Yazarlar Marc Ferrer Ulusal Merkezi translasyonel Bilimler ilerleyen, Ulusal Sağlık Enstitüleri için onun destek ve rehberlik bu deneyleri ilk geliştirme için kabul etmek istiyorum. Buna ek olarak, Alyson Freeman, Mariela Jaskelioff, Michael Acker, Jacob Haling ve Vesselina Cooke onların bilimsel girdi ve ekip üyeleri proje olarak tartışma için teşekkür etmek istiyorum.

1. kültür 1536-şey 3D tümör pulcuklarının
<ol><li>Dulbecco'nın modifiye kartal Orta (DMEM/F12) 500 mL aşağıdaki ayıraçlar ekleyerek bir taze 3D tümör küresel orta kök (hücre orta + nakavt serumu değiştirme + insülin-transferrin-selenyum) hazırlamak: 1 x penisilin/streptomisin, insan 10 ng/mL temel fibroblast büyüme faktörü (bFGF), 20 ng/mL insan epidermal büyüme faktörü (EGF), %0,4 Sığır serum albumin (BSA) (Kesir V), 1 x insülin-transferrin-selenyum ve % 1'nakavt (KO) serum değiştirme (değil donma-çözülme).</li>
	<li>Filtre-0.4 µm şişe-ilk filtre sistemi aracılığıyla takviyeleri ile tüm Orta sterilize.</li>
	<li>Önerilen rutin kültür şartlarından yıkama tarafından geleneksel hücre kültürü şişeler göre büyüyen kanser hücre satırları ayırmak 3 x 1 x fosfat ile arabelleğe alınmış serum (PBS) ve % 0.25 tripsin (1 mL uygun bir miktar ekleniyor 5 cm2) başına hücrenin üzerine ince bir tabaka oluşturmak 5 min için. 5 x serum içeren orta miktarda tripsin etkisiz hale getirmek ve hücreleri saymak için devam edin. Örneğin, orta 25 mL 5 mL tripsin için kullanın.</li>
	<li>Toplam 8 µL küresel orta bir kuyu başına 500 hücre doku kültürü tedavi 1536-şey kalıplara tohum için hücre çözümü için 62,5 x 104 hücre/mL konsantrasyonu ayarlayın.</li>
	<li>Bir biyolojik emanet dolabı, steril, küçük çelik uçlu Paslanmaz kaset peristaltik pompa-tabanlı bir sistem ile kullanarak hücreleri tohum. Kaset 1 x PBS ve % 70 ile tüp farklı hücre aralarını temizlemek için 10 etanol s.</li>
	<li>Alternatif olarak, steril, küçük çelik uçlu Paslanmaz kaset ve peristaltik pompa veya tabak gerekli hücre satır başına sayısına bağlı olarak bir ekli şırınga pompa kullanarak bir HEPA filtre oda içinde bulunan sıvı bir işleyici kullanarak hücreleri tohum.</li>
	<li>Bir nefes alabilir yapışkan plaka mühür de el ile veya bir tabak mühürleyen kullanarak plakalarının.</li>
	<li>10 rpm ve 37 ° C % 5 karbondioksit (CO2) ve %95 bağıl nem ile ayarlamak bir iplik kuluçka tabak koyun. 3 d formuna pulcuklarının izin.</li>
</ol>2. kültür 1536-şey 2D kanser satırları
Not: 1536-şey 2D kanser satırları ek bahçedeki 3D plakaları önce 24 h kültürlü.
<ol><li>Seçili satırlar için bir uygun büyüme ortamının 500 ml aşağıdaki ayıraçlar ekleyerek bir 2D kanser hücre ortamı hazırlamak: 1 x penisilin/streptomisin ve % 10 fetal Sığır serum (FBS).</li>
	<li>Filtre-0.4 µm şişe-ilk filtre sistemi aracılığıyla takviyeleri ile tüm Orta sterilize.</li>
	<li>Önerilen rutin kültür şartlarından yıkama tarafından geleneksel hücre kültürü şişeler göre büyüyen kanser hücre satırları ayırmak 3 x 1 x PBS ve 5 min için % 0.25 tripsin (5 cm2başına 1 mL) uygun bir miktar ekleniyor hücrenin üzerine ince bir tabaka oluşturmak. 5 x serum içeren orta miktarda tripsin etkisiz hale getirmek ve hücreleri saymak için devam edin. Örneğin, orta 25 mL 5 mL tripsin için kullanın.</li>
	<li>Hücre çözümü için 62,5 x 104 hücre/mL konsantrasyonu tam orta 8 µL kuyuda başına 500 hücre Toplam 1536-iyi doku kültürü tedavi kalıplara tohum için ayarlayın.</li>
	<li>Bir biyolojik emanet dolabı, steril, küçük çelik uçlu Paslanmaz kaset peristaltik pompa-tabanlı bir sistem ile kullanarak hücreleri tohum. Kaset 1 x steril PBS ve % 70 ile tüp farklı hücre aralarını temizlemek için 10 etanol s.</li>
	<li>Alternatif olarak, steril, küçük çelik uçlu Paslanmaz kaset ve peristaltik pompa veya hücre başına plakaların hacmine bağlı olarak ekli şırınga pompa kullanarak bir HEPA filtre robotik oda içinde bulunan sıvı bir işleyici kullanarak hücreleri tohum gerekli satır.</li>
	<li>Bir nefes alabilir yapışkan plaka mühür de el ile veya bir tabak mühürleyen kullanarak plakalarının.</li>
	<li>10 rpm ve 37 ° C % 5 CO2 ve % 95 bağıl nem ile bileşik toplama önce 24 h için ayarlamak bir iplik kuluçka tabak koyun.</li>
</ol>3. Bileşik toplama
<ol><li>Sıvı işleme robot 10 mM en iyi bir konsantrasyon ile % 100 dimetil sülfoksit (DMSO) MAPK inhibitörleri, 8-point, 3-fold seri dilutions hazırlayın. Proteasome inhibitörü Bortezomib olumlu bir denetim olarak tam bir hücre tahlil dinamik aralığını belirlemek için öldürmek için kullanılır.</li>
	<li>Hızlı-spin all tahlil plakaları ve herhangi bir yoğunlaşma toplamak için 100 x g de bileşik plakaları. Yapışkanlı mühür her tabaktan kaldırmak ve bir tabak 8 toplam eklemek için bir akustik dağıtıcı set-up üzerinde yer her bileşik/seyreltme % 0,1 DMSO iyi başına son bir konsantrasyon ve 10 µM üst bileşik dozu temsil eden nL.</li>
	<li>Bileşik ilavesi tamamlandıktan sonra buharlaşma plaka üzerinde engeller ve bir iplik Kuluçka Gelişim makinesi 37 ° C'de % 5 CO2 ve % 95 bağıl nem ile 5 d için plaka yerleştirin bir ısmarlama, paslanmaz çelik hücre kültür kapak koyun.</li>
</ol>4. algılama reaktif toplama ve ham veri Acquirement
<ol><li>Yeterli bir hücre çoğalması, oda sıcaklığında veya 37 ° C su banyosu adenin trifosfat (ATP) değişiklikler ve böylece, değişiklikleri algılamak için biyoluminesans içeren bir hücre lizis reaktif hacmi önceden ısıtmak. Algılama reaktif 3 µL toplam peristaltik pompa kullanarak her şey ekleyin ve en az 15 dakika oda sıcaklığında plaka kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>Bir tabak luminometer üzerinde ışıldama yakalamak.</li>
</ol>5. veri işleme
<ol><li>Araç ham veri ayıklamak ve bütün wells DMSO tarafsız denetim olarak yalnız içeren ortalama test bileşikler içeren tüm alanlar normalleştirmek. Bu değeri, her bileşik yüzde büyüme inhibisyonu hesaplayın. Bu Microsoft Excel'de formül işlevini kullanarak tamamlanır nerede f (x) = {(örnek değer göreli ışık birimleri (RLUs) / (DMSO değeri RLUs Ortalama) * 100)}.</li>
	<li>Doz-yanıt eğrileri ve inhibitör IC50s değerleri normalleştirilmiş veri--dan adım 5.1 bir grafik programı kullanarak bileşik toplama karşı grafiklerini çizerek oluşturmak. Not: Helios, bir iç NIBR yazılım aracı kullanarak verileri analiz ettik. Bu işlevi tamamlamak için parametrik olmayan eğri çözümleme aracı seçili.</li>
</ol>

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Yazarlar Novartis çalışanlarının, ve bazı çalışanlar da hissedarları vardır.

Burada sunulan yöntemleri 1536-şey tabak büyük ölçekli bileşik izlemek için tümör pulcuklarının üretmek nasıl ayrıntılı bir protokol göstermektedir. Bu yöntemler başlangıçta nerede tümör pulcuklarının düşük işlem hacmi deneyleri genetik bağımlılıkları ve bileşik duyarlılık13, hakkında soru sormak için 6-şey ve 96-iyi tabak içinde yetiştirilen Ulusal Kanser Enstitüsü'nde işten adapte 14 , 1...

Son on yılda daha fazla çalışmalar tam olarak 2D hücrelerde plastik üzerinde büyüyerek recapitulated değil kavramları anlamak için 3D hücre kültür modellerinin kullanımı hayata geçirdik. Bu kavramlar değişiklikler hücrelerinin apikal ve bazal katmanları kayma yönünü nerede kayıp normal epitel hücre polarite1 , hem de hücre dışı matriks hayatta kalma ve hücre kader düzenlenmesinde rol örnekleridir. Onkoloji araştırma, özellikle, 3D modelleri temel biyoloji kanser hücreleri ve 2D ve 3D hücre kültür sistemleri3,4arasındaki farkları anlamak için kullandı. Daha gelişmiş hücre kültürü teknikleri ve onların daha fazla uyum çok iyi biçimleri için 3D ayarları'nda yeni ilaçlar için arama sağlamıştır. Karmaşık çok cell tipi küreler6,7için, koşullarda 2D, 3D modelleri tek hücre tipi alanlara farklı boyutlarda, katmanlı hücresel sistemleri5 karmaşıklık tümörler aralığının hücre aksine yetiştirilen 8. yeni bileşikler veya kuvvetli bu 3D modeli sistemlerinde hücre ölümüne neden destekte keşfi, bu nedenle, ilaç geliştirme kampanyalarının yüksek ilgi olduğunu. Bitiş noktaları bu deneyleri kez hücre çoğalması değişimler değerlendirmek için 2D kültürlerde geçekleştirilen aynıdır, ancak daha fizyolojik ilgili bir ortamda yürütülen zaman bağımlılık hedef gen veya yolu olma gerçek düzeyini ortaya çıkarabilir sorguya.
Yukarıda tanıtılan gibi çeşitli model sistemleri geliştirilmiştir 3D kültür sistemlerinde uyuşturucu yanıt çalışmaya, ama çoğunluk ya 96 veya 384-de microtiter plakaları kullanın ve sık sık kullanılan yüksek üretilen iş (HTS) eleme oluşum kolayca adapte değildir ilaç keşif tarama kampanyalar. Bu tür sistemleri damlacık teknolojileri, küresel kültürler, havaya yükselme ve kollajen, Matrigel veya Polietilen glikol (PEG)2 gibi doğal veya sentetik jelleri birleşmeyle kültürleri ikna etmek için manyetik parçacıklar hücrelerle zonklayan asılı kullanımını içerir . Burada, 3D küresel kültürler 1536-şey plaka biçiminde kurulan kanser hücre satırlarından üretmek için daha önce gelişmiş bir teknik detaylı yöntemleri mevcut. Bu protokol için yüksek tanımlı bir orta normalde yapisan hücre hatları9eki önleyen kullanılır. Bu sistem sınırlamaları vardır (yani, tam olarak karmaşık bir modeli sistem kanseri özetlemek olamaz), ama yine de, bu deneyleri bir yüksek-den geçerek tarama küçük moleküller büyük koleksiyonları ve uyuşturucu yanıtının Çapraz karşılaştırma etkinleştirin çeşitli hücre satırları ve bileşikleri karşı 2D ve 3D kültürler arasında.
Hücre hatları bu makaledeki yöntemlerden yolu, kanser, dysregulated son derece olan bir yol sinyal MAPK ilgili genlerin tüm liman mutasyonların göstermek için seçilen ve hangi birçok tedavi için kullanılabilir. Satırları da KRAS, Nöroblastom RAS veya NRAS, Harvey sıçan sarkomu virüs onkogen veya HRAS ve ilişkili kinaz hızla hızlandırılmış Fibrosarcomas da bilinir Kirsten sıçan sarkomu virüs oncogenic mutasyonların aktive var RAFs. Son edebiyat bu yolun farklı düğümlerin inhibitörleri 3D koşulları9,10altında yetiştirilen hücre satırları alt kümesinde benzersiz olarak daha etkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Bir çalışmada kanser hücrelerinin etkin RAS ile 3D kültürlü ne zaman, onlar MAPK inhibitörleri için artan bir hassasiyet gösterdi ve ayrıca, bu yaklaşım yolları tanımlayabilir ve geleneksel 2D cevapsız inhibitörleri hedef bulundu ayarı. Bu çalışmanın amacı bu hücre satırları kültür için kullanılan yöntemleri sunmaktır ve ayrıca, kültür sistemleri sadece 3D kullanırken gözlenen bu inhibitörleri yanıtlarını diferansiyel göstermek için hücre.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM Dulbecco`s Modified Eagle Media (DMEM)/F12</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>30-2006</td>
			<td>Purchased as a prepared solution. This reciepe was found to be preferred compared to other vendors.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM Dulbecco`s Modified Eagle Media (DMEM)/F12</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>12-604F</td>
			<td>Purchased as a prepared solution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI)</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>12-115Q</td>
			<td>Purchased as a prepared solution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Seradigm</td>
			<td>1500-500</td>
			<td>Purchased as a prepared solution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1x 0.25% Trypsin with Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30042.01</td>
			<td>Purchased as a prepared solution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1x Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140</td>
			<td>Purchased as a prepared solution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 ng/mL Human basic Fibrobast Growth Factor (bFGF)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F0291</td>
			<td>Resuspend in sterile water.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 ng/mL Human Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E9644</td>
			<td>Resuspend in sterile water.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.4% Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A9418</td>
			<td>Resuspend in sterile PBS and filter.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1x Insulin Transferrin Selenium (ITS)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>51500056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1% KnockOut (KO) Serum Replacement</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10828-028</td>
			<td>Add fresh right before use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>276855-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CellTiter-Glo</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>G7573</td>
			<td>Purchased as a prepared solution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Consumables</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small Combi Cassette</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>24073295</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small Multiflow Cassette</td>
			<td>BioTek</td>
			<td>294085</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1536-well sterile TC plates (white)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3727</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1536-well sterile TC plates (black)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3893</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scivax Plates</td>
			<td>MBL International</td>
			<td>NCP-LH384-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesives seals</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>AB0718</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spinning Incubator</td>
			<td>LiCONiC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless Steel Lids</td>
			<td>The Genomics Institute of Novartis Research Foundation (GNF)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ATS Acoustic Dispensor</td>
			<td>EDS Biosystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Echo Acoustic Dispensor</td>
			<td>Labcyte</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luminometer</td>
			<td>Envision-Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peristaltic Pump- Multidrop Combi</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Liquid Handler-Multiflow FX</td>
			<td>BioTek</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of high-throughput three-dimensional tumor spheroids for drug screening

Kanser hücrelerinin rutin bir plastik yüzey üzerinde iki boyutta (2D) kültürlü. Bu teknik, ancak, gerçek ortamı bir tümör yoksun kitle içinde vivoiçin maruz. Solid tümör değil bir levha plastik için bağlı olarak büyümek, ama onun yerine bir üç boyutlu (3D) klonal hücre koleksiyonu gibi onların komşuları ile ve normal hücresel polarite bozulma gibi farklı mekansal özellikleri ile etkileşim alanı. Bu etkileşimler 3D kültürlü hücre içinde vivo tümörü daha alakalı olan morfolojik ve hücresel özellikleri elde etmek neden. Ayrıca, bir tümör kitle stromal ve bağışıklık hücreleri yanı sıra--dan diğer hücre tip hücre dışı matriks gibi diğer hücre türleri ile doğrudan temas halinde olduğunu. Kollajen ve fibronektin oluştururlar, yatırılır matris oluşur.
Bir girişim başucu için tezgah gelen Onkoloji araştırma bulguları ve çeviri artırmak için birçok grup kendi ilaç geliştirme stratejileri 3D modeli sistemlerinin kullanımı araştırmaya başladı. Bu sistemler bir tümör karmaşık ve türdeş olmayan ortam özetlemek girişimi çünkü daha fizyolojik ilgili olduğu düşünülür. Bu sistemler, ancak, oldukça karmaşık olabilir ve 96-şey biçimleri ve bazı şimdi bile 384 büyüme mükellef olmasına rağmen onlar büyük ölçekli büyüme ve tarama için birkaç seçenek sunar. Bu boşluğu yöntem tanımlamak burada ayrıntılı olarak kültür tümör pulcuklarının 1536-şey tabak içinde yüksek-den geçerek kapasite geliştirme yol açmıştır görülmektedir. Bu yöntemler bir uzlaşma son derece karmaşık matris tabanlı sistemler, ekran ve geleneksel 2D deneyleri için zor olan temsil etmektedir. Kanser hücre hatları farklı genetik mutasyonlar yataklık çeşitli başarıyla tarandı, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinaz veya MAPK yolu hedefleme bileşiklerin küratörlüğünde bir kütüphane kullanarak bileşik etkinlik İnceleme. Küresel kültür yanıt-e doğru o zaman yanıt 2D olarak yetiştirilen hücrelerin karşılaştırılır ve fark faaliyetleri bildirdi. Bu yöntemler bir yüksek-den geçerek 3D ortamda bileşik etkinliğini test etmek için benzersiz bir protokol sağlar.

Çeşitli kurulan kanser hücre hatları de 2D kültür koşullar altında büyümeye bilinir burada açıklanan yöntemleri kullanarak test edildi. Temsilcisi imge--dan a değişiklik-in MAPK mutant kanser hücre hatları (Calu-6:KRAS, ncı-H1299:NRAS, SK-MEL-30:NRAS ve KNS-62:HRAS) Şekil 1' de görülmektedir. Bu görüntüler hücre hatları çeşitli türleri morfoloji olmasına rağmen her 1536-iyi tahlil levhalar yaylıdır 3D yapılar oluşan gösterm...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of High-Throughput Three-Dimensional Tumor Spheroids for Drug Screening at JoVE.com

Generation of High-Throughput Three-Dimensional Tumor Spheroids for Drug Screening

Hastalık göstergeler çok çeşitli, daha fizyolojik ilgili modelleri gelişmiş ve içine uygulanan ilaç bulma programları davranıyorsun. Burada açıklanan yeni modeli sistemi pulcuklarının kültürlü ve yeni Onkoloji uyuşturucu aramak için bir yüksek üretilen iş 1536-şey plaka tabanlı sistem festivalde nasıl üç boyutlu tümör göstermektedir.

Yüksek işlem hacmi üç boyutlu tümör pulcuklarının nesil uyuşturucu taraması

Cancer cells have routinely been cultured in two dimensions (2D) on a plastic surface. This technique, however, lacks the true environment a tumor mass is ...

generation-high-throughput-three-dimensional-tumor-spheroids-for-drug

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

8.5K Görüntüleme.  Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research. Hastalık göstergeler çok çeşitli, daha fizyolojik ilgili modelleri gelişmiş ve içine uygulanan ilaç bulma programları davranıyorsun. Burada açıklanan yeni modeli sistemi pulcuklarının kültürlü ve yeni Onkoloji uyuşturucu aramak için bir yüksek üretilen iş 1536-şey plaka tabanlı sistem festivalde nasıl üç boyutlu tümör göstermektedir.

Video: Generation of High-Throughput Three-Dimensional Tumor Spheroids for Drug Screening

A Three-dimensional Thymic Culture System to Generate Murine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Tumor Antigen-specific Thymic Emigrants

The inheritance of pre-rearranged T cell receptors (TCRs) and their epigenetic rejuvenation make induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived T cells a promising source for adoptive T cell therapy (ACT). However, classical in vitro methods for producing regenerated T cells from iPSC result in either innate-like or terminally differentiated T cells, which are phenotypically and functionally distinct from na&#239;ve T cells. Recently, a novel three-dimensional (3D) thymic culture system was developed to generate a homogenous subset of CD8&#945;&#946;+ antigen-specific T cells with a na&#239;ve T cell-like functional phenotype, including the capacity for proliferation, memory formation, and tumor suppression in vivo. This protocol avoids aberrant developmental fates, allowing for the generation of clinically relevant iPSC-derived T cells, designated as iPSC-derived thymic emigrants (iTE), while also providing a potent tool to elucidate the subsequent functions necessary for T cell maturation after thymic selection.

This article describes a novel method to generate tumor antigen-specific induced pluripotent stem cell-derived thymic emigrants (iTE) by a three-dimensional (3D) thymic culture system. iTE are a homogenous subset of T cells closely related to na&#239;ve T cells with the capacity for proliferation, memory formation, and tumor suppression.

Üç boyutlu Timik Kültür Sistemi Murine indüklenen Pluripotent Kök Hücre kaynaklı Tümör Antijen-spesifik Timik Emigrants oluşturmak için

The inheritance of pre-rearranged T cell receptors (TCRs) and their epigenetic rejuvenation make induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived T cells a ...

Kanser Araştırmaları

Longitudinal Morphological and Physiological Monitoring of Three-dimensional Tumor Spheroids Using Optical Coherence Tomography

Tumor spheroids have been developed as a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture model in cancer research and anti-cancer drug discovery. However, currently, high-throughput imaging modalities utilizing bright field or fluorescence detection, are unable to resolve the overall 3D structure of the tumor spheroid due to limited light penetration, diffusion of fluorescent dyes and depth-resolvability. Recently, our lab demonstrated the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT), a label-free and non-destructive 3D imaging modality, to perform longitudinal characterization of multicellular tumor spheroids in a 96-well plate. OCT was capable of obtaining 3D morphological and physiological information of tumor spheroids growing up to about 600 &#181;m in height. In this article, we demonstrate a high-throughput OCT (HT-OCT) imaging system that scans the whole multi-well plate and obtains 3D OCT data of tumor spheroids automatically. We describe the details of the HT-OCT system and construction guidelines in the protocol. From the 3D OCT data, one can visualize the overall structure of the spheroid with 3D rendered and orthogonal slices, characterize the longitudinal growth curve of the tumor spheroid based on the morphological information of size and volume, and monitor the growth of the dead-cell regions in the tumor spheroid based on optical intrinsic attenuation contrast. We show that HT-OCT can be used as a high-throughput imaging modality for drug screening as well as characterizing biofabricated samples.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT), a three-dimensional imaging technology, was used to monitor and characterize the growth kinetics of multicellular tumor spheroids. Precise volumetric quantification of tumor spheroids using a voxel counting approach, and label-free dead tissue detection in the spheroids based on intrinsic optical attenuation contrast, were demonstrated.

Boyuna morfolojik ve fizyolojik izleme optik koherens tomografi kullanarak üç boyutlu tümör pulcuklarının

Tumor spheroids have been developed as a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture model in cancer research and anti-cancer drug discovery. However, currently, ...

Three-Dimensional Bone Extracellular Matrix Model for Osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common and a highly aggressive primary bone tumor. It is characterized with anatomic and histologic variations along with diagnostic or prognostic difficulties. OS comprises genotypically and phenotypically heterogeneous cancer cells. Bone microenvironment elements are proved to account for tumor heterogeneity and disease progression. Bone extracellular matrix (BEM) retains the microstructural matrices and biochemical components of native extracellular matrix. This tissue-specific niche provides a favorable and long-term scaffold for OS cell seeding and proliferation. This article provides a protocol for the preparation of BEM model and its further experimental application. OS cells can grow and differentiate into multiple phenotypes consistent with the histopathological complexity of OS clinical specimens. The model also allows visualization of diverse morphologies and their association with genetic alterations and underlying regulatory mechanisms. As homologous to human OS, this BEM-OS model can be developed and applied to the pathology and clinical research of OS.

The bone extracellular matrix (BEM) model for osteosarcoma (OS) is well established and shown here. It can be used as a suitable scaffold for mimicking primary tumor growth in vitro and providing an ideal model for studying the histologic and cytogenic heterogeneity of OS.

Üç boyutlu kemik hücre dışı matriks modeli osteosarkom için

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common and a highly aggressive primary bone tumor. It is characterized with anatomic and histologic variations along with ...

Fully Human Tumor-based Matrix in Three-dimensional Spheroid Invasion Assay

Two-dimensional cell culture-based assays are commonly used in in vitro cancer research. However, they lack several basic elements that form the tumor microenvironment. To obtain more reliable in vitro results, several three-dimensional (3D) cell culture assays have been introduced. These assays allow cancer cells to interact with the extracellular matrix. This interaction affects cell behavior, such as proliferation and invasion, as well as cell morphology. Additionally, this interaction could induce or suppress the expression of several pro- and anti-tumorigenic molecules. Spheroid invasion assay was developed to provide a suitable 3D in vitro method to study cancer cell invasion. Currently, animal-derived matrices, such as mouse sarcoma-derived matrix (MSDM) and rat tail type I collagen, are mainly used in the spheroid invasion assays. Taking into consideration the differences between the human tumor microenvironment and animal-derived matrices, a human myoma-derived matrix (HMDM) was developed from benign uterus leiomyoma tissue. It has been shown that HMDM induces migration and invasion of carcinoma cells better than MSDM. This protocol provided a simple, reproducible, and reliable 3D human tumor-based spheroid invasion assay using the HMDM/fibrin matrix. It also includes detailed instructions on imaging and analysis. The spheroids grow in a U-shaped ultra-low attachment plate within the HMDM/fibrin matrix and invade through it. The invasion is daily imaged, measured, and analyzed using ilastik and Fiji ImageJ software. The assay platform was demonstrated using human laryngeal primary and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. However, the protocol is suitable also for other solid cancer cell lines.

Tumor microenvironment is an essential part of cancer growth and invasion. To mimic carcinoma progression, a biologically relevant human matrix is needed. This protocol introduces an improvement for the in vitro three-dimensional spheroid invasion assay by applying a human leiomyoma-based matrix. The protocol also introduces a computer-based cell invasion analysis.

Üç boyutlu Küroid Istilası tahlil tam ınsan tümör tabanlı matris

Two-dimensional cell culture-based assays are commonly used in in vitro cancer research. However, they lack several basic elements that form the tumor ...

Physiologic Patient Derived 3D Spheroids for Anti-neoplastic Drug Screening to Target Cancer Stem Cells

In this protocol, we outline the procedure for generation of tumor spheroids within 384-well hanging droplets to allow for high-throughput screening of anti-cancer therapeutics in a physiologically representative microenvironment. We outline the formation of patient derived cancer stem cell spheroids, as well as, the manipulation of these spheroids for thorough analysis following drug treatment. Specifically, we describe collection of spheroid morphology, proliferation, viability, drug toxicity, cell phenotype and cell localization data. This protocol focuses heavily on analysis techniques that are easily implemented using the 384-well hanging drop platform, making it ideal for high throughput drug screening. While we emphasize the importance of this model in ovarian cancer studies and cancer stem cell research, the 384-well platform is amenable to research of other cancer types and disease models, extending the utility of the platform to many fields. By improving the speed of personalized drug screening and the quality of screening results through easily implemented physiologically representative 3D cultures, this platform is predicted to aid in the development of new therapeutics and patient-specific treatment strategies, and thus have wide-reaching clinical impact.

This protocol describes generation of patient-derived spheroids, and downstream analysis including quantification of proliferation, cytotoxicity testing, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining and confocal imaging, in order to assess drug candidates&#8217; potential as anti-neoplastic therapeutics. This protocol supports precision medicine with identification of specific drugs for each patient and stage of disease.

Fizyolojik hasta, kanser kök hücrelerini hedef alan anti-neoplastik Ilaç taraması için 3B kürler türetilmiştir

In this protocol, we outline the procedure for generation of tumor spheroids within 384-well hanging droplets to allow for high-throughput screening of ...

Establishment and Characterization of Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumor Spheroids

Small bowel neuroendocrine tumors (SBNETs) are rare cancers originating from enterochromaffin cells of the gut. Research in this field has been limited because very few patient derived SBNET cell lines have been generated. Well-differentiated SBNET cells are slow growing and are hard to propagate. The few cell lines that have been established are not readily available, and after time in culture may not continue to express characteristics of NET cells. Generating new cell lines could take many years since SBNET cells have a long doubling time and many enrichment steps are needed in order to eliminate the rapidly dividing cancer-associated fibroblasts. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a protocol to culture SBNET cells from surgically removed tumors as spheroids in extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM forms a 3-dimensional matrix that encapsulates SBNET cells and mimics the tumor micro-environment for allowing SBNET cells to grow. Here, we characterized the growth rate of SBNET spheroids and described methods to identify SBNET markers using immunofluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry to confirm that the spheroids are neuroendocrine tumor cells. In addition, we used SBNET spheroids for testing the cytotoxicity of rapamycin.

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) originate from neuroendocrine cells of the neural crest. They are slow growing and challenging to culture. We present an alternative strategy to grow NETs from the small bowel by culturing them as spheroids. These spheroids have small bowel NET markers and can be used for drug testing.

İnce Barsak Nöroendokrin Tümör Spheroidlerinin Kurulması ve Karakterizasyonu

Small bowel neuroendocrine tumors (SBNETs) are rare cancers originating from enterochromaffin cells of the gut. Research in this field has been limited ...

Drug Screening of Primary Patient Derived Tumor Xenografts in Zebrafish

Patient derived xenograft models are critical in defining how different cancers respond to drug treatment in an in vivo system. Mouse models are the standard in the field, but zebrafish have emerged as an alternative model with several advantages, including the ability for high-throughput and low-cost drug screening. Zebrafish also allow for in vivo drug screening with large replicate numbers that were previously only obtainable with in vitro systems. The ability to rapidly perform large scale drug screens may open up the possibility for personalized medicine with rapid translation of results back to clinic. Zebrafish xenograft models could also be used to rapidly screen for actionable mutations based on tumor response to targeted therapies or to identify new anti-cancer compounds from large libraries. The current major limitation in the field has been quantifying and automating the process so that drug screens can be done on a larger scale and be less labor-intensive. We have developed a workflow for xenografting primary patient samples into zebrafish larvae and performing large scale drug screens using a fluorescence microscope equipped imaging unit and automated sampler unit. This method allows for standardization and quantification of engrafted tumor area and response to drug treatment across large numbers of zebrafish larvae. Overall, this method is advantageous over traditional cell culture drug screening as it allows for growth of tumor cells in an in vivo environment throughout drug treatment, and is more practical and cost-effective than mice for large scale in vivo drug screens.

Zebrafish xenograft models allow for high-throughput drug screening and fluorescent imaging of human cancer cells in an in vivo microenvironment. We developed a workflow for large scale, automated drug screening on patient-derived leukemia samples in zebrafish using an automated fluorescence microscope equipped imaging unit.

Zebrabalığında Primer Hasta Kaynaklı Tümör Xenograftların İlaç Taraması

Patient derived xenograft models are critical in defining how different cancers respond to drug treatment in an in vivo system. Mouse models are the ...

A Three-dimensional Model of Spheroids to Study Colon Cancer Stem Cells

Colorectal cancers are characterized by heterogeneity and a hierarchical organization comprising a population of cancer stem cells (CSCs) responsible for tumor development, maintenance, and resistance to drugs. A better understanding of CSC properties for their specific targeting is, therefore, a pre-requisite for effective therapy. However, there is a paucity of suitable preclinical models for in-depth investigations. Although in vitro two-dimensional (2D) cancer cell lines provide valuable insights into tumor biology, they do not replicate the phenotypic and genetic tumor heterogeneity. In contrast, three-dimensional (3D) models address and reproduce near-physiological cancer complexity and cell heterogeneity. The aim of this work was to design a robust and reproducible 3D culture system to study CSC biology. The present methodology describes the development and optimization of conditions to generate 3D spheroids, which are homogenous in size, from Caco2 colon adenocarcinoma cells, a model that can be used for long-term culture. Importantly, within the spheroids, the cells which were organized around lumen-like structures, were characterized by differential cell proliferation patterns and by the presence of CSCs expressing a panel of markers. These results provide the first proof-of-concept for the appropriateness of this 3D approach to study cell heterogeneity and CSC biology, including the response to chemotherapy.

This protocol presents a novel, robust, and reproducible culture system to generate and grow three-dimensional spheroids from Caco2 colon adenocarcinoma cells. The results provide the first proof-of-concept for the appropriateness of this approach to study cancer stem cell biology, including the response to chemotherapy.

Kolon Kanseri Kök Hücrelerini İncelemek İçin Üç Boyutlu Bir Küresel Model

Colorectal cancers are characterized by heterogeneity and a hierarchical organization comprising a population of cancer stem cells (CSCs) responsible for ...

High-Throughput In Vitro Assay using Patient-Derived Tumor Organoids

Patient-derived tumor organoids (PDOs) are expected to be a preclinical cancer model with better reproducibility of disease than traditional cell culture models. PDOs have been successfully generated from a variety of human tumors to recapitulate the architecture and function of tumor tissue accurately and efficiently. However, PDOs are unsuitable for an in vitro high-throughput assay system (HTS) or cell analysis using 96-well or 384-well plates when evaluating anticancer drugs because they are heterogeneous in size and form large clusters in culture. These cultures and assays use extracellular matrices, such as Matrigel, to create tumor tissue scaffolds. Therefore, PDOs have a low throughput and high cost, and it has been difficult to develop a suitable assay system. To address this issue, a simpler and more accurate HTS was established using PDOs to evaluate the potency of anticancer drugs and immunotherapy. An in vitro HTS was created that uses PDOs established from solid tumors cultured in 384-well plates. An HTS was also developed for assessment of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity activity to represent the immune response using PDOs cultured in 96-well plates.

High-Throughput In Vitro Assay using Patient-Derived Tumor Organoids

A highly accurate in vitro high-throughput assay system was developed to evaluate anticancer drugs using patient-derived tumor organoids (PDOs), similar to cancer tissues but are unsuitable for in vitro high-throughput assay systems with 96-well and 384-well plates.

Hasta Kaynaklı Tümör Organoidleri Kullanılarak Yüksek Verimli In Vitro Tahlil

Patient-derived tumor organoids (PDOs) are expected to be a preclinical cancer model with better reproducibility of disease than traditional cell culture ...

A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

The aggressiveness and lack of well-tolerated and widely effective treatments for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the predominant form of liver cancer, rationalize its rank as the second most common cause of cancer-related death. Preclinical models need to be adapted to recapitulate the human conditions to select the best therapeutic candidates for clinical development and aid the delivery of personalized medicine. Three-dimensional (3D) cellular spheroid models show promise as an emerging in vitro alternative to two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures. Here, we describe a 3D tumor spheroid&#160;model which exploits the ability of individual cells to aggregate when maintained in hanging droplets, and is more representative of an in vivo environment than standard monolayers. Furthermore, 3D spheroids can be produced by combining homotypic or heterotypic cells, more reflective of the cellular heterogeneity in vivo, potentially enabling the study of environmental interactions that can influence progression and treatment responses. The current research optimized the cell density to form 3D homotypic and heterotypic tumor spheroids by immobilizing cell suspensions on the lids of standard 10 cm3 Petri dishes. Longitudinal analysis was performed to generate growth curves for homotypic versus heterotypic tumor/fibroblasts spheroids. Finally, the proliferative impact of fibroblasts (COS7 cells) and liver myofibroblasts (LX2) on homotypic tumor (Hep3B) spheroids was investigated. A seeding density of 3,000 cells (in 20 &#181;L media) successfully yielded Huh7/COS7 heterotypic spheroids, which displayed a steady increase in size up to culture day 8, followed by growth retardation. This finding was corroborated using Hep3B homotypic spheroids cultured in LX2 (human hepatic stellate cell line) conditioned medium (CM). LX2 CM triggered the proliferation of Hep3B spheroids compared to control tumor spheroids. In conclusion, this protocol has shown that 3D tumor spheroids can be used as a simple, economical, and prescreen in vitro tool to study tumor-stromal interactions more comprehensively.

Comprehensive in vitro models that faithfully recapitulate the relevant human disease are lacking. The current study presents three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroid creation and culture, a reliable in vitro tool to study the tumor-stromal interaction in human hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatosellüler Karsinomdaki Tümör-Stromal Etkileşimi Araştırmak İçin Üç Boyutlu Sferoid Modeli

The aggressiveness and lack of well-tolerated and widely effective treatments for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the predominant form of liver ...