. These cells interact over time to build and maintain the tissue and can cause ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and chromosome dynamics. While the germline is an excellent model, the analysis is often two dimensional due to the time and labor required for three-dimensional analysis. Major readouts in such studies are the number/position of nuclei and protein distribution within the germline. Here, we present a method to perform automated analysis of the germline using confocal microscopy and computational approaches to determine the number and position of nuclei in each region of the germline. Our method also analyzes germline protein distribution that enables the three-dimensional examination of protein expression in different genetic backgrounds. Further, our study shows variations in cytoskeletal architecture in distinct regions of the germline that may accommodate specific spatial developmental requirements. Finally, our method enables automated counting of the sperm in the spermatheca of each germline. Taken together, our method enables rapid and reproducible phenotypic analysis of the C. elegans germline.

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

We present an automated method for three-dimensional reconstruction of the Caenorhabditis elegans germline. Our method determines the number and position of each nucleus within the germline and analyses germline protein distribution and cytoskeletal structure.

Çekirdeklerin dağıtım, proteinler ve sitoiskeleti çalışmaya Caenorhabditis elegans Germline sayısal analizi

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...

Derivation and Differentiation of Canine Ovarian Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Interest in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has increased over the past decade due to their ease of isolation, expansion, and culture. Recently, studies have demonstrated the wide differentiation capacity that these cells possess. The ovary represents a promising candidate for cell-based therapies due to the fact that it is rich in MSCs and that it is frequently discarded after ovariectomy surgeries as biological waste. This article describes procedures for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of MSCs derived from the canine ovary, without the necessity of cell-sorting techniques. This protocol represents an important tool for regenerative medicine because of the broad applicability of these highly differentiable cells in clinical trials and therapeutic uses.

Herein, we describe a method for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from canine ovarian tissue.

Türetme ve köpek yumurtalık mezenkimal kök hücre farklılaşma

Interest in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has increased over the past decade due to their ease of isolation, expansion, and culture. Recently, studies ...

Efficient Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Liver Cells

The liver detoxifies harmful substances, secretes vital proteins, and executes key metabolic activities, thus sustaining life. Consequently, liver failure&#8212;which can be caused by chronic alcohol intake, hepatitis, acute poisoning, or other insults&#8212;is a severe condition that can culminate in bleeding, jaundice, coma, and eventually death. However, approaches to treat liver failure, as well as studies of liver function and disease, have been stymied in part by the lack of a plentiful supply of human liver cells. To this end, this protocol details the efficient differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into hepatocyte-like cells, guided by a developmental roadmap that describes how liver fate is specified across six consecutive differentiation steps. By manipulating developmental signaling pathways to promote liver differentiation and to explicitly suppress the formation of unwanted cell fates, this method efficiently generates populations of human liver bud progenitors and hepatocyte-like cells by days 6 and 18 of PSC differentiation, respectively. This is achieved through the temporally-precise control of developmental signaling pathways, exerted by small molecules and growth factors in a serum-free culture medium. Differentiation in this system occurs in monolayers and yields hepatocyte-like cells that express characteristic hepatocyte enzymes and have the ability to engraft a mouse model of chronic liver failure. The ability to efficiently generate large numbers of human liver cells in vitro has ramifications for treatment of liver failure, for drug screening, and for mechanistic studies of liver disease.

This protocol details a monolayer, serum-free method to efficiently generate hepatocyte-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in 18 days. This entails six steps as hPSCs sequentially differentiate into intermediate cell-types such as the primitive streak, definitive endoderm, posterior foregut and liver bud progenitors before forming hepatocyte-like cells.

Insan pluripotent kök hücrelerinin karaciğer hücrelerine verimli farklılaşma

The liver detoxifies harmful substances, secretes vital proteins, and executes key metabolic activities, thus sustaining life. Consequently, liver ...

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give rise to multiple cell types, including the myotome (MYO), sclerotome (SCL), dermatome (D), and syndetome (SYN), which in turn develop into skeletal muscle, axial skeleton, dorsal dermis, and axial tendon/ligament, respectively. Therefore, the generation of SMs and their derivatives from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is critical to obtain pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) for application in regenerative medicine and for disease research in the field of orthopedic surgery. Although the induction protocols for MYO and SCL from PSCs have been previously reported by several researchers, no study has yet demonstrated the induction of SYN and D from iPSCs. Therefore, efficient induction of fully competent SMs remains a major challenge. Here, we recapitulate human SM patterning with human iPSCs in vitro by mimicking the signaling environment during chick/mouse SM development, and report on methods of systematic induction of SM derivatives (MYO, SCL, D, and SYN) from human iPSCs under chemically defined conditions through the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and SM states. Knowledge regarding chick/mouse&#160;SM development was successfully applied to the induction of SMs with human iPSCs. This method could be a novel tool for studying human somitogenesis and patterning without the use of embryos and for cell-based therapy and disease modeling.

We present here a protocol for the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into each somite derivative (myotome, sclerotome, dermatome, and syndetome) in chemically defined conditions, which has applications in future disease modeling and cell-based therapies in orthopedic surgery.

Somite türevleri indüklenen insan nesil Vitro Pluripotent kök hücreler

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give ...

Assessment of Oxidative Damage in the Primary Mouse Ocular Surface Cells/Stem Cells in Response to Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) Damage

The ocular surface is subjected to regular wear and tear due to various environmental factors. Exposure to UV-C radiation constitutes an occupational health hazard. Here, we demonstrate the exposure of primary stem cells from the mouse ocular surface to UV-C radiation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation is the readout of the extent of oxidative stress/damage. In an experimental in vitro setting, it is also essential to assess the percentage of dead cells generated due to oxidative stress. In this article, we will demonstrate the 2&#39;,7&#39;-Dichlorofluoresceindiacetate (DCFDA) staining of UV-C exposed mouse primary ocular surface stem cells and their quantification based on the fluorescent images of DCFDA staining. DCFDA staining directly corresponds to ROS generation. We also demonstrate the quantification of dead and live cells by simultaneous staining with propidium iodide (PI) and Hoechst 3332 respectively and the percentage of DCFDA (ROS positive) and PI positive cells.

Assessment of Oxidative Damage in the Primary Mouse Ocular Surface Cells/Stem Cells in Response to Ultraviolet-C UV-C Damage

This protocol demonstrates the simultaneous detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS), live cells, and dead cells in live primary cultures from mouse ocular surface cells. 2&#39;,7&#39;-Dichlorofluoresceindiacetate, propidium iodide, and Hoechst staining are used to assess the ROS, dead cells, and live cells, respectively, followed by imaging and analysis.

Ultraviyole-C (UV-C) Hasarına Yanıt Olarak Birincil Fare Oküler Yüzey Hücrelerinde/Kök Hücrelerinde Oksidatif Hasarın Değerlendirilmesi

The ocular surface is subjected to regular wear and tear due to various environmental factors. Exposure to UV-C radiation constitutes an occupational ...