This manuscript was supported by NIH grant 7R01 HL083078-10 grants from the American Heart Association AHA-17SDG33370112 and from the National Institutes of Health NIH K01 HL135474 to Y.S. and from the National Institutes of Health R01 HL133554 to L.H.

The procedures described below have been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. All rats received humane care in compliance with the Mount Sinai &#8220;Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals&#8221;.
1. Preparation for Surgery
<ol>
	<li>Autoclave Cooley-Mayo curved scissors (large scissors), straight Iris scissors (small scissors), McPherson-Vannas Iris scissors (back scissors), Wangensteen tissue forceps (...

<ol>
	<li>Leopold, J., Maron, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+Mechanisms+of+Pulmonary+Vascular+Remodeling+in+Pulmonary+Arterial+Hypertension.">Molecular Mechanisms of Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.</a> International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 17 (5), 761 (2016).</li><li>Gomez-Arroyo, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+monocrotaline+model+of+pulmonary+hypertension+in+perspective.">The monocrotaline model of pulmonary hypertension in perspective.</a> American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 302 (4), L363-L369 (2012).</li><li>van Albada, M. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+increased+pulmonary+blood+flow+in+pulmonary+arterial+hypertension.">The role of increased pulmonary blood flow in pulmonary arterial hypertension.</a> European Respiratory Journal. 26 (3), 487-493 (2005).</li><li>Dickinson, M. G., Bartelds, B., Borgdorff, M. A. J., Berger, R. M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+disturbed+blood+flow+in+the+development+of+pulmonary+arterial+hypertension:+lessons+from+preclinical+animal+models.">The role of disturbed blood flow in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension: lessons from preclinical animal models.</a> American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 305 (1), L1-L14 (2013).</li><li>Stenmark, K. R., Meyrick, B., Galie, N., Mooi, W. J., McMurtry, I. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+pulmonary+arterial+hypertension:+the+hope+for+etiological+discovery+and+pharmacological+cure.">Animal models of pulmonary arterial hypertension: the hope for etiological discovery and pharmacological cure.</a> American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 297 (6), L1013-L1032 (2009).</li><li>Cahill, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pathophysiological+basis+of+chronic+hypoxic+pulmonary+hypertension+in+the+mouse:+vasoconstrictor+and+structural+mechanisms+contribute+equally.">The pathophysiological basis of chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in the mouse: vasoconstrictor and structural mechanisms contribute equally.</a> Experimental Physiology. 97 (6), 796-806 (2012).</li><li>Okada, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pulmonary+hemodynamics+modify+the+rat+pulmonary+artery+response+to+injury.+A+neointimal+model+of+pulmonary+hypertension.">Pulmonary hemodynamics modify the rat pulmonary artery response to injury. A neointimal model of pulmonary hypertension.</a> American Journal of Pathology. 151 (4), 1019-1025 (1997).</li><li>Happ&#233;, C. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pneumonectomy+combined+with+SU5416+induces+severe+pulmonary+hypertension+in+rats.">Pneumonectomy combined with SU5416 induces severe pulmonary hypertension in rats.</a> American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 310 (11), L1088-L1097 (2016).</li><li>Tanaka, Y., Schuster, D. P., Davis, E. C., Patterson, G. A., Botney, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+vascular+injury+and+hemodynamics+in+rat+pulmonary+artery+remodeling.">The role of vascular injury and hemodynamics in rat pulmonary artery remodeling.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 98 (2), 434-442 (1996).</li><li>Nishimura, T., Faul, J. L., Berry, G. J., Kao, P. N., Pearl, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+a+surgical+aortocaval+fistula+on+monocrotaline-induced+pulmonary+hypertension.">Effect of a surgical aortocaval fistula on monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension.</a> Critical Care Medicine. 31 (4), 1213-1218 (2003).</li><li>Linardi, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ventricular+and+pulmonary+vascular+remodeling+induced+by+pulmonary+overflow+in+a+chronic+model+of+pretricuspid+shunt.">Ventricular and pulmonary vascular remodeling induced by pulmonary overflow in a chronic model of pretricuspid shunt.</a> Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 148 (6), 2609-2617 (2014).</li><li>White, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plexiform-like+lesions+and+increased+tissue+factor+expression+in+a+rat+model+of+severe+pulmonary+arterial+hypertension.">Plexiform-like lesions and increased tissue factor expression in a rat model of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension.</a> American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 293 (3), L583-L590 (2007).</li><li>Samson, N., Paulin, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epigenetics,+inflammation+and+metabolism+in+right+heart+failure+associated+with+pulmonary+hypertension.">Epigenetics, inflammation and metabolism in right heart failure associated with pulmonary hypertension.</a> Pulmonary Circulation. 7 (3), 572-587 (2017).</li></ol>

The authors have no potential conflicts of interest.

In PAH-affected lungs, vascular proliferation with neointimal formation and obliteration of the pulmonary arteries result in severe hemodynamic changes, right ventricular failure and early mortality7,8. The changes to the vessel walls increase resistance to blood flow, increasing arterial and right ventricular pressure. In the early stages of PAH, usually 3 weeks after administering MCT or Sugen, rats developed nonspecific histological changes like medial hypertr...

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive and fatal disease characterized by an increase in pulmonary blood flow, increased vascular resistance, inflammation, and remodeling of small pulmonary blood vessels1. This remodeling usually results in vascular lesions that obstruct and obliterate small pulmonary arteries, causing vasoconstriction and increasing right ventricle afterload2. Few successful pharmacological treatments of PAH exist; as a consequence, PAH-related mortality remains high. Recently, the focus of research on the pathobiology of pulmonary hypertension has moved towards a mechanism of angio-proliferation in which the role of increased pulmonary blood flow is considered as an important trigger in the development of pulmonary vascular remodeling3,4.
Animal models of pulmonary hypertension have provided critical insights that help to explain the pathophysiology of the disease and have served as a platform for drug, cell, gene, and protein delivery. Traditionally, the chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension model and the MCT lung injury model have been the main models used to study PAH pathophysiology5. However, they are not sufficient to produce increased pulmonary blood flow and neointimal pattern of remodeling compared to alterations described in human patients. The chronic-hypoxia model in rodents results in thickening of vessel walls with hypoxic vasoconstriction without angio-obliteration of small pulmonary vessels6. Additionally, the hypoxia condition is reversible. Thus, the hypoxia model is also not sufficient to produce severe PAH. The MCT lung injury model does elicit some endothelial dysfunction but the complex vascular obliterative lesions found in humans with severe primary PAH do not develop in the rats2. Additionally, MCT-treated rats tend to die from MCT-induced lung toxicity, veno-occlusive liver disease and myocarditis rather than from PAH2. Finally, the pneumonectomy alone is not sufficient to produce neointimal lesions in the small pulmonary vessels in a short period of time. After the pneumonectomy, there is minimal elevation in pulmonary arterial pressure7. In humans, the pneumonectomy is well tolerated when the contralateral lung is healthy7.
However, the left pneumonectomy procedure combined with MCT or Sugen is advantageous since it mimics increased pulmonary blood flow and results in pulmonary vascular remodeling comparable to severe clinical PAH. The pneumonectomy is performed on the left lung, which has only 1 lobe, rather than on the right, which has four lobes. If the right lung was removed, the animal would be unable to compensate for the respiratory insufficiency. In the pneumonectomy-MCT model, neointimal pattern of remodeling develops in over 90% of operated-animals treated7. Similarly, the combination of Sugen and pneumonectomy results in severe PAH, characterized by angio-obliterative vascular lesions, proliferation, apoptosis, and RV dysfunction8. The left pneumonectomy procedure is also advantageous compared to other surgical procedures to induce PAH. Previously described models in rats to increase pulmonary blood flow to the lungs include the aorto-caval shunt or subclavian-pulmonary artery anastomosis. These models are extremely complicated7,9,10,11. To perform an aorto-caval shunt, the animal&#39;s abdomen has to be opened. The shunt is placed in the abdominal aorta, which increases blood flow to all abdominal organs instead of just the lungs, thus, PAH takes much longer to develop. Additionally, it is difficult to determine the blood flow through the shunt, whereas with the pneumonectomy the blood flow to the remaining lung doubles. The subclavian-pulmonary artery anastomosis also has many complications. The flow of arterial blood into the vein can lead to thrombosis of anastomosis and bleeding. Like the aorto-caval shunt, it is difficult to determine the blood flow through the anastomosis. Furthermore, it is an expensive and difficult technique that requires vascular surgical skills. The unilateral left pneumonectomy doubles blood flow and shear stress in the contralateral lung and, in combination with MCT or Sugen, causes the typical hemodynamic and histopathological findings of PAH which is endothelial cell damage8,12.
The novelty of this manuscript is presented in the very detailed and comprehensive surgical protocol of the left pneumonectomy in rats and in the discussion of the technical and physiological challenges of these models. Because this protocol is not currently available, many investigators believe the model is too difficult use. Investigators who have performed the left pneumonectomy have faced high mortality and morbidity rates associated with the unnecessary loss of animals, compromising scientific assessment. Instead, many will use classical models such as MCT injection, chronic-hypoxia, or just the pneumonectomy to create PAH. However, these models are much less effective than the combination of MCT or Sugen with the left pneumonectomy. The primary purpose of this article is to provide the first detailed and reproducible surgical protocol for the left unilateral pneumonectomy in rats and provide the best surgical model of PAH. Combining this protocol for left unilateral pneumonectomy with MCT or SU5416 will allow investigators to create a far more effective and clinically relevant model of severe PAH to study the pathogenesis of this fatal disease.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:739px;" width="739">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:223px;">Surgical Blade</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Bard-Parker</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">371215</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">Incision</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Forane (Isoflurane, USP)</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Baxter</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">NDC 10019-360-40</td>
			<td>anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">BD Angiocath 16 G</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">381157</td>
			<td>intubation tube, chest tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">BD 1 mL Insulin Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">329652</td>
			<td>administer buprinex post-operatively</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Biogel Surgeons Surgical Gloves</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Biogel</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">30460-01</td>
			<td>sterile surgical gloves</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">Wahl BravMini+ Trimmer</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">CLP-41590 P</td>
			<td>shave surgical site</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">SU5416</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Cayman Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">13342</td>
			<td>Sugen&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Fiber Optic Illuminator</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">EW-41723-02</td>
			<td>light for intubation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Surgipro II 4-0 Suture</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Covidien</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">VP831X</td>
			<td>Closing intercostal muscles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Polysorb 5-0 Suture</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Covidien</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">GL-885</td>
			<td>Closing skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">Medium Slide Top Induction Chamber</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">DRE Veterinary</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">12570</td>
			<td>oxygen &#38; isoflurane delivery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">DRE Compact 150 Rodent Anesthesia Machine</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">DRE Veterinary</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">373</td>
			<td>oxygen &#38; isoflurane delivery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">Small Vessel Cauterizer Kit</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">18000-00</td>
			<td>cauterizer to minimize bleeding</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">VentElite Small Animal Ventilator</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">55-7040</td>
			<td>ventilator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">MouseSTAT Jr</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Kent Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">MSTAT-JR</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">pulse oximeter &#38; heart rate monitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">Mouse Paw Pulse Oximeter Sensor</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Kent Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">SPO2-MSE</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">pulse oximeter &#38; heart rate paw sensor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">PhysioSuite RightTemp</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Kent Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">PS-02</td>
			<td>temperature pad</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">PVP Prep Solution</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Medline</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">MDS093944</td>
			<td>Cleaning surgical site</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Poly-lined Drape</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Medline</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">NON21002Z</td>
			<td>cover animal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">3 mL syringe</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Medline</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">SYR103010</td>
			<td>administer fluids post-operatively</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="83">
			<td height="83" style="height:83px;width:223px;">Microsurgical Kits, Integra&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Miltex</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">95042-540</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">surgical tools: plain wire speculum, double-ended probe, McPherson-Vannas Iris scissors straight, straight iris scissors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">Hemostatic forceps - Micro-Jacobson-Mosquito</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Miltex</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">17-2602</td>
			<td>mosquito</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">Buprenorphrine HCl 0.3 mg/mL</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Par Pharmaceutical</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">NDC 42023-179-01</td>
			<td>Pain relief</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Cooley-Mayo curved scissors</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Pilling</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">352090</td>
			<td>Large scissors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Gerald Tissue forceps</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Pilling</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">351900</td>
			<td>forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Wangesnsteen Tissue Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Pilling</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">342929</td>
			<td>atraumatic forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">Pilling Thin Vascular Needle Holder</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Pilling</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">354962DG</td>
			<td>needle holder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Crotaline</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">C2401-1G</td>
			<td>MCT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">Surflash 20 G IV Catheter</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Terumo</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">SR*FF2051</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">For pressure reading during organ harvest</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">ADVantage PV System with 1.2 Fr Catheter</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Transonic Inc</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">ADV500</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">Record pulmonary artery and right ventricle pressure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Medium Hemoclip</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Weck</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">523700</td>
			<td>ligate vessels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">Open Ligating Clip Applicator; Medium, curved</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Weck Horizon</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">237081</td>
			<td>hemoclip applicator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Surgical Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Zeiss OPMI MD</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">1808</td>
			<td>magnification</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the left pneumonectomy combined with monocrotaline or sugen as a model of pulmonary hypertension in rats

In this protocol, we detail the correct procedural steps and necessary precautions to successfully perform a left pneumonectomy and induce PAH in rats with the additional administration of monocrotaline (MCT) or SU5416 (Sugen). We also compare these two models to other PAH models commonly used in research. In the last few years, the focus of animal PAH models has moved towards studying the mechanism of angioproliferation of plexiform lesions, in which the role of increased pulmonary blood flow is considered as an important trigger in the development of severe pulmonary vascular remodeling. One of the most promising rodent models of increased pulmonary flow is the unilateral left pneumonectomy combined with a "second hit" of MCT or Sugen. The removal of the left lung leads to increased and turbulent pulmonary blood flow and vascular remodeling. Currently, there is no detailed procedure of the pneumonectomy surgery in rats. This article details a step-by-step protocol of the pneumonectomy surgical procedure and post-operative care in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Briefly, the animal is anesthetized and the chest is opened. Once the left pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, and bronchus are visualized, they are ligated and the left lung is removed. The chest then closed and the animal recovered. Blood is forced to circulate only on the right lung. This increased vascular pressure leads to a progressive remodeling and occlusion of small pulmonary arteries. The second hit of MCT or Sugen is used one week post-surgery to induce endothelial dysfunction. The combination of increased blood flow in the lung and endothelial dysfunction produces severe PAH. The primary limitation of this procedure is that it requires general surgical skills.

According to the accepted classification system, pulmonary hypertension is characterized by a mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) exceeding the upper limits of normal pulmonary artery pressure (i.e., 25 mm Hg). In the pneumonectomy + MCT group, severe PAH developed by day 21 with an increased mPAP (Figure 1). The mPAP is calculated by the formula:
<img alt="Equation" src="/files/ftp_upload/59050/5...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Left Pneumonectomy Combined with Monocrotaline or Sugen as a Model of Pulmonary Hypertension in Rats at JoVE.com

The Left Pneumonectomy Combined with Monocrotaline or Sugen as a Model of Pulmonary Hypertension in Rats

The rodent left pneumonectomy is a valuable technique in pulmonary hypertension research. Here, we present a protocol to describe the rat pneumonectomy procedure and postoperative care to ensure minimal morbidity and mortality.

In this protocol, we detail the correct procedural steps and necessary precautions to successfully perform a left pneumonectomy and induce PAH in rats ...

This protocol is significant because it produces the best possible model for pulmonary arterial hypertension. No other model produces the plexiform lesions found in human PAH patients. The main advantage is that we double the flow of blood in the right lung and pulmonary artery, causing endothelial damage and forcing the lungs to work twice as hard.Our group has developed a highly efficient model of pulmonary arterial hypertension to develop therapeutics. Besides pulmonary artery hypertension, this method could be helpful in regenerative medicine and could give insight to other diseases with increased pulmonary flow like congenital heart defects or post-pneumonectomy patients. For someone who has never performed this technique, my advice is to follow the protocol exactly and to make sure the surgeon can see exactly what they are doing.After anesthetizing the rat with 4%isoflurane, the animal is intubated using a fiber optic gooselight to illuminate the trachea. Insert a 16-gauge catheter into the larynx, and use a cold mirror to observe the condensation of the humidity in the exhaled breath from the catheter to confirm the intubation. Connect the rat to the ventilator and place the rat under the microscope in the right decubitus position on a 37 degree Celsius heating pad.Secure the forelimbs with tape, and use clippers to shave the left thorax from behind the front leg to the end of the ribcage. Clean the exposed skin with three sequential 10%povidone iodine solution and 70%ethanol wipes, and place a pulse-oximeter onto the rat's foot to monitor the heart rate and oxygen saturation throughout the surgery. Now, adjust the microscope and bring the surgical view into focus.Then, place a sterile drape over the rat's body and the instrument tray to create a sterile environment. And finally, place sterile instruments on the sterile instrument tray. To perform a left pneumonectomy, use Cooley-Mayo scissors and Gerald tissue forceps to cut a two to three centimeter hole in the surgical drape, and use a surgical blade to make a two centimeter-long lateral incision in the left thorax.Use Cooley-Mayo scissors to cut each layer of tissue until the ribs and intercostal muscles are exposed. Use a mosquito to make a hole through the muscle of the third intercostal space. Using a double-ended probe, move the lung to visualize the pulmonary artery, and use McPherson-Vannas Iris scissors to open the intercostal muscles to an about one to two centimeter width.Place a small self-retaining retractor into the left pleura to hold the ribs and muscles open, and move the left lung lower in the abdomen to allow access to the pulmonary artery and bronchus. For ligation of the left main bronchus and pulmonary artery, first, load a medium Hemoclip into a ligating clip applicator and use the Wangensteen atraumatic forceps to carefully lift the upper portion of the left lung to expose the pulmonary artery. Close the clip and applicator around the artery, taking care not to close or rupture the left azygos vein.And open the incision further using the tonsil to separate the muscle fibers. After loading another medium Hemoclip into the ligating clip applicator, use the atraumatic forceps and standard tissue forceps to lift the lower portion of the lung out of the incision until the left main bronchus and left pulmonary vein are visualized. Carefully ligate the left main bronchus and pulmonary vein together with the second Hemoclip, and use scissors to remove the lung without cutting or tearing the clip.Then, use a small piece of sterile gauze to absorb any blood and to stem any bleeding. Use the needle holder and a 4-0 prolene suture to close the ribs and intercostal muscles. Before closing the intercostal muscles, insert a 16-gauge catheter into the thoracic cavity away from the surgical incision and into the seventh intercostal space, and immediately remove the needle, leaving the catheter in place.Place a 5-0 suture into the skin and around the chest tube so that when the chest tube is removed, the hole will be tied shut, and tie the sutures to close the ribs. Close the skin and subcutaneous space with a running 5-0 suture, and use a three milliliter syringe to evacuate the air from the pleural cavity through the catheter to restore the normal negative pressure in the thorax. Use a needle holder to immediately clamp the catheter to prevent air from going back into the thoracic cavity.Remove the catheter and tie the suture to close the hole. In the pneumonectomy and monocrotaline group, severe pulmonary hypertension develops by day 21, as evidenced by an increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure compared to control untreated sham animals. In the pneumonectomy plus Sugen group, the mean pulmonary artery pressure is three times higher than in the control group.The right ventricular systolic pressure is also much higher in both the monocrotaline-and Sugen-treated animals, compared to the control group. In hematoxylin and eosin stained normal rat lung tissue sections, spaces between the alveoli and the alveolar structures are apparent, and the vessels are clear and of a normal thickness. In the pulmonary artery hypertension lung, there is evidence of remodeling, thickening of the vessel walls, severe constriction of the vessels, and inflammation and focal pulmonary arteritis.The animal has to compensate for losing a lung, so it's important to be patient during the recovery period. Monitor the vital signs and give additional oxygen or lung volume as necessary. Sugen creates endothelial apoptosis which is clinical relevant sign of pulmonary arterial hypertension.The left pneumonectomy model in rodents has paved the way for scientists to study flow abnormalities and develop novel treatments for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Due to the use of isoflurane, Sugen, and/or MCT in this model, personal protective equipment must be worn at all times.

the-left-pneumonectomy-combined-with-monocrotaline-or-sugen-as-model

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

10.6K Görüntüleme.  Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Pulmoner arteriyel hipertansiyon için mümkün olan en iyi modeli ürettiği için bu protokol önemlidir. Başka hiçbir model insan PAH hastalarında bulunan pleksiform lezyonlar üretir. En büyük avantajı, sağ akciğer ve pulmoner arterdeki kan akışını iki katına çıkararak endotel hasarına neden olması ve akciğerleri iki kat daha fazla çalışmaya zorlamamızdır.Grubumuz terapötik geliştirmek için pulmoner arteriyel hipertansiyon yüksek verimli bir model gelişt...