We thank Dr. Leonid Gnatovskiy for his carefully and critical reading of the paper. This work was supported in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health (HL109054) and the Samuel and Jean Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan (Inaugural Fund) to WZ and from the Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine to BL.

Fare EKH adlı Fare Embriyonik TBMlerin 1. türetilmesi <ol><li> Fare embriyonik fibroblastlar (MEFS) besleyici tabakası hazırlayın. <ol><li> Sıcak MEF ortam 37 ° C&#39;ye kadar (DMEM içinde% 10 FBS). </li><li> Jelatin kaplı tabak hazırlayın. <ol><li> 10 cm&#39;lik bir tabak içine bir 6-yuvalı plaka arasında bir çukur veya 5 ml su içinde,% 0.1 Jelatin 1 ml ilave edilir. </li><li> En az 30 dakika boyunca plakaları ya da yemekler, 37 ° C&#39;de ya da oda sıcaklığı bırakın. Kullanmadan önce jelatin talip. </li></ol></li><li> Çözülme hafifçe çalkalanarak, 37 ° C su banyosu içinde hızla MEFS maruz bırakıldı. </li><li> 15 ml veya 50 ml konik bir tüp yavaşça hücreler aktarın. Önceden ısıtılmış MEF ortam 5 ml. Yavaşça hücreler girdap ve 5 dakika için 200 x g&#39;de santrifüj. </li><li> MEF ortamda hücrelerin tekrar ve canlı hücreleri saymak. 10 cm&#39;lik bir tabak hücreleri 2 ml 6 yuvalı plakadan gelen başına hücre ve 10 ml: Aşağıdaki MEF ortam hacimleri kullanın. </li><li> 6-delikli plakalara Levha hücreleri veya 1-2 en az 10 cm yemeklerPlaka / tabak başına x 10 6. </li><li> 37 ° C&#39;de, MEF plakalar / tabaklar inkübe,% 5 CO2, en az 24 saat önce kullanımı. NOT: Bir haftadan daha eski MEF plakaları / yemekler atın. </li></ol></li><li> Fare EKH hazırlayın <ol><li> Kültür Isl1-CRE; Rosa26YFP / Mef2c-CRE; % 90 konfluent kadar MEF&#39;ler üzerinde Rosa26YFP fare EKH. Kullanım ES hücre ortamı 410 ml DMEM, 75 ml FBS, 0.1 mM MEM NEAA, 2 mM L-glutamin, 0.1 mM piruvat, 100 E Pen / Strep, ve 0.1 mM β-merkaptoetanol içermektedir. </li><li> 1.1.2 tarif edildiği gibi, jelatin kaplı 6 oyuklu plakalar hazırlamak. </li><li> Plakalardan aspire orta ve DPBS hücreleri durulayın. <ol><li> Aspire DPBS ve 6 oyuklu plakanın bir kuyuya 0.4 mi% 0.25 tripsin ekleyin. 5 dakika için 37 ° C,% 5 CO2 seviyesinde hücreleri inkübe edin. Tripsin reaksiyonu durdurmak için 1 ml önceden ısıtılmış ES ortamı ekleyin. </li></ol></li><li> Hasat hücreleri ve santrifüj hücreleri 200 xg ve aspire orta az. Süspanse 1 ml ES hücre ortamında hücre ve hücreleri saymak. &lt;/ Li&gt; <li> 3 x 10 4 / cm2 yoğunlukta, jelatin-kaplanmış plakalar üzerinde plaka EKH. EKH yaklaşık% 90 konfluent ulaştığında yaklaşık 2 gün boyunca 37 ° C&#39;de,% 5 CO2 inkübe edin. Orta gün değiştirin. </li><li> EKH% 90 konfluent olduğunda, tekrar tamamen MEF besleyiciler kaldırmak için 1.2.2-1.2.5 adımları. </li></ol></li><li> EB formasyonu TBM farklılaşmasını teşvik <ol><li> Ardından farklılaştırma ortamı hazırlayın: 36 ml IMDM, 12 mi Ham F12, 2 mM L-glutamin, 0.34 ml BSA (% 7.5), 0.25 mi, N2, 0.5 mi B27, 50 ug / ml AA, ve 0.45 mM 1-tiogliserol. </li><li> Aspire hücrelerinden orta ve DPBS ile durulayın. Aspire DPBS ve 6 oyuklu plakanın bir kuyuya 0.4 mi% 0.25 tripsin ekleyin. 5 dakika boyunca 37 ° C&#39;de inkübe edilir. </li><li> Tek hücre içine hücre kümeleri dağıtmak için aşağı reaksiyon ve pipet yukarı durdurma ve 1 ml farklılaşma orta ekleyin. </li><li> Santrifüj EKH 5 dakika için 200 xg&#39;de ve orta atın. <ol><li> Süspanse 1 x 10 6 &lt;/ Sup&gt; 1 mi farklılaşma ortamında EKH. İlk EB toplama için 37 ° C &#39;de ayırt ortamında 1 x 10 5 hücre / ml&#39; lik bir konsantrasyonda, düşük sıyrılma Petri kabındaki hücrelere hücre sayımı ve kültür. </li></ol></li><li> İki gün EB oluşumundan sonra, 50 ml&#39;lik tüplere yemekleri EBS aktarmak. 1 dakika için 200 xg&#39;de Spin. Orta çıkarın ve Ca 2+ ve Mg 2+ olmadan 10 ml DPBS ile EBS durulayın. </li><li> Aspire DPBS ve 1 mL% 0.25 tripsin ekleyin. 5 dakika boyunca 37 ° C&#39;de inkübe edilir. Reaksiyonu durdurmak için 4.5 mi farklılaşma orta ekleyin. Pipet yukarı ve aşağı tek hücre içine EBS ayırmak. </li><li> 5 dakika süreyle 200 x g&#39;de hücreleri santrifüjleyin. 1 ml farklılaşma ortamda aspire orta ve tekrar süspansiyon hücreleri. </li><li> Hücre sayımı ve farklılaşma ortamında 1 x 10 5 hücre / ml, 2 x 10 6 hücre seyreltin. 5 ng / ml, 0.8 ng / ml&#39;lik nihai konsantrasyonda ortama VEGF BMP4 ve aktivin A ilave edin ve 5 ng / ml idi. Cultu37 ° C &#39;de, ikinci EB formasyonu için Petri kabındaki hücrelere yeniden. </li><li> İkinci EB oluşumundan sonra 40 saat, 50 ml&#39;lik tüplere EBS aktarmak. 5 dakika için 37 ° C &#39;de, 1 ml% 0.25 tripsin ile EBS, ayırma DPBS ile bir kez yıkayın. Pipet yukarı ve aşağı tek hücre içine EBS ayırmak. </li><li> 5 ng / ml VEGF, 10 ng / ml bFGF ve 12.5 ng / ml FGF10 ile Stempro-34 ortamı içinde tekrar süspansiyon hücreleri. Jelatin kaplı plakalara, 2 x 10 5 / cm2&#39;de, hücreler plaka. TBM izole edilmesinden önce 32 saat süre ile 37 ° C inkübatör içinde kültürü. </li></ol></li><li> MCPCs yalıtmak <ol><li> Aspire orta ve DPBS ile durulayın. 5 dakika için 37 ° C &#39;de kültür plakalarına 0.5 mi% 0.25 tripsin ekleyin. Reaksiyonu durdurmak için 4.5 mi farklılaşma orta ekleyin. Pipet yukarı ve aşağı tek hücre içine EBS ayırmak. FACS-saflaştırılması için% 2 FBS / PBS santrifüj ve tekrar süspansiyon hücreleri hücreleri toplayın. </li><li> Negatif kontrol olarak sıralayıcı farklılaşmamış EKH çalıştırın. Değişim gerilimi ileri dışkılarını ayarlamak içinter (FSC) ve yan dağılım (SSC) istenen nüfus seçmek için. Enkaz ve dublet dışlamak için yan dağılım ve genişliği karşı ileri dağılım yüksekliği karşı dağılım ileri kullanın. Seçilen alt-popülasyonda, ESC kontrol dağılımına göre, hücre otofloresans ortadan kaldırmak için histogram üzerinde olumlu YFP bir kapı çizin. YFP + yolluk gelen YFP + TBM&#39;leri toplayın. </li><li> Farklılaştırma ortamının (1.3.1) &#39;e sahip 6-çukurlu plakalarda saflaştırılmış TBM (YFP + hücreleri) plaka. Kardiyomiyositler ve SMC&#39;lerin içine TBMlerin farklılaşması için 37 ° C&#39;de Kültür ek 3-5 gün. </li></ol></li></ol> İnsan EKH İnsan Embriyonik TBMlerin 2. türetilmesi <ol><li> Yemlikler hazırlayın <ol><li> 2 x 10 4 / cm2 yoğunluğunda, yukarıda tarif edildiği gibi, fare embriyonik fibroblastlar (MEF&#39;ler) besleyici tabaka hazırlanır. </li></ol></li><li> İnsan EKH koruyun <ol><li> CRE, M rutin pCAG-flox-STOP-flox-GFP veya RFP EKH: İnsan Isl1 koruyunNormal HESC ortamı (Nakavt DMEM / F-12 385 ml, Nakavt SR 100 mi, 2 mM L-glutamin, 0.1 mM NEAA, 0.1 mM β-merkaptoetanol, 10 ng / ml temel FGF) kullanılarak EF. Kalp farklılaşma önce, en az 2 pasajlar için besleyici serbest durumda insan EKH aktarmak. </li></ol></li><li> Besleyici serbest durumda insan EKH hazırlayın <ol><li> İnsan EKH kültür için kaplanmış tabak hazırlayın. <ol><li> Gece boyunca 4 ° C &#39;de Matrigel çözülme. Buz üzerinde 50 mi tüp koyun ve bir tüp içine, 30 ml soğuk DMEM / F12 ortamı ilave edin. </li><li> Soğuk ortama 1 ml Matrigel ekleyin ve iyice karıştırın. 10 cm&#39;lik bir tabak içine bir 6-yuvalı plaka oyuğuna ya da 5 ml &#39;si içerisine 1 ml soğuk Matrigel, DMEM / 12 orta ekleyin. </li><li> 2 saat boyunca levhalar / gece boyunca 4 ° C&#39;de yemekleri veya oda sıcaklığını bırakın. Orta aspire kullanmadan önce. </li></ol></li><li> MEF plaka aspire medya ve DPBS insan EKH durulayın: İnsan plakalar üzerine EKH bölün. Daha sonra 6-çukurlu plaka içinde bir kuyu 1 ml dispaz (1 mg / ml) ilave edilmektedir. 37 ° C de kuluçkaya bırakılırinkübatör kolonilerinin kenarları ayırmak başlayana kadar. </li><li> Dispase çözüm çıkarın. Daha sonra 2,5 ml / add iyi mTeSR orta veya MEF-klimalı ortamda başına plaka, iki kez DPBS ile durulayın. </li><li> Küçük öbekler halinde insan ESC kolonileri yıkmak için bir hücre kazıyıcı kullanarak hücreleri kazıyın ve dikkatlice pipetlemeyin ve. </li><li> ESC kümeleri aktarın ve 1 sulandırmak: 3 kaplanmış plakalar halinde. </li><li> 2 ml / kuyu mTeSR orta veya MEF-klimalı orta ekleyin ve günlük orta değiştirin. </li><li> MTeSR ortam veya en az 2 pasaj ile kaplanmış plakalar üzerine, MEF-şartlandırılmış ortam içinde kültür insan EKH. </li></ol></li><li> İnsan EKH TBM farklılaşmasını teşvik <ol><li> Hücreler ~% 90 konfluent olduğunda, orta aspire ve DPBS ile durulayın. Daha sonra 20 dakika boyunca 37 ° C&#39;de 0.5 mg / ml dispaz içinde HESC inkübe edin. </li><li> Hücre kaldırıcı plakalardan hücreleri çıkarmak iki kez DPBS HESC durulayın, sonra, DMEM / F12% 18 FBS, 0.1 mM NEAA, 2 mM ihtiva eden (farklılaştırma ortamının hücre kelepçeler tekrar süspansiyonL-glutamin, 0.1 mM β-merkaptoetanol ve 50 ug / ml askorbik asit). </li><li> EB oluşumu için 6-kuyu, ultra-düşük bağlantı plakaları içine hücreleri aktarın. </li><li> Ertesi gün farklılaşma ortamı değiştirin. </li><li> Her 3 günde bir orta takın ve süspansiyon kültürü içinde EBS korumak. </li></ol></li><li> HCPCS yalıtmak <ol><li> Geç insan TBM izolasyonu için farklılaşma 9 gün daha EBS toplayın. </li><li> Aspire orta ve iki kez DPBS ile EBS durulayın. 5 dakika için 37 ° C &#39;de 6-çukurlu kültür plakalarının her bir oyuğuna 0.5 mi% 0.25 tripsin ekleyin. </li><li> Reaksiyonu durdurmak için farklılaştırma ortamının eşit hacim. Pipet yukarı ve aşağı tek hücre içine EBS ayırmak. % 2 FBS / DPBS&#39;de 5 dk ve tekrar süspansiyon hücreleri için 200 xg&#39;de santrifüj hücreleri toplayın. 40 mikron hücre süzgeç ve FACS-saflaştırılmış RFP + TBM hücreleri ile Filtre hücreleri olarak 1.4.3 de anlatıldığı. </li><li> Plaka geltin kaplı plakalar üzerine HCPCS sıralanır. 7 için farklılaşma ortam içinde kültür HCPCS-9 Gün kardiyomiyosit ve düz kas hücrelerine ayırt etmek. 7 gün kuluçkadan sonra kültür, DMEM / F12 ortamı içinde% 5 Nakavt SR farklılaşmış hücreleri. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors declare no competing financial interests.

This protocol combines a method using growth factors to guide mESCs differentiation and spontaneous differentiation of human ESCs into CPCs. CPC lineage marked with fluorescent reporter is used to efficiently identify and isolate CPCs by FACS. The FACS-purified CPCs retain the capacity to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle, and endothelial cells and have a comparable expression profile to the in vivo cells. Thus, these CPCs can serve as a great resource for cell based heart therapy because of their ability ...

A correction to the author list was made to: <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/52047/derivation-of-cardiac-progenitor-cells-from-embryonic-stem-cells">Derivation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells</a>.
The following author is now listed as a co-corresponding author:
Lei Bu

A correction to the author list was made to: Derivation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells.

Erratum: Derivation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells

Kalp hastalığı dünyanın önde gelen nedeni, bugün kalır ve ölüm oranları son iki yılda (Amerikan Kalp Derneği) hemen hemen değişmeden kalmıştır. Etkili bir şekilde engellemek veya kalp yetmezliği ters yeni tedavi stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi için önemli bir ihtiyaç vardır. Bir umut verici bir strateji kök hücre biyolojisi 1 hızlı gelişimi aşağıdaki hücre tabanlı tedavi yöntemidir. Bu bağlamda, multipotent TBM bağlı olarak çoğalır, ancak sadece kalp dizi farklılaşma kararlı etme kabiliyetleri tedavisi için mükemmel bir hücre kaynağı olabilir. Bu nedenle, verimli ve sağlam bir yöntem oluşturmak ve kalp hücre tedavisi çalışmaları için büyük önem taşımaktadır TBM&#39;lerini izole etmek. Bu protokol, erken embriyogenezin ve nasıl EKH kendi üretim sırasında belirlenen embriyonik TBM&#39;lerle üzerinde duruluyor. Çeşitli TBM da kemik iliği 2, embriyonik ve yetişkin kalplerinden izole edilmiştir. Embriyo gelişimi sırasında, kemik morphogemanyetik proteinleri (BMP), kanatsız-tipi MMTV entegrasyon sitesi aile üyeleri (Wnts) ve Düğüm sinyaller Mesp1 + Multipotent mezoderm 3 bağlılığını neden. Mesp1 + hücreleri, daha sonra embriyonik TBM 4 içinde farklılık gösterir. Bu TBMler genellikle NK2 homeobox 5 (Nkx2-5), Isl LIM homeobox 1 (Isl1), T-box 5 (Tbx5), ve miyosit arttırıcı faktör 2C (Mef2c), birincil ve ikinci kalp alanları oluşturmak, HCN4 tarafından işaretlendiği ve cardiogenesis 5-10 sırasında kalbin ana bölümden katkıda bulunur. Nkx2-5 + ve Isl1 + / Mef2c + Her iki TBM kardiyomiyositlere ayırt edebiliyoruz, düz kas hücreleri (SMC&#39;lere) ve endotel hücreleri 5-8. Bu nedenle, bu TBM kalp damar yanı sıra kardiyak dokulara doğuran ve hücre bazlı kalp tedavisi için ideal bir hücre kaynağıdır olacaktır. Sonuç olarak, in vitro TBM&#39;leri üreten kardiyovasküler çalışmalarda önemli bir araştırma odağı olmuştur. EKH sınırsız genişleme kapasitesi a sahip olduğundannd blastosist aşamasında ICM hücreleri temsil doğal embriyogenez aşağıdaki embriyonik TBM&#39;lerle içine EKH farklılaşması TBM&#39;lerini elde etmek mantıklı ve etkili bir yaklaşım olarak kabul edilir. EKH gelen TBM&#39;ler elde etmek için bir çok uygulamalı bir yaklaşım EBS 11 içine EKH bir araya etmektir. Farklılaşma verimliliğini artırmak için, kardiyak gelişme bilgiye dayalı tanımlanmış kimyasal ve büyüme faktörleri 12-14 kullanılmıştır. Ancak, yaygın olarak alanda kabul edilen kesin TBM belirteçler, özellikle de herhangi bir hücre yüzeyi işaretleri vardır. Bu sorunu gidermek için, EKH Isl1 + veya Mef2c + TBM ve Cre / loxP sistemi kullanılarak floresan gazetecilere türevleri işaretlemek için tasarlanmıştır. CRE rekombinaz Isl1 / Mef2c promotör / güçlendirici kontrolü altında çaldı. Bir kurucu promoteri tarafından tahrik edilen modifiye floresan protein RFP veya YFP gen CRE rekombinaz ile flox durdurma kodonu çıkarılması ile aktive edilebilir(Isl1: CRE;-pCAG-flox-STOP-flox GFP veya RFP / Isl1-CRE; Rosa26YFP / Mef2c-CRE; Rosa26YFP) 5,6. EKH ikinci kalp alan TBM&#39;ler ayrılırlar sonra, Isl1 / Mef2c promotör / güçlendirici tahrik CRE floresan gazetecilere aktive edecek ve TBM FACS-saflaştırma ile zenginleştirilmiş olabilir. Kısaca, EB toplama yöntemi ESC farklılaşma başlatmak için kullanılır. Farklılaşma verimliliğini artırmak için, farklılaşmış hücreler, askorbik asit (AA) ve BMP4, aktivin A ve VEGF 13,15 gibi büyüme faktörleri ile muamele edilir. Bu protokol fare ve insan EKH her ikisini de kullanarak sağlam ve verimli TBM farklılaşmasını sağlar.

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derivation of cardiac progenitor cells from embryonic stem cells

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) have the capacity to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells (SMC), and endothelial cells and hold great promise in cell therapy against heart disease. Among various methods to isolate CPCs, differentiation of embryonic stem cell (ESC) into CPCs attracts great attention in the field since ESCs can provide unlimited cell source. As a result, numerous strategies have been developed to derive CPCs from ESCs. In this protocol, differentiation and purification of embryonic CPCs from both mouse and human ESCs is described. Due to the difficulty of using cell surface markers to isolate embryonic CPCs, ESCs are engineered with fluorescent reporters activated by CPC-specific cre recombinase expression. Thus, CPCs can be enriched by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). This protocol illustrates procedures to form embryoid bodies (EBs) from ESCs for CPC specification and enrichment. The isolated CPCs can be subsequently cultured for cardiac lineage differentiation and other biological assays. This protocol is optimized for robust and efficient derivation of CPCs from both mouse and human ESCs.

Protokol pek çok ES hücre hatları TBM türetilmesini göstermektedir. EKH TBM&#39;leri içine ayırt etmek için EBS oluşturmak için toplanır. EKH rutin MEF besleyiciler (Şekil 1A, F) tutulur ve besleyiciler farklılaşma önce kaldırılır. Farklılaşma ortamında EBS (Şekil 1B, G) içine EKH agregasyonu üzerine, ikinci oluşan EBS fare hücre hatları (Şekil 1C) içinde mezoderm farklılaşmasını geliştirmek için BMP4 ve aktivin A ile işleme tabi tutu...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Derivation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Derivation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells

In this protocol, derivation of cardiac progenitor cells from both mouse and human embryonic stem cells will be illustrated. A major strategy in this protocol is to enrich cardiac progenitor cells with flow cytometry using fluorescent reporters engineered into the embryonic stem cell lines.

Embriyonik Kök Hücreleri Kardiyak Progenitör Hücrelerinin türetilmesi

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) have the capacity to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells (SMC), and endothelial cells and hold great ...

derivation-of-cardiac-progenitor-cells-from-embryonic-stem-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

8.1K Görüntüleme.  University of Michigan. In this protocol, derivation of cardiac progenitor cells from both mouse and human embryonic stem cells will be illustrated. A major strategy in this protocol is to enrich cardiac progenitor cells with flow cytometry using fluorescent reporters engineered into the embryonic stem cell lines.

Video: Derivation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells

Efficient Derivation of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells from Stem Cells

No cure has been discovered for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 55. AMD is complex multifactorial disease with an unknown etiology, although it is largely thought to occur due to death or dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a monolayer of cells that underlies the retina and provides critical support for photoreceptors. RPE cell replacement strategies may hold great promise for providing therapeutic relief for a large subset of AMD patients, and RPE cells that strongly resemble primary human cells (hRPE) have been generated in multiple independent labs, including our own. In addition, the uses for iPS-RPE are not limited to cell-based therapies, but also have been used to model RPE diseases. These types of studies may not only elucidate the molecular bases of the diseases, but also serve as invaluable tools for developing and testing novel drugs. We present here an optimized protocol for directed differentiation of RPE from stem cells. Adding nicotinamide and either Activin A or IDE-1, a small molecule that mimics its effects, at specific time points, greatly enhances the yield of RPE cells. Using this technique we can derive large numbers of low passage RPE in as early as three months.

Stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells may be used for multiple applications including cell-based therapies for retinal degeneration, disease modeling, and drug studies. Here we present a simple protocol for reproducibly deriving RPE from stem cells.

Kök Hücreleri Retina pigment epiteli hücrelerinin Verimli türetilmesi

No cure has been discovered for age-related macular degeneration  (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 55. AMD is complex ...

Gelişim Biyolojisi

Direct Induction of Human Neural Stem Cells from Peripheral Blood Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells

Human disease specific neuronal cultures are essential for generating in vitro models for human neurological diseases. However, the lack of access to primary human adult neural cultures raises unique challenges. Recent developments in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) provides an alternative approach to derive neural cultures from skin fibroblasts through patient specific iPSC, but this process is labor intensive, requires special expertise and large amounts of resources, and can take several months. This prevents the wide application of this technology to the study of neurological diseases. To overcome some of these issues, we have developed a method to derive neural stem cells directly from human adult peripheral blood, bypassing the iPSC derivation process. Hematopoietic progenitor cells enriched from human adult peripheral blood were cultured in vitro and transfected with Sendai virus vectors containing transcriptional factors Sox2, Oct3/4, Klf4, and c-Myc. The transfection results in morphological changes in the cells which are further selected by using human neural progenitor medium containing basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The resulting cells are characterized by the expression for neural stem cell markers, such as nestin and SOX2. These neural stem cells could be further differentiated to neurons, astroglia and oligodendrocytes in specified differentiation media. Using easily accessible human peripheral blood samples, this method could be used to derive neural stem cells for further differentiation to neural cells for in vitro modeling of neurological disorders and may advance studies related to the pathogenesis and treatment of those diseases.

A method was developed to directly derive human neural stem cells from hematopoietic progenitor cells enriched from peripheral blood cells.

Periferik kan Hematopoetik Progenitör Hücreleri İnsan Sinir Kök Hücre Doğrudan İndüksiyon

Human disease specific neuronal cultures are essential for generating in vitro models for human neurological diseases. However, the lack of access to ...

Feeder-free Derivation of Melanocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represent a platform to study human development in vitro under both normal and disease conditions. Researchers can direct the differentiation of hPSCs into the cell type of interest by manipulating the culture conditions to recapitulate signals seen during development. One such cell type is the melanocyte, a pigment-producing cell of neural crest (NC) origin responsible for protecting the skin against UV irradiation. This protocol presents an extension of a currently available in vitro Neural Crest differentiation protocol from hPSCs to further differentiate NC into fully pigmented melanocytes. Melanocyte precursors can be enriched from the Neural Crest protocol via a timed exposure to activators of WNT, BMP, and EDN3 signaling under dual-SMAD-inhibition conditions. The resultant melanocyte precursors are then purified and matured into fully pigmented melanocytes by culture in a selective medium. The resultant melanocytes are fully pigmented and stain appropriately for proteins characteristic of mature melanocytes.

This work describes an in vitro differentiation protocol to produce pigmented, mature melanocytes from human pluripotent stem cells via a neural crest and melanoblast intermediate stage using a feeder-free, 25 day protocol.

Insan pluripotent kök hücreleri gelen melanosit besleyici içermeyen türetilmesi

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represent a platform to study human development in vitro under both normal and disease conditions. Researchers can ...

Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues

Specific gene transcription is a key biological process that underlies cell fate decision during embryonic development. The biological process is mediated by transcription factors which bind genomic regulatory regions including enhancers and promoters of cardiac constitutive genes. DNA is wrapped around histones that are subjected to chemical modifications. Modifications of histones further lead to repressed, activated or poised gene transcription, thus bringing another level of fine tuning regulation of gene transcription. Embryonic Stem cells (ES cells) recapitulate within embryoid bodies (i.e., cell aggregates) or in 2D culture the early steps of cardiac development. They provide in principle enough material for chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), a technology broadly used to identify gene regulatory regions. Furthermore, human ES cells represent a human cell model of cardiogenesis. At later stages of development, mouse embryonic tissues allow for investigating specific epigenetic landscapes required for determination of cell identity. Herein, we describe protocols of ChIP, sequential ChIP followed by PCR or ChIP-sequencing using ES cells, embryoid bodies and cardiac specific embryonic regions. These protocols allow to investigating the epigenetic regulation of cardiac gene transcription.

A fine tuning regulation of gene transcription underlies embryonic cell fate decision. Herein, we describe chromatin immunoprecipitation assays used to investigate epigenetic regulation of both cardiac differentiation of stem cells and cardiac development of mouse embryos.

Embriyonik Kök Hücre ve Doku Kardiyak Farklılaşma epigenetik Yönetmelik

Specific gene transcription is a key biological process that underlies cell fate decision during embryonic development. The biological process is mediated ...

Horizontal Whole Mount: A Novel Processing and Imaging Protocol for Thick, Three-dimensional Tissue Cross-sections of Skin

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality microscopic images is not entirely dependent upon the quality of the microscope, but also upon the methods of tissue processing, which often involve multiple critical actions or steps. Furthermore, mesenchymal cell types in the skin and other tissues represent a new challenge for tissue preparation and imaging. Here, we present a complete process, from tissue harvest to microscopy. Our technique, called &#34;horizontal whole mount,&#34; is one that novices can quickly become proficient in and that allows for antigen preservation and detection in 60-300 &#181;m-thick sections cut with a cryostat. Sections of this thickness provide enhanced visualization of tissue microarchitecture in a three-dimensional environment. In addition, the protocol preserves mesenchymal cells in a manner that enhances image quality when compared to standard cryostat or paraffin sections, thereby increasing the efficacy and reliability of immunostaining. We believe that this protocol will benefit all laboratories that visualize skin, and possibly other tissues and organs.

This work presents a novel processing and imaging protocol for thick, three-dimensional tissue cross-section analysis that enables the full exploitation of confocal imaging modalities. This protocol preserves antigenicity and represents a robust system to analyze skin histology and potentially other tissue types.

Yatay Dağ Dağı: Derinin kalın, üç boyutlu doku kesitleri için yeni bir İşleme ve Görüntüleme Protokolü

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality ...

Rapid, Directed Differentiation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Human Embryonic or Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing a detailed and thorough protocol is to clearly demonstrate each step and to make this readily available to researchers in the field. This protocol results in a homogenous layer of RPE with minimal or no manual dissection needed. The method presented here has been shown to be effective for induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and human embryonic stem cells. Additionally, we describe methods for cryopreservation of intermediate cell banks that allow long-term storage. RPE generated using this protocol might be useful for iPSC disease-in-a-dish modeling or clinical application.

This protocol describes how to produce retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) from pluripotent stem cells. The method uses a combination of growth factors and small molecules to direct the differentiation of stem cells into immature RPE in fourteen days and mature, functional RPE after three months.

Hızlı, yönlendirilmiş farklılaşma insan embriyonik veya İndüklenmiş Pluripotent kök hücrelerinden retina Pigment epitel hücrelerinin

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing ...

Single-cell Photoconversion in Living Intact Zebrafish

Animal and plant tissue is composed of distinct populations of cells. These cells interact over time to build and maintain the tissue and can cause disease when disrupted. Scientists have developed clever techniques to investigate characteristics and natural dynamics of these cells within intact tissue by expressing fluorescent proteins in subsets of cells. However, at times, experiments require more selected visualization of cells within the tissue, sometimes at the single-cell or population-of-cells manner. To achieve this and visualize single cells within a population of cells, scientists have utilized single-cell photoconversion of fluorescent proteins. To demonstrate this technique, we show here how to direct UV light to an Eos-expressing cell of interest in an intact, living zebrafish. We then image those photoconverted Eos+ cells 24 h later to determine how they changed in the tissue. We describe two techniques: single cell photoconversion and photoconversions of populations of cell. These techniques can be used to visualize cell-cell interactions, cell-fate and differentiation, and cell migrations, making it a technique that is applicable in numerous biological questions.

Here, we present a protocol to show how cell photoconversion is achieved through UV exposure to specific areas expressing the fluorescent protein, Eos, in living animals.

Yaşam sağlam Zebra balığı tek hücreli Photoconversion

Animal and plant tissue is composed of distinct populations of cells. These cells interact over time to build and maintain the tissue and can cause ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and chromosome dynamics. While the germline is an excellent model, the analysis is often two dimensional due to the time and labor required for three-dimensional analysis. Major readouts in such studies are the number/position of nuclei and protein distribution within the germline. Here, we present a method to perform automated analysis of the germline using confocal microscopy and computational approaches to determine the number and position of nuclei in each region of the germline. Our method also analyzes germline protein distribution that enables the three-dimensional examination of protein expression in different genetic backgrounds. Further, our study shows variations in cytoskeletal architecture in distinct regions of the germline that may accommodate specific spatial developmental requirements. Finally, our method enables automated counting of the sperm in the spermatheca of each germline. Taken together, our method enables rapid and reproducible phenotypic analysis of the C. elegans germline.

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

We present an automated method for three-dimensional reconstruction of the Caenorhabditis elegans germline. Our method determines the number and position of each nucleus within the germline and analyses germline protein distribution and cytoskeletal structure.

Çekirdeklerin dağıtım, proteinler ve sitoiskeleti çalışmaya Caenorhabditis elegans Germline sayısal analizi

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...

Derivation and Differentiation of Canine Ovarian Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Interest in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has increased over the past decade due to their ease of isolation, expansion, and culture. Recently, studies have demonstrated the wide differentiation capacity that these cells possess. The ovary represents a promising candidate for cell-based therapies due to the fact that it is rich in MSCs and that it is frequently discarded after ovariectomy surgeries as biological waste. This article describes procedures for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of MSCs derived from the canine ovary, without the necessity of cell-sorting techniques. This protocol represents an important tool for regenerative medicine because of the broad applicability of these highly differentiable cells in clinical trials and therapeutic uses.

Herein, we describe a method for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from canine ovarian tissue.

Türetme ve köpek yumurtalık mezenkimal kök hücre farklılaşma

Interest in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has increased over the past decade due to their ease of isolation, expansion, and culture. Recently, studies ...

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give rise to multiple cell types, including the myotome (MYO), sclerotome (SCL), dermatome (D), and syndetome (SYN), which in turn develop into skeletal muscle, axial skeleton, dorsal dermis, and axial tendon/ligament, respectively. Therefore, the generation of SMs and their derivatives from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is critical to obtain pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) for application in regenerative medicine and for disease research in the field of orthopedic surgery. Although the induction protocols for MYO and SCL from PSCs have been previously reported by several researchers, no study has yet demonstrated the induction of SYN and D from iPSCs. Therefore, efficient induction of fully competent SMs remains a major challenge. Here, we recapitulate human SM patterning with human iPSCs in vitro by mimicking the signaling environment during chick/mouse SM development, and report on methods of systematic induction of SM derivatives (MYO, SCL, D, and SYN) from human iPSCs under chemically defined conditions through the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and SM states. Knowledge regarding chick/mouse&#160;SM development was successfully applied to the induction of SMs with human iPSCs. This method could be a novel tool for studying human somitogenesis and patterning without the use of embryos and for cell-based therapy and disease modeling.

We present here a protocol for the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into each somite derivative (myotome, sclerotome, dermatome, and syndetome) in chemically defined conditions, which has applications in future disease modeling and cell-based therapies in orthopedic surgery.

Somite türevleri indüklenen insan nesil Vitro Pluripotent kök hücreler

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give ...