Bu eser Monsanto Mısır Rootworm bilgi araştırma programı hibe tarafından desteklenen, numara AG/1005 (için MDL ve YC) ve başlangıç fonlar MDL için NCSU verin. FC hibe Monsanto'nun Mısır Rootworm bilgi araştırma programı (AG/1005) ve Ulusal Bilim Vakfı tarafından desteklenmiştir (MDL) sayı MCB-1244772 verin. Yazarlar hiçbir rakip ilgi bildirin. FC ve MDL gebe ve deneyler tasarlanmış; FC, PW ve SP deneyler yapılır; FC ve MDL sonuçları analiz; ve FC, NG ve MDL el yazması yazdı. Biz Teresa O'Leary, William Klobasa ve Stephanie Gorski WCR eleme konusunda uzman onların yardım için teşekkür ederim. Ayrıca Dr. Wade Fransızca (USDA-ARS, Kuzey Merkez tarımsal araştırma laboratuvarı, Brookings, SD) laboratuar koloniler ve yetiştirme protokolleri sağlayarak kurmak için yumurta gönderiler için teşekkür ediyoruz.

1. koloni düzeyi WCR yetişkin yetiştirme
<ol><li>WCR yetişkin yeterli miktarda elde etmek (500-1000) üzerinden güvenilir bir şirket veya Araştırma Laboratuvarı ( Malzemeler tablo bir örnek için bkz) ve 30 cm3 kafese koyun. Not: Bir sigara diapausing yük kullanımı önerilir.</li>
	<li>WCR yapay diyet üreticisinin protokolüne hazırlamak ve 1 cm kalınlığında kat 38 oz konteyner içine dökün ( Tablo malzemelerigörmek). Karıştırma sonra kullanılmayan diyet 4 ° C'de 2 aya kadar saklayın.</li>
	<li>Yetişkin diyet (10-15 g) ile Petri kabına (100 x 15 mm) 30 cm3 kafesin içine koymak. Yemek düşük veya kuru olduğunda daha fazla diyet ekleyin.</li>
	<li>Bir şişesi (300 mL) su, bir pamuk rulo (6 "x 3/8"), hizmet etmek için tutmak için kullanılan bir pamuk topağı ile kaplı ile bir su kaynağı olarak koymak. Bu azaldığında değişmek belgili tanımlık su.</li>
	<li>% 60 nem ile 26 ° C'de WCR korumak ve bir 14:10 ışık döngüsü kuluçka yetiştirme bir böcek.</li>
</ol>2. embriyo toplama ve hizalama
<ol><li>Bir yumurta toplama Odası %1 agar suda bir steril 100 x 15 mm2 ' Petri kabına kullanarak olun. Agar katılaşır sonra 4 ° C'de depolayın.</li>
	<li>Yeni koydu yumurta toplamak için filtre kağıdı, tülbent (her kesim boyutu için) 4 kat (şekil 1A) agar yüzeyinde ardından tek bir katman yer. Not: Tülbent, yıkanmış çamaşır suyu ve autoclaved, kaldıktan sonra yeniden kullanılabilir ancak ilk kullanım için bunun gerekli değildir. Filtre kağıdı yeniden ve steril gerekmez.</li>
	<li>Yumurta toplama plaka (son iş günü) olabildiğince kadar geç saatte WCR kafesin içine yerleştirin ve bir folyo çadır ile kaplayın. Gece bırakın. Not: ışıklar saat 12 (14 h) gecikmeler yumurta için döşeme 10 saatleri arasında açık olması, böylece mikroenjeksiyon için genç yumurta toplama toplama odası gece geç saatlerde kafesin içine yerleştirmek laboratuvar personeli gerek kalmadan kolaylaştırmak.</li>
	<li>Yumurta toplama Odası 8 veya 9'da kaldırmak</li>
	<li>Forseps tülbent 1 kat kadar bir zaman ve yerde bir ölçek (500 mL) su almak için kullanın. Yıkayın tülbent kapalı yumurta hafifçe karıştırarak (şekil 1B ve 1 C).</li>
	<li>Bir ampul pipet yumurta başka bir kabı (500 mL) su için aktarmak için kullanın. 2-3 x yumurta temizlemek için yineleyin.</li>
	<li>Ampul pipet su etkilenmişimdir miktarını en aza indirerek yumurta filtre kağıdı (şekil 1 d) üzerine aktarmak için kullanın.</li>
	<li>Siyah filtre kağıdı bir cam slayt ve kaset olarak geniş şeritler halinde kesin sıkıca emin olmak için slayda kağıt düz (şekil 2A) bırakır. Not: Siyah filtre kağıdı yansıyan ışık miktarını azaltarak mikroskop altında görünürlüğünü artırmak yardımcı olur.</li>
	<li>Toksik olmayan yapıştırıcı uygulamak ( Malzemeler tablo bir örnek için bkz) için filtre kağıdı ince çizgileri (şekil 2B) içinde. Tutkal satırları içinde tutkal boyalı yumurta almamak için bir yumurta çapı daha ince tut.</li>
	<li>İnce fırça yavaşça WCR Yumurtaları teker teker tutkal hattına onların filtre kağıdı taşımak için kullanın. Kurumadan uyuşmuşhalde yumurtlamak deneyin ve her yumurta arasında en az bir yumurta'nın uzak dur.</li>
	<li>Enjeksiyon verimliliği maksimize etmek yanında duvar ilanı yumurta birkaç satırlık bir filtre kağıdı slayt (şekil 3).</li>
	<li>Sonra tüm yumurta üzerinde filtre kağıdı koyulur, tüm tutkal mikroenjeksiyon önce kurur kadar bekleyin. Not: en eski embriyo fazla 19 h eski olması germline dönüştürme ve düzenleme CRISPR/Cas9-aracılı genom, tüm embriyoların öğle vakti (12 üzerinde) enjekte et. Ancak, RNAi için olduğunu hiçbir zaman sınırlama WCR içinde dsRNA hücreler arasında hareket edebilir çünkü. Aslında, RNAi için yaşlanma embriyolar daha iyi sağkalım oranları neden olabilir.</li>
</ol>3. hazırlık plazmid DNA'lar ve enjeksiyon iğneler
<ol><li>Endotoksin-Alerjik bir ticari kullanarak yüksek kaliteli supercoiled plazmid DNA hazırlamak ( Malzemeler tablo bir örnek için bkz) kit.</li>
	<li>Enjeksiyon çözüm hazırlamak için her plazmid konsantrasyonu kontrol ve yardımcı plazmid (250 ng/µL son konsantrasyonu), donör plazmid (750 ng/µL son konsantrasyonu) ve fenol red arabellek (% 20 son konsantrasyonu) birleştirir. Girdap kısaca çözüm ve iğne yapışmasına neden parçacıklar çökelti maksimum hızda 3 dk santrifüj.</li>
	<li>Borosilikat cam iğneler (doz 1 mm, kimlik 0,58 mm, 10 cm uzunluk) çekin bir yanan/kahverengi türü micropipette çektirmenin kullanarak. Güvenli depolama için çift taraflı yapışkan bant Petri kabına veya diğer açık kapsayıcıda çekti iğne falan batmazdı. Not: micropipette çektirme sistemi için kullanılan ayarları vardı: ısı 335, FIL = = 4, VEL = 40, DEL = 200, PUL = 100.</li>
	<li>Is bir mikro-yükleyici kullanarak enjeksiyon iğne ipucu ( Tablo malzemelerigörmek) için damlalıklı 0.5 - 1.0 µL aşağı konik sonuna yakın iğne içinde. Oluşursa kabarcıklar iğneyi ucundan kaldır.</li>
	<li>Enjeksiyon iğne iğne bağı yerleştirin.</li>
	<li>İğne ucu hafifçe forseps güzel bir ikili ile kırma, ya da hafifçe dokunmadan/coverslip veya cam slayt üzerindeki sürükleyerek açın. Not: Hala dışarı çıkmasını enjeksiyon karışım verir en küçük açılması için hedeftir (daha küçük açıklıklar genellikle daha yüksek enjeksiyon basıncı gerektirir). Onlar zaten açık olduğundan eğimli iğneler bu adımı gerekmez.</li>
</ol>4. mikroenjeksiyon ve enjeksiyon sonrası bakım
<ol><li>İyi bir fırça kullanarak, dikkatli bir şekilde steril su ile 1-3 yumurta yüzeyine ıslak, iğne yerleştirin ve çözüm enjekte. Yüzey kurumadan her yumurta enjekte et. Görünüm için kırmızı renk yumurta içinde az miktarda enjeksiyon sırasında başarılı mikroenjeksiyon belirtmek için bak. Ezmek veya bak hasarlı, boş veya aksi takdirde enjekte cant herhangi bir yumurta kaldırın. Not: enjeksiyon basıncı iğne delik boyutu bağlı olarak değişir, 10-13 psi iyi bir başlangıç noktası olsa da.</li>
	<li>Tüm yumurta enjekte sonra filtre kağıdı cam slayttan kaldırın.</li>
	<li>(Yukarıda açıklanmıştır) %1 agar çanak yüzeyi filtre kağıdı yerleştirin.</li>
	<li>Plastik parafin film çanak mühür ve 12 gün boyunca kuluçka yetiştirme 26 ° C böcek koymak için kullanın. Not: Parafin film Çapraz kontaminasyon küf yemekleri arasında engellenmesine yardımcı olur. Ancak, küf ve bakterilerin büyüme önlemek için başka bir tedavi enjekte embriyo yaşama azaltmak olabilir.</li>
</ol>5. Kültür ve embriyoların çıkım
<ol><li>Embriyo 12 gün sonrası enjeksiyon yeni yumurtadan larva için kontrol edin ve her gün önümüzdeki 2 hafta boyunca devam edin.</li>
	<li>Larvalar, Filiz Mısır ve toprak bir yetiştirme kutusu için iyi bir fırça kullanarak aktarın. Not: Kalıp agar tabak içinde büyümek, ama larva hala çoğu durumda yumurtadan. Larva hepsini yakalamak için dikkatli bir şekilde kalıp içinde arayın. Bazı larvaların çanak kapağı için hareket olabilir ve yoğunlaşma içinde sıkışıp.</li>
	<li>Larva yetiştirme yöntemleri25standart WCR takip 26 ° C'de arka.</li>
</ol>

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D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=piggyBac-based+insertional+mutagenesis+in+Tribolium+castaneum+using+donor/helper+hybrids.">piggyBac-based insertional mutagenesis in Tribolium castaneum using donor/helper hybrids.</a> Insect Mol Biol. 16 (3), 265-275 (2007).</li><li>Gilles, A. F., Schinko, J. B., Averof, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+CRISPR-mediated+gene+targeting+and+transgene+replacement+in+the+beetle+Tribolium+castaneum.">Efficient CRISPR-mediated gene targeting and transgene replacement in the beetle Tribolium castaneum.</a> Development. 142 (16), 2832-2839 (2015).</li><li>Phuc, H. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Late-acting+dominant+lethal+genetic+systems+and+mosquito+control.">Late-acting dominant lethal genetic systems and mosquito control.</a> BMC Biol. 5, 11 (2007).</li><li>Horn, C., Wimmer, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+transgene-based,+embryo-specific+lethality+system+for+insect+pest+management.">A transgene-based, embryo-specific lethality system for insect pest management.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 21 (1), 64-70 (2003).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa gerek yok.

WCR mikroenjeksiyon RNAi amacıyla dsRNAs ile bildirilen9olmasına rağmen bu precellular WCR embriyo, germline dönüştürme yürütmek için kritik bir işlem microinjecting için en iyi yöntemler kurmak için ilk protokoldür ve/veya CRISPR/Cas9 genom içinde bu tür düzenleme. Dönüşüm verimliliği olduğu gibi WCR embriyo başarılı mikroenjeksiyon birçok etkene bağlıdır. Aşağıda açıklanan bazı önemli konuları bu böceğin germline dönüştürme için bu iletişim kuralın...

Batı Mısır rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, önemli bir böcekten Mısır1var. İlginçtir, denetim üstesinden gelmek için WCR görünür onlar sadece fizyolojik olarak aynı zamanda davranışsal2,3,4,5, uyum bu yana en Tarım zararlıları daha hızlı ölçer 6. son on yıl içinde RNA müdahale (RNAi), güçlü bir işlevsel genomik araç, WCR7,8için potansiyel bir kontrol yöntemi olarak incelenmiş ve gen fonksiyon9eğitim için bir araç olarak da kullanılmıştır. RNAi sık mikroenjeksiyon çift iplikçikli RNA (dsRNA) diğer türler tarafından gerçekleştirilir, ancak, RNAi enjeksiyon tabanlı WCR içinde nadir iken. Aslında, RNAi yolu ile mikroenjeksiyon dsRNA in WCR9içine sadece bir kaç rapor ediliyor. WCR bile annem11' e dsRNA besleyerek embriyonik etkileri çalışma izin dsRNA7,10, için gen devirme yolu ile yenmesi yüksek düzeyde elde edebilirsiniz nedenidir. Bu yöntem WCR fonksiyonel genomik analiz yoluyla RNAi için mükemmel bir konu yapar iken, bu türlerin embriyonik mikroenjeksiyon yöntemleri geliştirmedek ilerlemeyi yavaşladı.
RNAi güç rağmen bazı dezavantajları vardır. Örneğin, tüm genler eşit RNAi için yanıt. Bu değişkenliği daha zor bir işlevsel genomik tahlil sonuçlarını yorumlama yapabilirsiniz. Ayrıca, RNAi geçici ve kalıtsal mutasyonlar oluşturmaz. Öte yandan, germline dönüştürme, başka bir işlevsel genomik aracı, kalıtsal mutasyonlar ile işaretli olan öğesinin içine ekleme genom12,13oluşturabilirsiniz. Bu uzun vadeli genetik çalışmalarda kullanılmak mutant suşları oluşturmak için mükemmel bir araç germline dönüştürme yapar. Dönüştürme bir mutant genom14' e gen işlevsel bir kopyasını sunarak bir mutasyon kurtarmak için de kullanılabilir. Ayrıca, germline dönüştürme moleküler genetik teknikleri çok çeşitli taşıdır. Nakavt ve/veya gen işlevi tahlisiye yanı sıra, germline dönüştürme artırıcı bindirme15, gen bindirme16, Ektopik ifade Gal4 tabanlı17ve genom-wide mutagenesis18için kullanılabilir.
Daha yakın zamanlarda, sofistike genom düzenleme sağlayan araçlar geliştirilmiştir. Bu araçlar transkripsiyon Activator-Like efektör enzimler (TALEN) CRISPR/Cas9-nükleaz sistemi19,20içerir. Bu yeni araçların çift iplikçikli DNA ara hemen hemen her yerde hemen hemen tüm genom içinde ikna yeteneği araştırmacılar sundukları avantajdır. Bir kez bağlı, bu tatili katalizler hangi bir mühendislik yapı huzurunda homoloji yönetmen onarım veya silme veya ekleme hedeflenen gen tanıtmak katılmadan, homolog olmayan iki ucundan aracılığıyla onarılabilir yerine tüm genler veya genetik bölgeleri21,22. Ancak, bu yöntemlerin çok genç embriyo içine DNA, RNA ve/veya protein mikroenjeksiyon gerektirir.
Önemlisi, RNAi, nükleik asitler ve protein germline için kullanılan için kullanılan dsRNAs aksine dönüştürme ve genom düzenleme kolayca hücre zarlarında geçemez. Bu nedenle, mikroenjeksiyon plazmid DNA'lar, mRNA'ların ve/veya proteinler (böcek embriyo cellularizes önceYani ) sinsisyal blastoderm aşamasında yer almalıdır. Bu kritik bir faktör enjeksiyonları zamanlamasını yapar. Örneğin, Drosophila melanogasteriçinde embriyo12yumurta sonra iki saat içinde enjekte edilir gerekir. Bu nedenle, başarılı embriyonik mikroenjeksiyon Protokolü gelişimi için WCR yanı sıra precellular embriyo yeterli miktarda toplamak için en iyi yöntem dişi yumurta döşenmesi için en iyi koşulları dikkate almanız gerekir.
Toplamak ve precellular WCR embriyo microinjecting yöntemleri geliştirmek, WCR Biyoloji üzerinde ayı için moleküler genetik araçları geniş bir yelpazede getirmek için bir çaba gerektirir. Burada WCR araştırmada dönüşüm tabanlı teknikleri kullanmak başkalarına yardım etmek için ayrıntılı talimatlar, ipuçları ve püf noktaları, birlikte sağlamak. İşlevsel genomik çalışmalarda kullanılmak için WCR transgenik teknolojileri uzanan ek olarak bu teknikler de bunda ekonomik açıdan önemli test edilecek gen sürücü23,24 gibi güçlü yeni haşere kontrol stratejileri sağlar haşere.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1155">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Qualitative Filter Paper (Black)</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Ahlstrom</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">8613-0900</td>
			<td style="width:339px;">For egg microinjection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1 oz Containers&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Anny&#39;s Plastic Tableware</td>
			<td>ASET101</td>
			<td>Egg container</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Drosophila Agar Type II</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Apex</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">66-103</td>
			<td>Substrate for WCR egg-laying dish</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Featherweight Forceps&#160;</td>
			<td>Bioquip</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">4748</td>
			<td>Handling larvae and pupae&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Clorox Regular-Bleach1</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Clorox</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">44600-30770</td>
			<td>Wash corn and dishes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trucker&#39;s Favorite Yellow</td>
			<td>Coor Farm Supply</td>
			<td>502</td>
			<td>Corn for feeding WCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Microinjection System (Homemade)</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Parts &#38; instructions available upon request</td>
			<td>Controls injection pressure (0-20 psi)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Elmer&#39;s Non-toxic Glue</td>
			<td>Elmer&#39;s Products, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">E304</td>
			<td>Glue eggs on filter paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">epTIPS Microloader Tips</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">C2554691</td>
			<td>Backfilling needle loading tips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Falcon Tissue Culture Dishes</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Falcon</td>
			<td>25383-103</td>
			<td>Sprouting corn /150 x 25 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fisherbrand&#160;Quantitative-Grade Filter Paper Circles</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S47576C</td>
			<td>Making agar dish for egg-lay/9cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Sparkleen</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">04-320-4</td>
			<td>Wash dishes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Plain Microscope Slides</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">12-549-3</td>
			<td>Holding filter paper and eggs for microinjection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Western Corn Rootworm w/o Pollen Substitute</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Frontier Agricultural Sciences&#160;</td>
			<td>F9766B</td>
			<td>WCR adult artificial diet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cotton Balls, Large</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>51-101</td>
			<td>Close the flask</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Globe Scientific 3.0 mL Small Bulb Transfer Pipettes</td>
			<td>Globe Scientific</td>
			<td>137035</td>
			<td>Collect and transfer eggs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Leica M165 FC Fluorescence Stereomicroscope&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Leica</td>
			<td>M165 FC&#160;</td>
			<td>WCR screening</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DsRed Filter Set for Fluorescence Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Leica</td>
			<td>DSR</td>
			<td>Excitation filter: 510-560 nm, emission filter: 590-650 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EGFP filter</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Leica</td>
			<td>GFP2</td>
			<td>Excitation filter: 440&#8211;520 nm, emission filter: 510 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BugDorm</td>
			<td>MegaView Science</td>
			<td>DP1000_5P</td>
			<td>Cage for adult colony</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Miniature Paint Brush</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">MyArtscape</td>
			<td>MAS-102-MINI</td>
			<td>Liner 2/0&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Joystick Micromanipulator</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Narishige</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">MN-151</td>
			<td>Micromanipulator and needle holder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:343px;">Microscope XY Stage</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">265515</td>
			<td style="width:339px;">Microscope stage (adapted for use with stereoscope)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Grade 90 Cheesecloth</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Online Fabric Store</td>
			<td>CHEE90</td>
			<td>For egg-lay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Plastic paraffin film&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Pechiney Plastic Packaging</td>
			<td>PM-996</td>
			<td>Seal agar dish after microinjection/Roll size 4 in. x 125 ft</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Percival Incubator</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Percival&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">I41VLH3C8</td>
			<td>WCR growing chamber (insect rearing incubator)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Narrow Mouth Erlenmeyer Flasks</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">VWR</td>
			<td>4980-300-PK</td>
			<td>Water container for adult colony&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Griffin Low Form Beakers</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">VWR</td>
			<td>1000-600-PK</td>
			<td>For egg wash</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Braided Cotton Rolls</td>
			<td>Richmond Dental Cotton Co.</td>
			<td>605-3599</td>
			<td>Use in water supply for adult colony&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Petri Dishes (35x10mm)</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>CLS430588-500EA</td>
			<td>For diet plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phenol Red</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">143-78-8</td>
			<td>Microinjection buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Laser-based Micropipiette Puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument</td>
			<td>P-2000/G</td>
			<td>Needle puller/Heat = 335, FIL = 4, VEL = 40, DEL = 200, PUL = 100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Premium Topsoil</td>
			<td>The Scotts Company</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">71130758</td>
			<td>Soil for cron growing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Reloc Zippit 2 Mil Zipper Bags</td>
			<td>United States Plastic Corporation</td>
			<td>48342</td>
			<td>Bag agar dish after microinjection/5x7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Petri Dishes (100x15m)</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">89038-968</td>
			<td>Making agar dish for egg-lay/ 100 x 15 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">6 oz Containers</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Webstaurantstore</td>
			<td>128E506</td>
			<td>WCR single pair mating chamber&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">38 oz Containers</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Webstaurantstore</td>
			<td>128NC888</td>
			<td>Larvae rearing box/38 oz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ChoiceHD 16 oz. Microwavable Translucent Plastic Deli Container</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Webstaurantstore</td>
			<td>128HRD16</td>
			<td>Larvae rearing box/16 oz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Microinjection Scope&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Wild Heerbrugg</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">WILD-M8</td>
			<td style="width:339px;">Microinjection scope outfited with an XY stage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Standard Glass Capillaries</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>1B100F-4</td>
			<td>Microinjection needles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:343px;">Adult Western Corn Rootworms</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">North Centeral Aqricultural reasearch Laboratory</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Non-diapase strain</td>
			<td>Request from Dr. Bryan Wade French&#39;s lab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Plasmid DNA Midi Kit</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td>12143</td>
			<td>Purification of injection-ready plasmid DNAs</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

microinjection of western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera, embryos for germline transformation, or crispr/cas9 genome editing

Batı Mısır rootworm (WCR) Mısır önemli bir böcek ve haşere Yönetim Stratejileri için hızla adapte kabiliyetini için bilinen. RNA müdahale (RNAi) WCR biyoloji okuyan için güçlü bir araç olduğunu kanıtlamıştır rağmen kendi sınırlamaları vardır. Özellikle, RNAi kendisi geçici (Yani tam yol ilişkili fenotip uzun vadeli Mendel miras), ve hedef gen DNA dizisi bilerek gerektirir. Fenotip ilgi kötü korunmuş veya bile roman genler tarafından kontrol edilir eğer yararlı hedefler belirlenmesi zor olabilir çünkü ikinci imkansız olmasa sınırlama. Bu nedenle, dizi WCR'ın genomik araç kutusundaki araç istikrarlı mutant suşları oluşturmak ve WCR genom dizisi bağımsız çalışmaları etkinleştirmek için kullanılabilir yöntemleri geliştirme tarafından genişletilip. Burada, biz toplamak ve nükleik asitler ile precellular WCR embriyo microinject için kullanılan yöntemleri ayrıntılı. Burada açıklanan protokoller transgenik WCR yaratılması hedefleniyor iken, CRISPR/Cas9-genom düzenleme de embriyo enjekte çözüm bileşimi olmanın tek farkı ile aynı protokolleri kullanılarak gerçekleştirilebilir.

Bu iletişim kuralı geliştirilirken önemli bir göz mikroenjeksiyon esnasında embriyonik gelişim aşaması oldu. Özellikle, DNA'lar mikroenjeksiyon embriyonik cellularization önce germline dönüştürme gerektirir. Bunun nedeni DNA'lar kolayca hücre zarlarında geçemez. Dechorionation WCR embriyo aslında tüm koruyucu membran embriyonun bütünlüğünü için sorumlu erir çünkü nükleer bir leke kullanarak WCR embriyonik gelişim aşamalarında görselleştirmek için giri?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microinjection of Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, Embryos for Germline Transformation, or CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing at JoVE.com

Microinjection of Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, Embryos for Germline Transformation, or CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

Western Mısır Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, embriyo mikroenjeksiyon Germline dönüştürme veya CRISPR/Cas9 genom düzenleme

Burada iletişim kuralları için toplama ve microinjecting precellular Batı Mısır rootworm embriyo germline dönüştürme ve CRISPR/Cas9-genom düzenleme gibi fonksiyonel genomik deneyleri yapmak amacıyla mevcut.

The western corn rootworm (WCR) is an important pest of corn and is well known for its ability to rapidly adapt to pest management strategies. Although ...

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Bioengineering

Microinjection of Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, Embryos for Germline Transformation, or CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

7.3K Görüntüleme.  North Carolina State University. Burada iletişim kuralları için toplama ve microinjecting precellular Batı Mısır rootworm embriyo germline dönüştürme ve CRISPR/Cas9-genom düzenleme gibi fonksiyonel genomik deneyleri yapmak amacıyla mevcut.

Video: Microinjection of Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, Embryos for Germline Transformation, or CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

Viral Nanoparticles for In vivo Tumor Imaging

The use of nanomaterials has the potential to revolutionize materials science and medicine. Currently, a number of different nanoparticles are being investigated for applications in imaging and therapy. Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) derived from plants can be regarded as self-assembled bionanomaterials with defined sizes and shapes. Plant viruses under investigation in the Steinmetz lab include icosahedral particles formed by Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) and Brome mosaic virus (BMV), both of which are 30 nm in diameter. We are also developing rod-shaped and filamentous structures derived from the following plant viruses: Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), which forms rigid rods with dimensions of 300 nm by 18 nm, and Potato virus X (PVX), which form filamentous particles 515 nm in length and 13 nm in width (the reader is referred to refs. 1 and 2 for further information on VNPs).
From a materials scientist's point of view, VNPs are attractive building blocks for several reasons: the particles are monodisperse, can be produced with ease on large scale in planta, are exceptionally stable, and biocompatible. Also, VNPs are "programmable" units, which can be specifically engineered using genetic modification or chemical bioconjugation methods 3. The structure of VNPs is known to atomic resolution, and modifications can be carried out with spatial precision at the atomic level4, a level of control that cannot be achieved using synthetic nanomaterials with current state-of-the-art technologies.
In this paper, we describe the propagation of CPMV, PVX, TMV, and BMV in Vigna ungiuculata and Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Extraction and purification protocols for each VNP are given. Methods for characterization of purified and chemically-labeled VNPs are described. In this study, we focus on chemical labeling of VNPs with fluorophores (e.g. Alexa Fluor 647) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). The dyes facilitate tracking and detection of the VNPs 5-10, and PEG reduces immunogenicity of the proteinaceous nanoparticles while enhancing their pharmacokinetics 8,11. We demonstrate tumor homing of PEGylated VNPs using a mouse xenograft tumor model. A combination of fluorescence imaging of tissues ex vivo using Maestro Imaging System, fluorescence quantification in homogenized tissues, and confocal microscopy is used to study biodistribution. VNPs are cleared via the reticuloendothelial system (RES); tumor homing is achieved passively via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect12. The VNP nanotechnology is a powerful plug-and-play technology to image and treat sites of disease in vivo. We are further developing VNPs to carry drug cargos and clinically-relevant imaging moieties, as well as tissue-specific ligands to target molecular receptors overexpressed in cancer and cardiovascular disease.

Viral Nanoparticles for In vivo Tumor Imaging

Plant viral nanoparticles (VNPs) are promising platforms for applications in biomedicine. Here, we describe the procedures for plant VNP propagation, purification, characterization, and bioconjugation. Finally, we show the application of VNPs for tumor homing and imaging using a mouse xenograft model and fluorescence imaging.

Viral Nanopartiküller<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Tümör Görüntüleme

The use of nanomaterials has the potential to revolutionize materials science and medicine. Currently, a number of different nanoparticles are being ...

Biyomühendislik

Environmentally-controlled Microtensile Testing of Mechanically-adaptive Polymer Nanocomposites for ex vivo Characterization

Implantable microdevices are gaining significant attention for several biomedical applications1-4. Such devices have been made from a range of materials, each offering its own advantages and shortcomings5,6. Most prominently, due to the microscale device dimensions, a high modulus is required to facilitate implantation into living tissue. Conversely, the stiffness of the device should match the surrounding tissue to minimize induced local strain7-9. Therefore, we recently developed a new class of bio-inspired materials to meet these requirements by responding to environmental stimuli with a change in mechanical properties10-14. Specifically, our poly(vinyl acetate)-based nanocomposite (PVAc-NC) displays a reduction in stiffness when exposed to water and elevated temperatures (e.g. body temperature). Unfortunately, few methods exist to quantify the stiffness of materials in vivo15, and mechanical testing outside of the physiological environment often requires large samples inappropriate for implantation. Further, stimuli-responsive materials may quickly recover their initial stiffness after explantation. Therefore, we have developed a method by which the mechanical properties of implanted microsamples can be measured ex vivo, with simulated physiological conditions maintained using moisture and temperature control13,16,17. 
To this end, a custom microtensile tester was designed to accommodate microscale samples13,17 with widely-varying Young's moduli (range of 10 MPa to 5 GPa). As our interests are in the application of PVAc-NC as a biologically-adaptable neural probe substrate, a tool capable of mechanical characterization of samples at the microscale was necessary. This tool was adapted to provide humidity and temperature control, which minimized sample drying and cooling17. As a result, the mechanical characteristics of the explanted sample closely reflect those of the sample just prior to explantation.
The overall goal of this method is to quantitatively assess the in vivo mechanical properties, specifically the Young's modulus, of stimuli-responsive, mechanically-adaptive polymer-based materials. This is accomplished by first establishing the environmental conditions that will minimize a change in sample mechanical properties after explantation without contributing to a reduction in stiffness independent of that resulting from implantation. Samples are then prepared for implantation, handling, and testing (Figure 1A). Each sample is implanted into the cerebral cortex of rats, which is represented here as an explanted rat brain, for a specified duration (Figure 1B). At this point, the sample is explanted and immediately loaded into the microtensile tester, and then subjected to tensile testing (Figure 1C). Subsequent data analysis provides insight into the mechanical behavior of these innovative materials in the environment of the cerebral cortex.

Environmentally-controlled Microtensile Testing of Mechanically-adaptive Polymer Nanocomposites for ex vivo Characterization

A method is discussed by which the in vivo mechanical behavior of stimuli-responsive materials is monitored as a function of time. Samples are tested ex vivo using a microtensile tester with environmental controls to simulate the physiological environment. This work further promotes understanding the in vivo behavior of our material.

Için Mekanik-adaptif Polimer Nanokompozitler bir çevre kontrollü Mikrogerilim Test<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Karakterizasyonu

Implantable microdevices are gaining significant attention for several biomedical applications1-4. Such devices have been made from a range of materials, ...

Microinjection Wound Assay and In vivo Localization of Epidermal Wound Response Reporters in Drosophila Embryos.

The Drosophila embryo develops a robust epidermal layer that serves both to protect the internal cells from a harsh external environment as well as to maintain cellular homeostasis. Puncture injury with glass needles provides a direct method to trigger a rapid epidermal wound response that activates wound transcriptional reporters, which can be visualized by a localized reporter signal in living embryos or larvae. Puncture or laser injury also provides signals that promote the recruitment of hemocytes to the wound site. Surprisingly, severe (through and through) puncture injury in late stage embryos only rarely disrupts normal embryonic development, as greater than 90% of such wounded embryos survive to adulthood when embryos are injected in an oil medium that minimizes immediate leakage of hemolymph from puncture sites. The wound procedure does require micromanipulation of the Drosophila embryos, including manual alignment of the embryos on agar plates and transfer of the aligned embryos to microscope slides. The Drosophila epidermal wound response assay provides a quick system to test the genetic requirements of a variety of biological functions that promote wound healing, as well as a way to screen for potential chemical compounds that promote wound healing. The short life cycle and easy culturing routine make Drosophila a powerful model organism. Drosophila clean wound healing appears to coordinate the epidermal regenerative response, with the innate immune response, in ways that are still under investigation, which provides an excellent system to find conserved regulatory mechanisms common to Drosophila and mammalian epidermal wounding.

Microinjection Wound Assay and In vivo Localization of Epidermal Wound Response Reporters in Drosophila Embryos.

The embryonic epidermis of very late stage Drosophila embryos provides an in vivo system for rapid puncture wound response analysis and can be combined with genetic manipulations or chemical microinjection treatments to advance studies in wound healing for translation into mammalian models.

Mikroenjeksiyon Yara Deneyi ve<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Epidermal lokalizasyonu Tepki Gazeteciler Yara<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Embriyolar.

The Drosophila embryo develops a robust epidermal layer that serves both to protect the internal cells from a harsh external environment as well as to ...

Efficient Generation and Editing of Feeder-free IPSCs from Human Pancreatic Cells Using the CRISPR-Cas9 System

Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells can self-renew and differentiate into multiple cell types of the body. The pluripotent cells are thus coveted for research in regenerative medicine and are currently in clinical trials for eye diseases, diabetes, heart diseases, and other disorders. The potential to differentiate into specialized cell types coupled with the recent advances in genome editing technologies including the CRISPR/Cas system have provided additional opportunities for tailoring the genome of iPSC for varied applications including disease modeling, gene therapy, and biasing pathways of differentiation, to name a few. Among the available editing technologies, the CRISPR/Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes has emerged as a tool of choice for site-specific editing of the eukaryotic genome. The CRISPRs are easily accessible, inexpensive, and highly efficient in engineering targeted edits. The system requires a Cas9 nuclease and a guide sequence (20-mer) specific to the genomic target abutting a 3-nucleotide &#34;NGG&#34; protospacer-adjacent-motif (PAM) for targeting Cas9 to the desired genomic locus, alongside a universal Cas9 binding tracer RNA (together called single guide RNA or sgRNA). Here we present a step-by-step protocol for efficient generation of feeder-independent and footprint-free iPSC and describe methodologies for genome editing of iPSC using the Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. The genome editing protocol is effective and can be easily multiplexed by pre-complexing sgRNAs for more than one target with the Cas9 protein and simultaneously delivering into the cells. Finally, we describe a simplified approach for identification and characterization of iPSCs with desired edits. Taken together, the outlined strategies are expected to streamline generation and editing of iPSC for manifold applications.

This protocol describes in detail the generation of footprint-free induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from human pancreatic cells in feeder-free conditions, followed by editing using CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoproteins and characterization of the modified single-cell clones.

Verimli üretimi ve besleyici-Alerjik IPSCs CRISPR-Cas9 sistemini kullanarak insan pankreas hücreleri düzenleme

Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells can self-renew and differentiate into multiple cell types of the body. The pluripotent cells are thus coveted ...

Production of Genetically Engineered Golden Syrian Hamsters by Pronuclear Injection of the CRISPR/Cas9 Complex

The pronuclear (PN) injection technique was first established in mice to introduce foreign genetic materials into the pronuclei of one-cell stage embryos. The introduced genetic material may integrate into the embryonic genome and generate transgenic animals with foreign genetic information following transfer of the injected embryos to foster mothers. Following the success in mice, PN injection has been applied successfully in many other animal species. Recently, PN injection has been successfully employed to introduce reagents with gene-modifying activities, such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system, to achieve site-specific genetic modifications in several laboratory and farm animal species. In addition to mastering the special set of microinjection skills to produce genetically modified animals by PN injection, researchers must understand the reproduction physiology and behavior of the target species, because each species presents unique challenges. For example, golden Syrian hamster embryos have unique handling requirements in vitro such that PN injection techniques were not possible in this species until recent breakthroughs by our group. With our species-modified PN injection protocol, we have succeeded in producing several gene knockout (KO) and knockin (KI) hamsters, which have been used successfully to model human diseases. Here we describe the PN injection procedure for delivering the CRISPR/Cas9 complex to the zygotes of the hamster, the embryo handling conditions, embryo transfer procedures, and husbandry required to produce genetically modified hamsters.

Pronuclear (PN) injection of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein-9 nuclease (CRISPR/Cas9) system is a highly efficient method for producing genetically engineered golden Syrian hamsters. Herein, we describe the detailed PN injection protocol for the production of gene knockout hamsters with the CRISPR/Cas9 system.

Üretim CRISPR/Cas9 kompleks Pronuclear enjeksiyonla genetiği altın Suriye hamster

The pronuclear (PN) injection technique was first established in mice to introduce foreign genetic materials into the pronuclei of one-cell stage embryos. ...

Ultra-long Read Sequencing for Whole Genomic DNA Analysis

Third generation single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies offer significantly longer read length that can facilitate the assembly of complex genomes and analysis of complex structural variants. Nanopore platforms perform single-molecule sequencing by directly measuring the current changes mediated by DNA passage through the pores and can generate hundreds of kilobase (kb) reads with minimal capital cost. This platform has been adopted by many researchers for a variety of applications. Achieving longer sequencing read lengths is the most critical factor to leverage the value of nanopore sequencing platforms. To generate ultra-long reads, special consideration is required to avoid DNA breakages and gain efficiency to generate productive sequencing templates. Here, we provide the detailed protocol of ultra-long DNA sequencing including high molecular weight (HMW) DNA extraction from fresh or frozen cells, library construction by mechanical shearing or transposase fragmentation, and sequencing on a nanopore device. From 20-25 &#181;g of HMW DNA, the method can achieve N50 read length of 50-70 kb with mechanical shearing and N50 of 90-100 kb read length with transposase mediated fragmentation. The protocol can be applied to DNA extracted from mammalian cells to perform whole genome sequencing for the detection of structural variants and genome assembly. Additional improvements on the DNA extraction and enzymatic reactions will further increase the read length and expand its utility.

Long-read sequences greatly facilitate the assembly of complex genomes and characterization of structural variation. We describe a method to generate ultra-long sequences by nanopore-based sequencing platforms. The approach adopts an optimized DNA extraction followed by modified library preparations to generate hundreds of kilobase reads with moderate coverage from human cells.

Bütün genomik DNA analizi için olağanüstü uzun okunur sıralama

Third generation single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies offer significantly longer read length that can facilitate the assembly of complex genomes ...

CRISPR/Cas12a Multiplex Genome Editing of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the Creation of Yeast Pixel Art

High efficiency, ease of use and versatility of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system has facilitated advanced genetic modification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a model organism and workhorse in industrial biotechnology. CRISPR-associated protein 12a (Cas12a), an RNA-guided endonuclease with features distinguishable from Cas9 is applied in this work, further extending the molecular toolbox for genome editing purposes. A benefit of the CRISPR/Cas12a system is that it can be used in multiplex genome editing with multiple guide RNAs expressed from a single transcriptional unit (single CRISPR RNA (crRNA) array). We present a protocol for multiplex integration of multiple heterologous genes into independent loci of the S. cerevisiae genome using the CRISPR/Cas12a system with multiple crRNAs expressed from a single crRNA array construct. The proposed method exploits the ability of S. cerevisiae to perform in vivo recombination of DNA fragments to assemble the single crRNA array into a plasmid that can be used for transformant selection, as well as the assembly of donor DNA sequences that integrate into the genome at intended positions. Cas12a is pre-expressed constitutively, facilitating cleavage of the S.&#160;cerevisiae genome at the intended positions upon expression of the single crRNA array. The protocol includes the design and construction of a single crRNA array and donor DNA expression cassettes, and exploits an integration approach making use of unique 50-bp DNA connectors sequences and separate integration flank DNA sequences, which simplifies experimental design through standardization and modularization and extends the range of applications. Finally, we demonstrate a straightforward technique for creating yeast pixel art with an acoustic liquid handler using differently colored carotenoid producing yeast strains that were constructed.

CRISPR/Cas12a Multiplex Genome Editing of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the Creation of Yeast Pixel Art

The CRISPR/Cas12a system in combination with a single crRNA array enables efficient multiplex editing of the S.&#160;cerevisiae genome at multiple loci simultaneously. This is demonstrated by constructing carotenoid producing yeast strains which are subsequently used to create yeast pixel art.

CRISPR/Cas12a Multiplex Genome düzenleme Saccharomyces cerevisiae ve Maya Pixel Art oluşturulması

High efficiency, ease of use and versatility of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) ...

Measuring the Spin-Lattice Relaxation Magnetic Field Dependence of Hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate

The fundamental limit to in vivo imaging applications of hyperpolarized 13C-enriched compounds is their finite spin-lattice relaxation times. Various factors affect the relaxation rates, such as buffer composition, solution pH, temperature, and magnetic field. In this last regard, the spin-lattice relaxation time can be measured at clinical field strengths, but at lower fields, where these compounds are dispensed from the polarizer and transported to the MRI, the relaxation is even faster and difficult to measure. To have a better understanding of the amount of magnetization lost during transport, we used fast field-cycling relaxometry, with magnetic resonance detection of 13C nuclei at ~0.75 T, to measure the nuclear magnetic resonance dispersion of the spin-lattice relaxation time of hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate. Dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization was used to produce hyperpolarized samples of pyruvate at a concentration of 80 mmol/L and physiological pH (~7.8). These solutions were rapidly transferred to a fast field-cycling relaxometer so that relaxation of the sample magnetization could be measured as a function of time using a calibrated small flip angle (3&#176;-5&#176;). To map the T1 dispersion of the C-1 of pyruvate, we recorded data for different relaxation fields ranging between 0.237 mT and 0.705 T. With this information, we determined an empirical equation to estimate the spin-lattice relaxation of the hyperpolarized substrate within the mentioned range of magnetic fields. These results can be used to predict the amount of magnetization lost during transport and to improve experimental designs to minimize signal loss.

Measuring the Spin-Lattice Relaxation Magnetic Field Dependence of Hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate

We present a protocol to measure the magnetic field dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation time of 13C-enriched compounds, hyperpolarized by means of dynamic nuclear polarization, using fast field-cycled relaxometry. Specifically, we have demonstrated this with [1-13C]pyruvate, but the protocol could be extended to other hyperpolarized substrates.

Hiperpolarize Spin-Kafes Gevşeme manyetik alan bağımlılığının ölçülmesi [1-13C]pirüuvat

The fundamental limit to in vivo imaging applications of hyperpolarized 13C-enriched compounds is their finite spin-lattice relaxation times. Various ...

Microinjection of Corn Planthopper, Peregrinus maidis, Embryos for CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

The corn planthopper, Peregrinus maidis, is&#160;a pest of maize and a vector of several maize viruses. Previously published methods describe the triggering of RNA interference (RNAi) in P. maidis through microinjection of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) into nymphs and adults. Despite the power of RNAi, phenotypes generated via this technique are transient and lack long-term Mendelian inheritance. Therefore, the P. maidis toolbox needs to be expanded to include functional genomic tools that would enable the production of stable mutant strains, opening the door for researchers to bring new control methods to bear on this economically important pest. However, unlike the dsRNAs used for RNAi, the components used in CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing and germline transformation do not easily cross cell membranes. As a result, plasmid DNAs, RNAs, and/or proteins must be microinjected into embryos before the embryo cellularizes, making the timing of injection a critical factor for success. To that end, an agarose-based egg-lay method was developed to allow embryos to be harvested from P. maidis females at relatively short intervals. Herein are provided detailed protocols for collecting and microinjecting precellular P. maidis embryos with CRISPR components (Cas9 nuclease that has been complexed with guide RNAs), and results of Cas9-based gene knockout of a P. maidis eye-color gene, white, are presented. Although these protocols describe CRISPR/Cas9-genome editing in P. maidis, they can also be used for producing transgenic P. maidis via germline transformation by simply changing the composition of the injection solution.

Microinjection of Corn Planthopper, Peregrinus maidis, Embryos for CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

Herein are protocols for collecting and microinjecting precellular corn planthopper embryos for the purpose of modifying their genome via CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing or for the addition of marked transposable elements through germline transformation.

Mısır Planthopper Mikroenjeksiyonu, Peregrinus maidis, CRISPR / Cas9 Genom Düzenleme için Embriyolar

The corn planthopper, Peregrinus maidis, is&#160;a pest of maize and a vector of several maize viruses. Previously published methods describe the ...

Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Refractive Index or Mass Spectrometric Detection for Metabolite Profiling in Lysate-based Cell-free Systems

Engineering cellular metabolism for targeted biosynthesis can require extensive design-build-test-learn (DBTL) cycles as the engineer works around the cell&#39;s survival requirements. Alternatively, carrying out DBTL cycles in cell-free environments can accelerate this process and alleviate concerns with host compatibility. A promising approach to cell-free metabolic engineering (CFME) leverages metabolically active crude cell extracts as platforms for biomanufacturing and for rapidly discovering and prototyping modified proteins and pathways. Realizing these capabilities and optimizing CFME performance requires methods to characterize the metabolome of lysate-based cell-free platforms. That is, analytical tools are necessary for monitoring improvements in targeted metabolite conversions and in elucidating alterations to metabolite flux when manipulating lysate metabolism. Here, metabolite analyses using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with either optical or mass spectrometric detection were applied to characterize metabolite production and flux in E. coli S30 lysates. Specifically, this report describes the preparation of samples from CFME lysates for HPLC analyses using refractive index detection (RID) to quantify the generation of central metabolic intermediates and by-products in the conversion of low-cost substrates (i.e., glucose) to various high-value products. The analysis of metabolite conversion in CFME reactions fed with 13C-labeled glucose through reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), a powerful tool for characterizing specific metabolite yields and lysate metabolic flux from starting materials, is also presented. Altogether, applying these analytical methods to CFME lysate metabolism enables the advancement of these systems as alternative platforms for executing faster or novel metabolic engineering tasks.

The protocols describe high-performance liquid chromatography methods coupled to refractive index or mass spectrometric detection for studying metabolic reactions in complex lysate-based cell-free systems.

Sıvı Kromatografisi, Lysate Tabanlı Hücre içermeyen Sistemlerde Metabolit Profilleme için Kırılma İndeksi veya Kütle Spektrometrik Algılaması ile Birleştirilmiştir

Engineering cellular metabolism for targeted biosynthesis can require extensive design-build-test-learn (DBTL) cycles as the engineer works around the ...

Western Mısır Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, embriyo mikroenjeksiyon Germline dönüştürme veya CRISPR/Cas9 genom düzenleme

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Viral Nanopartiküller

Için Mekanik-adaptif Polimer Nanokompozitler bir çevre kontrollü Mikrogerilim Test

Mikroenjeksiyon Yara Deneyi ve