Diese Arbeit wurde unterstützt durch einen Zuschuss aus dem Forschungsprogramm von Monsanto Mais Maiswurzelbohrer wissen, MDL aus NCSU Nummer AG/1005 (, MDL und YC) und Startkapital gewähren. Gewähren Sie FC wurde unterstützt durch Zuschüsse aus Monsantos Mais Maiswurzelbohrer wissen Research Program (AG/1005) und der National Science Foundation, Nummer MCB-1244772 (MDL). Die Autoren erklären keinen Interessenkonflikt. FC und MDL konzipiert und gestaltet die Experimente; FC, PW und SP durchgeführt die Experimente; FC und MDL analysiert die Ergebnisse; und FC, NG und MDL schrieb das Manuskript. Teresa O'Leary, William Klobasa und Stephanie Gorski danken wir für ihre kompetente Unterstützung in screening-WCR. Wir danken Dr. Wade French (USDA-ARS, North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, Brookings, SD) für Sendungen von Eiern, Lab Kolonien und die Aufzucht Protokolle zu etablieren.

(1) Kolonie-Ebene Aufzucht von WCR Erwachsene
<ol><li>Erhalten Sie eine ausreichende Menge an WCR Erwachsene (500-1.000) von einem zuverlässigen Unternehmen oder Forschung Labor (siehe Tabelle der Materialien für ein Beispiel) und legen Sie in einem 30 cm3 -Käfig. Hinweis: Eine nicht ruhenden Belastung wird sehr empfohlen.</li>
	<li>WCR künstliche Ernährung nach Protokoll des Herstellers vorbereiten und Gießen Sie eine 1 cm dicken Schicht in eine 38 Unzen-Container (siehe Tabelle der Materialien). Nach dem Mischen speichern Sie ungenutzte Diät bei 4 ° C für bis zu 2 Monate.</li>
	<li>Setzen Sie eine Petrischale (100 x 15 mm) mit Erwachsenen Diät (10-15 g) in einen 30 cm3 -Käfig. Fügen Sie weitere Diät, wenn das Essen trocken oder niedrig ist.</li>
	<li>Setzen Sie eine Flasche (300 mL) mit Wasser, bedeckt mit einem Wattebausch, die verwendet wird, um eine Watterolle (6 "x 3/8"), dienen zu halten als eine Wasserquelle. Wechseln Sie das Wasser, wenn es zur Neige geht.</li>
	<li>WCR bei 26 ° C mit 60 % Luftfeuchtigkeit zu erhalten und eine 14:10 leichte Zyklus in ein Insekt Aufzucht Inkubator.</li>
</ol>(2) Embryo Sammlung und Ausrichtung
<ol><li>Machen Sie ein Ei Sammelkammer mit 1 % Agar in Wasser in einem sterilen 100 x 15 mm2 Petrischale. Nach das Agar erstarrt bei 4 ° C lagern.</li>
	<li>Um neu gelegten Eiern zu sammeln, legen Sie eine einzelne Schicht aus Filterpapier, gefolgt von 4 Schichten von Gaze (jeder Schnitt, Größe) auf der Oberfläche des Nährbodens (Abbildung 1A). Hinweis: Gaze kann wiederverwendet werden, nachdem er gewaschen in Bleichmittel und autoklaviert, aber es ist nicht notwendig, dies bei der ersten Verwendung zu tun. Filterpapier darf nicht wiederverwendet werden und muss nicht sterilisiert werden.</li>
	<li>WCR Käfig so spät in den Tag wie möglich (Ende des Arbeitstages) Ei Sammlung Platte setzen und abdecken mit Alufolie Zelt. Lassen Sie über Nacht. Hinweis: Nachdem die Lichter auf von 10:00 bis 12: 00 Uhr (14 h) Verzögerungen Eiablage, erleichtert die Sammlung von jüngeren Eiern für die Mikroinjektion ohne Laborpersonal Sammelkammer in Käfig spät in der Nacht zu platzieren.</li>
	<li>Entfernen Sie das Ei Sammelkammer rund 8 oder 09:00</li>
	<li>Verwenden Sie Zange um zu holen 1 Schicht aus Gaze Zeit und Ort in einem Becherglas (500 mL) Wasser. Waschen von Eiern aus Gaze von leichtem rühren (Abbildung 1 b und 1 C).</li>
	<li>Verwenden Sie eine Glühbirne Pipette Eiern in ein weiteres Becherglas (500 mL) Wasser zu übertragen. Wiederholen Sie 2-3 X um die Eizellen zu reinigen.</li>
	<li>Verwenden Sie die Glühbirne Pipette übertragen von Eiern auf Filterpapier (Abbildung 1) bei gleichzeitiger Minimierung der Menge an Wasser Verschleppung.</li>
	<li>Schneiden Sie schwarzes Filterpapier in Streifen so breit wie ein Glas Folie und Klebeband fest an der Folie, um sicherzustellen, liegt das Papier flach (Abbildung 2A). Hinweis: Schwarzes Filterpapier verbessert die Sichtbarkeit unter dem Mikroskop durch Verringerung der Menge des reflektierten Lichts.</li>
	<li>Ungiftigen Kleber auftragen (siehe Tabelle der Materialien für ein Beispiel) auf das Filterpapier in feinen Linien (Abb. 2 b). Halten Sie die Klebstoff-Linien dünner ist als der Durchmesser eines Eies zu vermeiden, die Eiern, die im Klebstoff beschichtet.</li>
	<li>Verwenden Sie einen feinen Pinsel, um sanft WCR Eiern eins nach dem anderen aus ihrer Filterpapier in die Klebefuge verschieben. Versuchen Sie, die Eiern auf den Kleber legen, bevor es trocknet aus und halten Sie mindestens ein Ei Abstand zwischen jedem Ei.</li>
	<li>Injektion Effizienz zu maximieren, indem Sie mehrere Zeilen von Eiern auf einem Filterpapier Folie (Abbildung 3).</li>
	<li>Nachdem alle Eizellen auf dem Filterpapier gelegt sind, warten Sie, bis der Leim, bevor Mikroinjektion trocknet. Hinweis: Für Germline Veränderung und CRISPR/Cas9-vermittelten Genom Bearbeitung, Spritzen Sie alle Embryonen bis zum Mittag (12:00), damit der älteste Embryo nicht mehr als 19 h alt ist. Jedoch für RNAi gibt es keine zeitliche Begrenzung, da im WCR, DsRNA zwischen den Zellen bewegen kann. In der Tat könnte bessere Überlebensraten für RNAi, Alterung Embryonen führen.</li>
</ol>3. Vorbereitung der Plasmid-DNA und Injektionsnadeln
<ol><li>Bereiten Sie qualitativ hochwertige supercoiled Plasmid-DNA mit Hilfe einer Endotoxin-freie kommerzielle kit (siehe Tabelle der Materialien für ein Beispiel).</li>
	<li>Um die Injektionslösung vorzubereiten, überprüfen Sie die Konzentration der einzelnen Plasmid und verbinden Sie Helfer Plasmid (250 ng/µL Endkonzentration), Spender Plasmid (750 ng/µL Endkonzentration) und Phenol rot Puffer (20 % Endkonzentration). Wirbel die Lösung kurz und Zentrifuge für 3 min bei maximaler Geschwindigkeit Partikel ausgefällt, die die Nadel verstopfen könnten.</li>
	<li>Ziehen Sie Borosilikatglas Nadeln (O.D. 1 mm, I.D. 0,58 mm, Länge 10 cm) mit einem flammenden/braun Typ Mikropipette Abzieher. Für die Lagerung deaktivieren sichere zog Nadeln auf doppelseitiges Klebeband in einer Petrischale oder andere Container. Hinweis: Für die Mikropipette Puller System, die verwendeten Einstellungen waren: Wärme = 335, FIL = 4, VEL = 40, DEL = 200, PUL = 100.</li>
	<li>Abgleich die Injektionsnadel mithilfe einen Mikro-Loader Spitze (siehe Tabelle der Materialien) zu pipettieren 0,5 - 1,0 µL nach unten in die Nadel in der Nähe das spitz zulaufende Ende. Entfernen Sie Luftblasen aus der Spitze der Nadel, wenn auftreten.</li>
	<li>Legen Sie die Injektionsnadel in den Nadelhalter.</li>
	<li>Öffnen Sie die Spitze der Nadel durch sanft brechen mit einer feinen Pinzette oder sanft berühren/ziehen die Spitze auf das Deckglas oder Glas Folie. Hinweis: Das Ziel ist es, die kleinste Öffnung haben, noch die Injektion Mischung zu kommen, erlaubt (kleinere Öffnungen erfordern in der Regel höheren Einspritzdruck). Abgeschrägte Nadeln erforderlich nicht diesen Schritt, da sie bereits geöffnet sind.</li>
</ol>4. Mikroinjektion und nach der Injektion Pflege
<ol><li>Mit einem feinen Pinsel, vorsichtig die Oberfläche von 1 bis 3 Eiern mit sterilem Wasser nass, Stechen Sie die Nadel und die Lösung zu injizieren. Jedes Ei zu injizieren, bevor die Oberfläche trocknet. Suchen Sie das Erscheinungsbild eine kleine Menge der roten Farbe in Eiern während der Einspritzung an die erfolgreiche Mikroinjektion. Zerquetschen Sie, oder entfernen Sie alle Eizellen, die suchen Sie beschädigt, leer, oder sonst können nicht injiziert werden. Hinweis: Obwohl Einspritzdruck je nach Bohrung Nadelstärke variiert, 10-13 Psi ist ein guter Ausgangspunkt.</li>
	<li>Nachdem alle Eizellen injiziert werden, entfernen Sie das Filterpapier aus der Glas-Folie.</li>
	<li>Legen Sie das Filterpapier auf die Oberfläche einer 1 % Agar-Schale (oben beschrieben).</li>
	<li>Verwenden Sie Kunststoff Paraffin Film zu versiegeln die Schüssel, und legen Sie in einem 26 ° C Insekt Aufzucht Inkubator für 12 Tage. Hinweis: Der Paraffin-Film verhindert Kreuzkontamination von Schimmel zwischen den Gerichten. Eine andere Behandlung, Schimmel und Bakterienwachstum zu verhindern könnte jedoch das Überleben der injizierten Embryonen reduzieren.</li>
</ol>(5) kultiviert und schlüpfen der Embryonen
<ol><li>Fangen Sie an Embryonen 12 Tage nach der Injektion für die frisch geschlüpften Larven überprüfen und weiterhin täglich für die nächsten 2 Wochen.</li>
	<li>Larven, mit einem feinen Pinsel um eine Aufzucht Box mit gekeimtes Getreide und Boden zu übertragen. Hinweis: Schimmel in der Agar-Schale wachsen könnte, sondern Larven schlüpfen nach wie vor in den meisten Fällen. Suchen Sie nach Larven sorgfältig in die Form, um sie alle zu fangen. Einige Larven auf den Deckel der Schale bewegen könnte und möglicherweise in der Kondensation stecken.</li>
	<li>Hinten Sie Larven bei 26 ° C standard WCR Aufzucht Methoden25nach.</li>
</ol>

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K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Late-acting+dominant+lethal+genetic+systems+and+mosquito+control.">Late-acting dominant lethal genetic systems and mosquito control.</a> BMC Biol. 5, 11 (2007).</li><li>Horn, C., Wimmer, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+transgene-based,+embryo-specific+lethality+system+for+insect+pest+management.">A transgene-based, embryo-specific lethality system for insect pest management.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 21 (1), 64-70 (2003).</li></ol>

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Obwohl Mikroinjektion des WCR mit DsRNAs zum Zwecke der RNAi gemeldeten9wurde, dies ist das erste Protokoll, best Practices für microinjecting precellular WCR Embryonen, ein kritischer Prozess für die Durchführung von Keimbahn Transformation zu etablieren und/oder CRISPR/Cas9 Genom Bearbeitung in dieser Art. Erfolgreiche Mikroinjektion WCR Embryonen ist abhängig von vielen Faktoren ab, wie transformationseffizienz. Nachfolgend sind einige der wichtigsten Fragen das Ergebnis unter Verwendung di...

Maiswurzelbohrer (WCR), Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera, ist ein wichtiger Schädling von Mais1. Interessanterweise scheint WCR Überwindung Kontrolle Maßnahmen schneller als die meisten landwirtschaftlichen Schädlinge, da sie nicht nur physiologisch sondern auch verhaltensorientierte2,3,4,5, anpassen 6. im letzten Jahrzehnt RNA-Interferenz (RNAi), ein leistungsfähiges funktionelle Genomik Werkzeug, wurde als eine mögliche Steuerungsmethode für WCR7,8untersucht, und wurde auch als Mittel verwendet, um gen Funktion9zu studieren. Während RNAi durch Mikroinjektion von doppelsträngige RNA (DsRNA) bei anderen Spezies häufig durchgeführt wird, ist jedoch Injektion basierende RNAi in WCR selten. In der Tat gibt es nur wenige Berichte über RNAi per Mikroinjektion von DsRNA in WCR9. Der Grund ist, dass WCR auch erlaubt das Studium der embryonalen Effekte durch die Fütterung von DsRNA der Mutter11High-Level der Gen Knockdown über Einnahme von DsRNA7,10, erreichen kann. Während diese Methode eine ausgezeichnete Thema für funktionelle Genomanalyse über RNAi WCR macht, hat es Fortschritte bei der Entwicklung von Methoden zur embryonalen Mikroinjektion in dieser Spezies verlangsamt.
Trotz der Macht der RNAi gibt es ein paar Nachteile. Zum Beispiel reagieren nicht alle Gene gleich auf RNAi. Diese Variabilität kann Interpretation der Ergebnisse eines funktionellen Genomik-Assays schwieriger machen. Auch, RNAi ist flüchtig und löst keine vererbbare Mutationen. Auf der anderen Seite erzeugen Keimbahn Transformation, eine weitere funktionelle genomische Tool, vererbbare Mutationen über Einfügung eines markierten Elements übertragbar in das Genom12,13. Dies macht Keimbahn Transformation ein ausgezeichnetes Werkzeug für die Erstellung von mutierte Stämme für den Einsatz in genetischen Langzeitstudien. Transformation kann auch verwendet werden, um eine Mutation zu retten, durch die Bereitstellung einer funktionsfähige Kopie des Gens für eine mutierte Genom-14. Darüber hinaus ist die Keimbahn Transformation der Grundstein für eine Vielzahl von molekulargenetischer. Neben ausschlagen und/oder Rettung Genfunktion, Germline Veränderung Enhancer Trapping15, Gene Trapping16, Gal4-basierte ektopische Expression17und genomweite Mutagenese18einsetzbar.
Vor kurzem wurden Tools, mit denen anspruchsvolle Genom-Bearbeitung entwickelt. Zu diesen Tools zählen Transkription Activator-Like Effektor Nukleasen (TALEN) und die CRISPR/Cas9-Nuklease System19,20. Der Vorteil dieser neuen Werkzeuge ist, dass sie Forscher die Fähigkeit, eine doppelsträngige DNA Pause an fast jedem Ort in fast jedem Genom zu induzieren. Sobald induziert, diese Pausen können repariert werden, durch nicht-homologe Enden verbinden, die Deletionen oder Insertionen in das gezielte gen einführen kann, oder durch Homologie gerichtete Reparatur, die in der Gegenwart ein veränderter Konstrukt, katalysieren kann die Ersatz des gesamten Gene oder genetische Regionen21,22. Diese Methoden erfordern jedoch Mikroinjektion von DNA, RNA und Protein zu sehr jungen Embryonen.
Wichtig ist, überschreiten nicht anders als die DsRNAs verwendet für RNAi, Nukleinsäuren und Proteine zur Keimbahn Transformation und Genom-Bearbeitung leicht Zellmembranen. Daher muss Mikroinjektion von Plasmid-DNA, mRNAs und/oder Proteine statt in der syncytial Blastoderm Phase (d. h. vor der Insekten Embryo cellularizes). Dadurch wird dem Zeitpunkt der Injektionen einen kritischen Faktor. Zum Beispiel in Drosophila Melanogastermüssen Embryonen injiziert werden, innerhalb von zwei Stunden nach Ei12zu legen. Daher muss Entwicklung eines erfolgreichen embryonalen Mikroinjektion Protokolls für WCR die besten Voraussetzungen für weibliche Eiablage, sowie die beste Methode zum Sammeln von precellular Embryonen in ausreichender Menge berücksichtigen.
Dem Bemühen, eine Vielzahl von molekularen genetischen Werkzeuge auf WCR Biologie zu bringen erfordert Methoden zum Sammeln und microinjecting precellular WCR Embryonen entwickeln. Hier bieten wir Ihnen eine ausführliche Anleitung, zusammen mit Tipps und Tricks, um anderen Transformation-basierte Techniken WCR Forschung verwendet zu helfen. Diese Techniken ermöglichen neben der Verlängerung transgener Technologies, WCR für funktionelle Genomforschung Studien, auch leistungsstarke neue Bekämpfungsstrategien wie gen Fahrt23,24 in diesem wirtschaftlich bedeutenden getestet werden Schädling.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1155">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Qualitative Filter Paper (Black)</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Ahlstrom</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">8613-0900</td>
			<td style="width:339px;">For egg microinjection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1 oz Containers&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Anny&#39;s Plastic Tableware</td>
			<td>ASET101</td>
			<td>Egg container</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Drosophila Agar Type II</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Apex</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">66-103</td>
			<td>Substrate for WCR egg-laying dish</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Featherweight Forceps&#160;</td>
			<td>Bioquip</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">4748</td>
			<td>Handling larvae and pupae&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Clorox Regular-Bleach1</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Clorox</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">44600-30770</td>
			<td>Wash corn and dishes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trucker&#39;s Favorite Yellow</td>
			<td>Coor Farm Supply</td>
			<td>502</td>
			<td>Corn for feeding WCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Microinjection System (Homemade)</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Parts &#38; instructions available upon request</td>
			<td>Controls injection pressure (0-20 psi)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Elmer&#39;s Non-toxic Glue</td>
			<td>Elmer&#39;s Products, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">E304</td>
			<td>Glue eggs on filter paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">epTIPS Microloader Tips</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">C2554691</td>
			<td>Backfilling needle loading tips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Falcon Tissue Culture Dishes</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Falcon</td>
			<td>25383-103</td>
			<td>Sprouting corn /150 x 25 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fisherbrand&#160;Quantitative-Grade Filter Paper Circles</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S47576C</td>
			<td>Making agar dish for egg-lay/9cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Sparkleen</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">04-320-4</td>
			<td>Wash dishes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Plain Microscope Slides</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">12-549-3</td>
			<td>Holding filter paper and eggs for microinjection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Western Corn Rootworm w/o Pollen Substitute</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Frontier Agricultural Sciences&#160;</td>
			<td>F9766B</td>
			<td>WCR adult artificial diet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cotton Balls, Large</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>51-101</td>
			<td>Close the flask</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Globe Scientific 3.0 mL Small Bulb Transfer Pipettes</td>
			<td>Globe Scientific</td>
			<td>137035</td>
			<td>Collect and transfer eggs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Leica M165 FC Fluorescence Stereomicroscope&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Leica</td>
			<td>M165 FC&#160;</td>
			<td>WCR screening</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DsRed Filter Set for Fluorescence Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Leica</td>
			<td>DSR</td>
			<td>Excitation filter: 510-560 nm, emission filter: 590-650 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EGFP filter</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Leica</td>
			<td>GFP2</td>
			<td>Excitation filter: 440&#8211;520 nm, emission filter: 510 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BugDorm</td>
			<td>MegaView Science</td>
			<td>DP1000_5P</td>
			<td>Cage for adult colony</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Miniature Paint Brush</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">MyArtscape</td>
			<td>MAS-102-MINI</td>
			<td>Liner 2/0&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Joystick Micromanipulator</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Narishige</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">MN-151</td>
			<td>Micromanipulator and needle holder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:343px;">Microscope XY Stage</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">265515</td>
			<td style="width:339px;">Microscope stage (adapted for use with stereoscope)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Grade 90 Cheesecloth</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Online Fabric Store</td>
			<td>CHEE90</td>
			<td>For egg-lay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Plastic paraffin film&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Pechiney Plastic Packaging</td>
			<td>PM-996</td>
			<td>Seal agar dish after microinjection/Roll size 4 in. x 125 ft</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Percival Incubator</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Percival&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">I41VLH3C8</td>
			<td>WCR growing chamber (insect rearing incubator)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Narrow Mouth Erlenmeyer Flasks</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">VWR</td>
			<td>4980-300-PK</td>
			<td>Water container for adult colony&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Griffin Low Form Beakers</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">VWR</td>
			<td>1000-600-PK</td>
			<td>For egg wash</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Braided Cotton Rolls</td>
			<td>Richmond Dental Cotton Co.</td>
			<td>605-3599</td>
			<td>Use in water supply for adult colony&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Petri Dishes (35x10mm)</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>CLS430588-500EA</td>
			<td>For diet plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phenol Red</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">143-78-8</td>
			<td>Microinjection buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Laser-based Micropipiette Puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument</td>
			<td>P-2000/G</td>
			<td>Needle puller/Heat = 335, FIL = 4, VEL = 40, DEL = 200, PUL = 100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Premium Topsoil</td>
			<td>The Scotts Company</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">71130758</td>
			<td>Soil for cron growing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Reloc Zippit 2 Mil Zipper Bags</td>
			<td>United States Plastic Corporation</td>
			<td>48342</td>
			<td>Bag agar dish after microinjection/5x7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Petri Dishes (100x15m)</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">89038-968</td>
			<td>Making agar dish for egg-lay/ 100 x 15 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">6 oz Containers</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Webstaurantstore</td>
			<td>128E506</td>
			<td>WCR single pair mating chamber&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">38 oz Containers</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Webstaurantstore</td>
			<td>128NC888</td>
			<td>Larvae rearing box/38 oz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ChoiceHD 16 oz. Microwavable Translucent Plastic Deli Container</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Webstaurantstore</td>
			<td>128HRD16</td>
			<td>Larvae rearing box/16 oz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Microinjection Scope&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Wild Heerbrugg</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">WILD-M8</td>
			<td style="width:339px;">Microinjection scope outfited with an XY stage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Standard Glass Capillaries</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>1B100F-4</td>
			<td>Microinjection needles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:343px;">Adult Western Corn Rootworms</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">North Centeral Aqricultural reasearch Laboratory</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Non-diapase strain</td>
			<td>Request from Dr. Bryan Wade French&#39;s lab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Plasmid DNA Midi Kit</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td>12143</td>
			<td>Purification of injection-ready plasmid DNAs</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

microinjection of western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera, embryos for germline transformation, or crispr/cas9 genome editing

Der Maiswurzelbohrer (WCR) ist ein wichtiger Schädling von Mais und ist bekannt für seine Fähigkeit, schnell zu Pest Managementstrategien anzupassen. RNA-Interferenz (RNAi) erwies sich ein leistungsfähiges Werkzeug für WCR Biologie zu studieren, hat aber seine Grenzen. Speziell, RNAi selbst vergänglich ist (d. h. nicht zu langfristigen Mendelian Erbschaft des zugehörigen Phänotyps), und es erfordert eine Kenntnis der DNA-Sequenz des Zielgens. Letzteres kann die Begrenzung wenn der Phänotyp des Interesses von schlecht erhaltenen oder auch neuartigen Genen gesteuert wird weil er einfach nur nützliche Ziele schwierig sein würde, wenn nicht gar unmöglich. Daher sollte die Anzahl der Werkzeuge in WCRs genomische Toolbox durch die Entwicklung von Methoden, die verwendet werden könnte, um stabile mutierte Stämme erstellen und aktivieren Sequenz-unabhängige Umfragen des Genoms WCR erweitert werden. Hier zeigen wir die Methoden zum Erfassen und microinject precellular WCR Embryonen mit Nukleinsäuren verwendet. Während die hier beschriebenen Protokolle auf die Schaffung von transgenen WCR ausgerichtet sind, könnte CRISPR/Cas9-Genom-Bearbeitung auch mit durchgeführt werden die gleichen Protokolle mit dem einzigen Unterschied, die Zusammensetzung der Lösung in die Embryonen injiziert.

Ein wichtiger Aspekt bei der Entwicklung dieses Protokolls war die Phase der Embryonalentwicklung zum Zeitpunkt der Mikroinjektion. Insbesondere erfordert Keimbahn Transformation Mikroinjektion von DNA vor der embryonalen Cellularization. Und zwar deshalb, weil DNAs Zellmembranen leicht überschreiten können. Versuche, die Phasen des WCR Embryonalentwicklung mit einem nuklearen Fleck visualisieren blieben erfolglos, weil Dechorionation WCR Embryonen im Wesentlichen alle verantwortlich f?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microinjection of Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, Embryos for Germline Transformation, or CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing at JoVE.com

Microinjection of Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, Embryos for Germline Transformation, or CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

Mikroinjektion der westliche Maiswurzelbohrer Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera, Embryonen für die Keimbahn Transformation oder CRISPR/Cas9 Genom-Bearbeitung

Hier präsentieren wir Protokolle für sammeln und microinjecting precellular westlichen Mais Maiswurzelbohrer Embryonen zum Zwecke der Ausführung der funktionellen Genomik Assays wie Keimbahn Transformation und CRISPR/Cas9-Genom-Bearbeitung.

The western corn rootworm (WCR) is an important pest of corn and is well known for its ability to rapidly adapt to pest management strategies. Although ...

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Bioengineering

Microinjection of Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, Embryos for Germline Transformation, or CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

7.3K Aufrufe.  North Carolina State University. Hier präsentieren wir Protokolle für sammeln und microinjecting precellular westlichen Mais Maiswurzelbohrer Embryonen zum Zwecke der Ausführung der funktionellen Genomik Assays wie Keimbahn Transformation und CRISPR/Cas9-Genom-Bearbeitung.

Serie: Microinjection of Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, Embryos for Germline Transformation, or CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

Viral Nanoparticles for In vivo Tumor Imaging

The use of nanomaterials has the potential to revolutionize materials science and medicine. Currently, a number of different nanoparticles are being investigated for applications in imaging and therapy. Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) derived from plants can be regarded as self-assembled bionanomaterials with defined sizes and shapes. Plant viruses under investigation in the Steinmetz lab include icosahedral particles formed by Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) and Brome mosaic virus (BMV), both of which are 30 nm in diameter. We are also developing rod-shaped and filamentous structures derived from the following plant viruses: Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), which forms rigid rods with dimensions of 300 nm by 18 nm, and Potato virus X (PVX), which form filamentous particles 515 nm in length and 13 nm in width (the reader is referred to refs. 1 and 2 for further information on VNPs).
From a materials scientist's point of view, VNPs are attractive building blocks for several reasons: the particles are monodisperse, can be produced with ease on large scale in planta, are exceptionally stable, and biocompatible. Also, VNPs are "programmable" units, which can be specifically engineered using genetic modification or chemical bioconjugation methods 3. The structure of VNPs is known to atomic resolution, and modifications can be carried out with spatial precision at the atomic level4, a level of control that cannot be achieved using synthetic nanomaterials with current state-of-the-art technologies.
In this paper, we describe the propagation of CPMV, PVX, TMV, and BMV in Vigna ungiuculata and Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Extraction and purification protocols for each VNP are given. Methods for characterization of purified and chemically-labeled VNPs are described. In this study, we focus on chemical labeling of VNPs with fluorophores (e.g. Alexa Fluor 647) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). The dyes facilitate tracking and detection of the VNPs 5-10, and PEG reduces immunogenicity of the proteinaceous nanoparticles while enhancing their pharmacokinetics 8,11. We demonstrate tumor homing of PEGylated VNPs using a mouse xenograft tumor model. A combination of fluorescence imaging of tissues ex vivo using Maestro Imaging System, fluorescence quantification in homogenized tissues, and confocal microscopy is used to study biodistribution. VNPs are cleared via the reticuloendothelial system (RES); tumor homing is achieved passively via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect12. The VNP nanotechnology is a powerful plug-and-play technology to image and treat sites of disease in vivo. We are further developing VNPs to carry drug cargos and clinically-relevant imaging moieties, as well as tissue-specific ligands to target molecular receptors overexpressed in cancer and cardiovascular disease.

Viral Nanoparticles for In vivo Tumor Imaging

Plant viral nanoparticles (VNPs) are promising platforms for applications in biomedicine. Here, we describe the procedures for plant VNP propagation, purification, characterization, and bioconjugation. Finally, we show the application of VNPs for tumor homing and imaging using a mouse xenograft model and fluorescence imaging.

Viral Nanopartikel für<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Tumor Imaging

The use of nanomaterials has the potential to revolutionize materials science and medicine. Currently, a number of different nanoparticles are being ...

Forschung

Biotechnik

Microinjection Wound Assay and In vivo Localization of Epidermal Wound Response Reporters in Drosophila Embryos.

The Drosophila embryo develops a robust epidermal layer that serves both to protect the internal cells from a harsh external environment as well as to maintain cellular homeostasis. Puncture injury with glass needles provides a direct method to trigger a rapid epidermal wound response that activates wound transcriptional reporters, which can be visualized by a localized reporter signal in living embryos or larvae. Puncture or laser injury also provides signals that promote the recruitment of hemocytes to the wound site. Surprisingly, severe (through and through) puncture injury in late stage embryos only rarely disrupts normal embryonic development, as greater than 90% of such wounded embryos survive to adulthood when embryos are injected in an oil medium that minimizes immediate leakage of hemolymph from puncture sites. The wound procedure does require micromanipulation of the Drosophila embryos, including manual alignment of the embryos on agar plates and transfer of the aligned embryos to microscope slides. The Drosophila epidermal wound response assay provides a quick system to test the genetic requirements of a variety of biological functions that promote wound healing, as well as a way to screen for potential chemical compounds that promote wound healing. The short life cycle and easy culturing routine make Drosophila a powerful model organism. Drosophila clean wound healing appears to coordinate the epidermal regenerative response, with the innate immune response, in ways that are still under investigation, which provides an excellent system to find conserved regulatory mechanisms common to Drosophila and mammalian epidermal wounding.

Microinjection Wound Assay and In vivo Localization of Epidermal Wound Response Reporters in Drosophila Embryos.

The embryonic epidermis of very late stage Drosophila embryos provides an in vivo system for rapid puncture wound response analysis and can be combined with genetic manipulations or chemical microinjection treatments to advance studies in wound healing for translation into mammalian models.

Mikroinjektion Wound Assay und<em&gt; In-vivo-</em&gt; Lokalisierung von Epidermal Wundreaktion Reporter in<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Embryos.

The Drosophila embryo develops a robust epidermal layer that serves both to protect the internal cells from a harsh external environment as well as to ...

Efficient Generation and Editing of Feeder-free IPSCs from Human Pancreatic Cells Using the CRISPR-Cas9 System

Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells can self-renew and differentiate into multiple cell types of the body. The pluripotent cells are thus coveted for research in regenerative medicine and are currently in clinical trials for eye diseases, diabetes, heart diseases, and other disorders. The potential to differentiate into specialized cell types coupled with the recent advances in genome editing technologies including the CRISPR/Cas system have provided additional opportunities for tailoring the genome of iPSC for varied applications including disease modeling, gene therapy, and biasing pathways of differentiation, to name a few. Among the available editing technologies, the CRISPR/Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes has emerged as a tool of choice for site-specific editing of the eukaryotic genome. The CRISPRs are easily accessible, inexpensive, and highly efficient in engineering targeted edits. The system requires a Cas9 nuclease and a guide sequence (20-mer) specific to the genomic target abutting a 3-nucleotide &#34;NGG&#34; protospacer-adjacent-motif (PAM) for targeting Cas9 to the desired genomic locus, alongside a universal Cas9 binding tracer RNA (together called single guide RNA or sgRNA). Here we present a step-by-step protocol for efficient generation of feeder-independent and footprint-free iPSC and describe methodologies for genome editing of iPSC using the Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. The genome editing protocol is effective and can be easily multiplexed by pre-complexing sgRNAs for more than one target with the Cas9 protein and simultaneously delivering into the cells. Finally, we describe a simplified approach for identification and characterization of iPSCs with desired edits. Taken together, the outlined strategies are expected to streamline generation and editing of iPSC for manifold applications.

This protocol describes in detail the generation of footprint-free induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from human pancreatic cells in feeder-free conditions, followed by editing using CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoproteins and characterization of the modified single-cell clones.

Effiziente Erzeugung und Bearbeitung von Feeder-freie IPSCs aus menschlichen Zellen der Bauchspeicheldrüse mit dem CRISPR-Cas9-System

Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells can self-renew and differentiate into multiple cell types of the body. The pluripotent cells are thus coveted ...

Production of Genetically Engineered Golden Syrian Hamsters by Pronuclear Injection of the CRISPR/Cas9 Complex

The pronuclear (PN) injection technique was first established in mice to introduce foreign genetic materials into the pronuclei of one-cell stage embryos. The introduced genetic material may integrate into the embryonic genome and generate transgenic animals with foreign genetic information following transfer of the injected embryos to foster mothers. Following the success in mice, PN injection has been applied successfully in many other animal species. Recently, PN injection has been successfully employed to introduce reagents with gene-modifying activities, such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system, to achieve site-specific genetic modifications in several laboratory and farm animal species. In addition to mastering the special set of microinjection skills to produce genetically modified animals by PN injection, researchers must understand the reproduction physiology and behavior of the target species, because each species presents unique challenges. For example, golden Syrian hamster embryos have unique handling requirements in vitro such that PN injection techniques were not possible in this species until recent breakthroughs by our group. With our species-modified PN injection protocol, we have succeeded in producing several gene knockout (KO) and knockin (KI) hamsters, which have been used successfully to model human diseases. Here we describe the PN injection procedure for delivering the CRISPR/Cas9 complex to the zygotes of the hamster, the embryo handling conditions, embryo transfer procedures, and husbandry required to produce genetically modified hamsters.

Pronuclear (PN) injection of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein-9 nuclease (CRISPR/Cas9) system is a highly efficient method for producing genetically engineered golden Syrian hamsters. Herein, we describe the detailed PN injection protocol for the production of gene knockout hamsters with the CRISPR/Cas9 system.

Produktion von gentechnisch syrischen Goldhamster durch man Injektion des Komplexes CRISPR/Cas9

The pronuclear (PN) injection technique was first established in mice to introduce foreign genetic materials into the pronuclei of one-cell stage embryos. ...

An Ultrahigh-throughput Microfluidic Platform for Single-cell Genome Sequencing

Sequencing technologies have undergone a paradigm shift from bulk to single-cell resolution in response to an evolving understanding of the role of cellular heterogeneity in biological systems. However, single-cell sequencing of large populations has been hampered by limitations in processing genomes for sequencing. In this paper, we describe a method for single-cell genome sequencing (SiC-seq) which uses droplet microfluidics to isolate, amplify, and barcode the genomes of single cells. Cell encapsulation in microgels allows the compartmentalized purification and tagmentation of DNA, while a microfluidic merger efficiently pairs each genome with a unique single-cell oligonucleotide barcode, allowing &gt;50,000 single cells to be sequenced per run. The sequencing data is demultiplexed by barcode, generating groups of reads originating from single cells. As a high-throughput and low-bias method of single-cell sequencing, SiC-seq will enable a broader range of genomic studies targeted at diverse cell populations.

Single-cell sequencing reveals genotypic heterogeneity in biological systems, but current technologies lack the throughput necessary for the deep profiling of community composition and function. Here, we describe a microfluidic workflow for sequencing &gt;50,000 single-cell genomes from diverse cell populations.

Eine höchste Durchsatz mikrofluidischen Plattform für einzellige Genom-Sequenzierung

Sequencing technologies have undergone a paradigm shift from bulk to single-cell resolution in response to an evolving understanding of the role of ...

Ultra-long Read Sequencing for Whole Genomic DNA Analysis

Third generation single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies offer significantly longer read length that can facilitate the assembly of complex genomes and analysis of complex structural variants. Nanopore platforms perform single-molecule sequencing by directly measuring the current changes mediated by DNA passage through the pores and can generate hundreds of kilobase (kb) reads with minimal capital cost. This platform has been adopted by many researchers for a variety of applications. Achieving longer sequencing read lengths is the most critical factor to leverage the value of nanopore sequencing platforms. To generate ultra-long reads, special consideration is required to avoid DNA breakages and gain efficiency to generate productive sequencing templates. Here, we provide the detailed protocol of ultra-long DNA sequencing including high molecular weight (HMW) DNA extraction from fresh or frozen cells, library construction by mechanical shearing or transposase fragmentation, and sequencing on a nanopore device. From 20-25 &#181;g of HMW DNA, the method can achieve N50 read length of 50-70 kb with mechanical shearing and N50 of 90-100 kb read length with transposase mediated fragmentation. The protocol can be applied to DNA extracted from mammalian cells to perform whole genome sequencing for the detection of structural variants and genome assembly. Additional improvements on the DNA extraction and enzymatic reactions will further increase the read length and expand its utility.

Long-read sequences greatly facilitate the assembly of complex genomes and characterization of structural variation. We describe a method to generate ultra-long sequences by nanopore-based sequencing platforms. The approach adopts an optimized DNA extraction followed by modified library preparations to generate hundreds of kilobase reads with moderate coverage from human cells.

Ultra-lange lesen Sequenzierung für ganze genomische DNA-Analysen

Third generation single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies offer significantly longer read length that can facilitate the assembly of complex genomes ...

CRISPR/Cas12a Multiplex Genome Editing of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the Creation of Yeast Pixel Art

High efficiency, ease of use and versatility of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system has facilitated advanced genetic modification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a model organism and workhorse in industrial biotechnology. CRISPR-associated protein 12a (Cas12a), an RNA-guided endonuclease with features distinguishable from Cas9 is applied in this work, further extending the molecular toolbox for genome editing purposes. A benefit of the CRISPR/Cas12a system is that it can be used in multiplex genome editing with multiple guide RNAs expressed from a single transcriptional unit (single CRISPR RNA (crRNA) array). We present a protocol for multiplex integration of multiple heterologous genes into independent loci of the S. cerevisiae genome using the CRISPR/Cas12a system with multiple crRNAs expressed from a single crRNA array construct. The proposed method exploits the ability of S. cerevisiae to perform in vivo recombination of DNA fragments to assemble the single crRNA array into a plasmid that can be used for transformant selection, as well as the assembly of donor DNA sequences that integrate into the genome at intended positions. Cas12a is pre-expressed constitutively, facilitating cleavage of the S.&#160;cerevisiae genome at the intended positions upon expression of the single crRNA array. The protocol includes the design and construction of a single crRNA array and donor DNA expression cassettes, and exploits an integration approach making use of unique 50-bp DNA connectors sequences and separate integration flank DNA sequences, which simplifies experimental design through standardization and modularization and extends the range of applications. Finally, we demonstrate a straightforward technique for creating yeast pixel art with an acoustic liquid handler using differently colored carotenoid producing yeast strains that were constructed.

CRISPR/Cas12a Multiplex Genome Editing of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the Creation of Yeast Pixel Art

The CRISPR/Cas12a system in combination with a single crRNA array enables efficient multiplex editing of the S.&#160;cerevisiae genome at multiple loci simultaneously. This is demonstrated by constructing carotenoid producing yeast strains which are subsequently used to create yeast pixel art.

CRISPR/Cas12a Multiplex Genom Bearbeitung von Saccharomyces cerevisiae und die Schaffung von Hefe Pixel Kunst

High efficiency, ease of use and versatility of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) ...

Measuring the Spin-Lattice Relaxation Magnetic Field Dependence of Hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate

The fundamental limit to in vivo imaging applications of hyperpolarized 13C-enriched compounds is their finite spin-lattice relaxation times. Various factors affect the relaxation rates, such as buffer composition, solution pH, temperature, and magnetic field. In this last regard, the spin-lattice relaxation time can be measured at clinical field strengths, but at lower fields, where these compounds are dispensed from the polarizer and transported to the MRI, the relaxation is even faster and difficult to measure. To have a better understanding of the amount of magnetization lost during transport, we used fast field-cycling relaxometry, with magnetic resonance detection of 13C nuclei at ~0.75 T, to measure the nuclear magnetic resonance dispersion of the spin-lattice relaxation time of hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate. Dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization was used to produce hyperpolarized samples of pyruvate at a concentration of 80 mmol/L and physiological pH (~7.8). These solutions were rapidly transferred to a fast field-cycling relaxometer so that relaxation of the sample magnetization could be measured as a function of time using a calibrated small flip angle (3&#176;-5&#176;). To map the T1 dispersion of the C-1 of pyruvate, we recorded data for different relaxation fields ranging between 0.237 mT and 0.705 T. With this information, we determined an empirical equation to estimate the spin-lattice relaxation of the hyperpolarized substrate within the mentioned range of magnetic fields. These results can be used to predict the amount of magnetization lost during transport and to improve experimental designs to minimize signal loss.

Measuring the Spin-Lattice Relaxation Magnetic Field Dependence of Hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate

We present a protocol to measure the magnetic field dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation time of 13C-enriched compounds, hyperpolarized by means of dynamic nuclear polarization, using fast field-cycled relaxometry. Specifically, we have demonstrated this with [1-13C]pyruvate, but the protocol could be extended to other hyperpolarized substrates.

Messung der Spin-Lattice Relaxation Magnetfeldabhängigkeit von hyperpolarisiertem [1-13C]pyruvat

The fundamental limit to in vivo imaging applications of hyperpolarized 13C-enriched compounds is their finite spin-lattice relaxation times. Various ...

Microinjection of Corn Planthopper, Peregrinus maidis, Embryos for CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

The corn planthopper, Peregrinus maidis, is&#160;a pest of maize and a vector of several maize viruses. Previously published methods describe the triggering of RNA interference (RNAi) in P. maidis through microinjection of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) into nymphs and adults. Despite the power of RNAi, phenotypes generated via this technique are transient and lack long-term Mendelian inheritance. Therefore, the P. maidis toolbox needs to be expanded to include functional genomic tools that would enable the production of stable mutant strains, opening the door for researchers to bring new control methods to bear on this economically important pest. However, unlike the dsRNAs used for RNAi, the components used in CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing and germline transformation do not easily cross cell membranes. As a result, plasmid DNAs, RNAs, and/or proteins must be microinjected into embryos before the embryo cellularizes, making the timing of injection a critical factor for success. To that end, an agarose-based egg-lay method was developed to allow embryos to be harvested from P. maidis females at relatively short intervals. Herein are provided detailed protocols for collecting and microinjecting precellular P. maidis embryos with CRISPR components (Cas9 nuclease that has been complexed with guide RNAs), and results of Cas9-based gene knockout of a P. maidis eye-color gene, white, are presented. Although these protocols describe CRISPR/Cas9-genome editing in P. maidis, they can also be used for producing transgenic P. maidis via germline transformation by simply changing the composition of the injection solution.

Microinjection of Corn Planthopper, Peregrinus maidis, Embryos for CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

Herein are protocols for collecting and microinjecting precellular corn planthopper embryos for the purpose of modifying their genome via CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing or for the addition of marked transposable elements through germline transformation.

Mikroinjektion von Maiszikade, Peregrinus maidis, Embryonen für die CRISPR/Cas9-Genom-Editierung

The corn planthopper, Peregrinus maidis, is&#160;a pest of maize and a vector of several maize viruses. Previously published methods describe the ...

Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Refractive Index or Mass Spectrometric Detection for Metabolite Profiling in Lysate-based Cell-free Systems

Engineering cellular metabolism for targeted biosynthesis can require extensive design-build-test-learn (DBTL) cycles as the engineer works around the cell&#39;s survival requirements. Alternatively, carrying out DBTL cycles in cell-free environments can accelerate this process and alleviate concerns with host compatibility. A promising approach to cell-free metabolic engineering (CFME) leverages metabolically active crude cell extracts as platforms for biomanufacturing and for rapidly discovering and prototyping modified proteins and pathways. Realizing these capabilities and optimizing CFME performance requires methods to characterize the metabolome of lysate-based cell-free platforms. That is, analytical tools are necessary for monitoring improvements in targeted metabolite conversions and in elucidating alterations to metabolite flux when manipulating lysate metabolism. Here, metabolite analyses using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with either optical or mass spectrometric detection were applied to characterize metabolite production and flux in E. coli S30 lysates. Specifically, this report describes the preparation of samples from CFME lysates for HPLC analyses using refractive index detection (RID) to quantify the generation of central metabolic intermediates and by-products in the conversion of low-cost substrates (i.e., glucose) to various high-value products. The analysis of metabolite conversion in CFME reactions fed with 13C-labeled glucose through reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), a powerful tool for characterizing specific metabolite yields and lysate metabolic flux from starting materials, is also presented. Altogether, applying these analytical methods to CFME lysate metabolism enables the advancement of these systems as alternative platforms for executing faster or novel metabolic engineering tasks.

The protocols describe high-performance liquid chromatography methods coupled to refractive index or mass spectrometric detection for studying metabolic reactions in complex lysate-based cell-free systems.

Flüssigkeitschromatographie gekoppelt an Brechungsindex oder massenspektrometrische Detektion zur Metabolitenprofilierung in lysatbasierten zellfreien Systemen

Engineering cellular metabolism for targeted biosynthesis can require extensive design-build-test-learn (DBTL) cycles as the engineer works around the ...