A.K. was supported by a Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) (#18K06201), by a grant-in-aid from the Nakatani Foundation for Countermeasures against novel coronavirus infections, by a grant from Hokkaido University Office for Developing Future Research Leaders (L-Station), and a grant-in-aid from Hoansha Foundation. M. K. was partially supported by a JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas &#34;Chemistry for Multimolecular Crowding Biosystems&#34; (#20H04686), and a JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas &#34;Information physics of living matters&#34; (#20H05522).

1. Materials and reagents
<ol>
	<li>Use pyrogenic free solutions and medium for cell culture (Table 1).</li>
	<li>Prepare solutions for the biochemical experiment using ultrapure water and use as DNase/RNase free.</li>
	<li>Select an appropriate FBS for the cell culture with a lot check process. Since the selected FBS lot changes regularly, the catalog and lot number for FBS cannot be represented here.</li>
	<li>Plasmid DNA
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare pmeGFP-N15 for eGFP monomer express...

<ol>
	<li>Ross, C. A., Poirier, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+aggregation+and+neurodegenerative+disease.">Protein aggregation and neurodegenerative disease.</a> Nature Medicine. 10, 10-17 (2004).</li><li>Hipp, M. S., Kasturi, P., Hartl, F. U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+proteostasis+network+and+its+decline+in+ageing.">The proteostasis network and its decline in ageing.</a> Nature Review Molecular Cell Biology. 20 (7), 421-435 (2019).</li><li>Kitamura, A., Nagata, K., Kinjo, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conformational+analysis+of+misfolded+protein+aggregation+by+FRET+and+live-cell+imaging+techniques.">Conformational analysis of misfolded protein aggregation by FRET and live-cell imaging techniques.</a> International Journal of Molecular Science. 16 (3), 6076-6092 (2015).</li><li>Rigler, R., Mets, U., Widengren, J., Kask, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence+Correlation+Spectroscopy+with+High+Count+Rate+and+Low-Background+-+Analysis+of+Translational+Diffusion.">Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy with High Count Rate and Low-Background - Analysis of Translational Diffusion.</a> European Biophysics Journal with Biophysics Letters. 22 (3), 169-175 (1993).</li><li>Zacharias, D. A., Violin, J. D., Newton, A. C., Tsien, R. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Partitioning+of+lipid-modified+monomeric+GFPs+into+membrane+microdomains+of+live+cells.">Partitioning of lipid-modified monomeric GFPs into membrane microdomains of live cells.</a> Science. 296 (5569), 913-916 (2002).</li><li>Kitamura, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+of+RNA+with+a+C-terminal+fragment+of+the+amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis-associated+TDP43+reduces+cytotoxicity.">Interaction of RNA with a C-terminal fragment of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-associated TDP43 reduces cytotoxicity.</a> Scientific Reports. 6, 19230 (2016).</li><li>Kitamura, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dysregulation+of+the+proteasome+increases+the+toxicity+of+ALS-linked+mutant+SOD1.">Dysregulation of the proteasome increases the toxicity of ALS-linked mutant SOD1.</a> Genes to Cells. 19 (3), 209-224 (2014).</li><li>Niwa, H., Yamamura, K., Miyazaki, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+selection+for+high-expression+transfectants+with+a+novel+eukaryotic+vector.">Efficient selection for high-expression transfectants with a novel eukaryotic vector.</a> Gene. 108 (2), 193-199 (1991).</li><li>Kitamura, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytosolic+chaperonin+prevents+polyglutamine+toxicity+with+altering+the+aggregation+state.">Cytosolic chaperonin prevents polyglutamine toxicity with altering the aggregation state.</a> Nature Cell Biology. 8 (10), 1163-1170 (2006).</li><li>Kitamura, A., Shibasaki, A., Takeda, K., Suno, R., Kinjo, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+substrate+recognition+state+of+TDP-43+to+single-stranded+DNA+using+fluorescence+correlation+spectroscopy.">Analysis of the substrate recognition state of TDP-43 to single-stranded DNA using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.</a> Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports. 14, 58-63 (2018).</li><li>Kinjo, M., Sakata, H., Mikuni, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=First+steps+for+fluorescence+correlation+spectroscopy+of+living+cells.">First steps for fluorescence correlation spectroscopy of living cells.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2011 (10), 1185-1189 (2011).</li><li>Kinjo, M., Sakata, H., Mikuni, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence+correlation+spectroscopy+example:+shift+of+autocorrelation+curve.">Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy example: shift of autocorrelation curve.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2011 (10), 1267-1269 (2011).</li><li>Kinjo, M., Sakata, H., Mikuni, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Basic+fluorescence+correlation+spectroscopy+setup+and+measurement.">Basic fluorescence correlation spectroscopy setup and measurement.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2011 (10), 1262-1266 (2011).</li><li>Jazani, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+alternative+framework+for+fluorescence+correlation+spectroscopy.">An alternative framework for fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.</a> Nature Communication. 10 (1), 3662 (2019).</li><li>Pack, C., Saito, K., Tamura, M., Kinjo, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microenvironment+and+effect+of+energy+depletion+in+the+nucleus+analyzed+by+mobility+of+multiple+oligomeric+EGFPs.">Microenvironment and effect of energy depletion in the nucleus analyzed by mobility of multiple oligomeric EGFPs.</a> Biophysical Journal. 91 (10), 3921-3936 (2006).</li><li>Ries, J., Chiantia, S., Schwille, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accurate+determination+of+membrane+dynamics+with+line-scan+FCS.">Accurate determination of membrane dynamics with line-scan FCS.</a> Biophysical Journal. 96 (5), 1999-2008 (2009).</li><li>Fujioka, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phase+separation+organizes+the+site+of+autophagosome+formation.">Phase separation organizes the site of autophagosome formation.</a> Nature. 578 (7794), 301-305 (2020).</li><li>Sadaie, W., Harada, Y., Matsuda, M., Aoki, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+in+vivo+fluorescence+cross-correlation+analyses+highlight+the+importance+of+competitive+effects+in+the+regulation+of+protein-protein+interactions.">Quantitative in vivo fluorescence cross-correlation analyses highlight the importance of competitive effects in the regulation of protein-protein interactions.</a> Molecular and Cellular Biology. 34 (17), 3272-3290 (2014).</li><li>Cohen, L. D., Boulos, A., Ziv, N. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+non-fluorescent+HaloTag+blocker+for+improved+measurement+and+visualization+of+protein+synthesis+in+living+cells.">A non-fluorescent HaloTag blocker for improved measurement and visualization of protein synthesis in living cells.</a> F1000Research. 9, (2020).</li></ol>

These authors have no conflicts of interest.

Regarding system calibration before measurements, the same glasswares as the one used to measure the sample should be used (e.g., the 8-wells cover glass chamber for cell lysate and the 35-mm glass base dish for live cells). Because of the adsorption of Rh6G on the glass, its effective concentration may sometimes decrease. If so, a highly concentrated Rh6G solution such as 1 &#956;M should be used just for the pinhole adjustment. Extremely high photon count rates must be avoided to protect the detector (e.g., more than 1...

Protein aggregations involving neurodegenerative disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and so on1 are known to be toxic and would disturb protein homeostasis (proteostasis) in the cells and organs, that could then lead to aging2. The clearance of protein aggregation is expected as a therapeutic strategy; however, chemicals that prevent protein aggregation formation and degrade protein aggregates (e.g., small molecules or drugs) have not been established yet. Moreover, how protein aggregation exerts toxicity remains elusive. Therefore, to promote research projects related to protein aggregation, it is important to introduce high throughput procedures to simply detect protein aggregation. Protein aggregation detection using antibodies recognizing the conformation of protein aggregation and aggregation-specific fluorescent dye has been widely used3. However, it is difficult to detect the aggregation, especially in live cells using such classical procedures. 
F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a procedure to detect protein aggregation and structural change. However, FRET is unable to analyze protein dynamics (e.g., diffusion and oligomerization of protein in live cells)3. Therefore, we introduce here a simple protocol to detect protein aggregation in solution (e.g., cell lysate) and live cells using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), which measures the diffusion property and brightness of fluorescent molecules with single molecule sensitivity4. FCS is a photon-counting method by using a laser scan confocal microscope (LSM). Using a highly sensitive photon-detector and calculation of autocorrelation function (ACF) of photon arrival time, the pass through time and brightness of the fluorescent molecules in the detection volume is measured. The diffusion slows with an increase of molecular weight; thus, intermolecular interaction can be estimated using FCS. Even more powerfully, an increase in the brightness of the fluorescent molecule indicates homo-oligomerization of the molecules. Therefore, FCS is a powerful tool to detect such protein aggregation.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% (w/v) Trypsin-1 mmol/L EDTA&#183;4Na Solution with Phenol Red (Trypsin-EDTA)</td>
			<td>Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Corp.</td>
			<td>201-16945</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100-mm plastic dishes</td>
			<td>CORNING</td>
			<td>430167</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35-mm glass base dish</td>
			<td>IWAKI</td>
			<td>3910-035</td>
			<td>For live cell measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35-mm plastic dishes</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>150460</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum plate</td>
			<td>Bio-Bik</td>
			<td>AB-TC1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C-Apochromat 40x/1.2NA Korr. UV-VIS-IR M27</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Objective</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell scraper</td>
			<td>Sumitomo Bakelite Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>MS-93100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cellulose acetate filter membrane (0.22 mm)</td>
			<td>Advantech Toyo</td>
			<td>25CS020AS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover glass chamber 8-wells</td>
			<td>IWAKI</td>
			<td>5232-008</td>
			<td>For solution measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle&#39;s Medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D5796</td>
			<td>basal medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>biosera</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Lot check required</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipofectamine 2000</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11668019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LSM510 META + ConfoCor3</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>FCS system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Murine neuroblastoma Neuro2a cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CCL-131</td>
			<td>Cell line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Opti-MEM I</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>31985070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pCAGGS</td>
			<td>RIKEN</td>
			<td>RDB08938</td>
			<td>Plasmid DNA for the transfection carrier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin Solution (&#215;100 )</td>
			<td>Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Corp.</td>
			<td>168-23191</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pmeGFP-C1-TDP25</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Plasmid DNA for TDP25 tagged with monomeric eGFP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pmeGFP-N1</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Plasmid DNA for eGFP monomer expression</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pmeGFP-N1-SOD1-G85R</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Plasmid DNA for ALS-linked G85R mutant of SOD1 tagged with monomeric eGFP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease inhibitor cocktail</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P8304</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

detection of protein aggregation using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy

Protein aggregation is a hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and so on. To detect and analyze soluble or diffuse protein oligomers or aggregates, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), which can detect the diffusion speed and brightness of a single particle with a single molecule sensitivity, has been used. However, the proper procedure and know-how for protein aggregation detection have not been widely shared. Here, we show a standard procedure of FCS measurement for diffusion properties of aggregation-prone proteins in cell lysate and live cells: ALS-associated 25 kDa carboxyl-terminal fragment of TAR DNA/RNA-binding protein 43 kDa (TDP25) and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). The representative results show that a part of aggregates of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged TDP25 was slightly included in the soluble fraction of murine neuroblastoma Neuro2a cell lysate. Moreover, GFP-tagged SOD1 carrying ALS-associated mutation shows a slower diffusion in live cells. Accordingly, we here introduce the procedure to detect the protein aggregation via its diffusion property using FCS.

We performed FCS measurement of GFP-TDP25 in cell lysate and SOD1-G85R-GFP in live cells. In both cases, a positive amplitude and smooth ACFs were able to be acquired. We have shown that a portion of GFP-TDP25 expressed in Neuro2a cells was recovered in the soluble fraction under the indicated condition6. In the soluble fraction of the cell lysate, extremely bright fluorescence molecules were detected in the photon count rate record using FCS (Figure 2A, top, arrow). ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detection of Protein Aggregation using Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy at JoVE.com

Detection of Protein Aggregation using Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy

We here introduce a procedure to measure protein oligomers and aggregation in cell lysate and live cells using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.

Protein aggregation is a hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's ...

The best principle of the Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, FCS, was invented initially in the 1970s. In the 1990s, important and many improvements for FCS was established by combining with a confocal apparatus microscopy. Since then, FCS has been used for many chemical and virus cure applications, such as molecular interactions and protein aggregation analysis.Protein aggregation is a hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders. Fluorescence brightness are single particles in action of molecular sizes explained by diffusion properties. It's very important in measuring protein aggregations because it can determine projected life cycles of molecules, but also distinguish the homo or hetero polymerization.Here, we introduce a procedure to measure diffusion of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis associated with aggregated form protein using FCS in cell lysates and live cells. Prepare 100 millimeter plastic dish growing Neuro2a cell sitting comfortably in the normal growth medium. Confirm the cell confluency.Remove the medium. Add 3.5 milliliters of Trypsin-EDTA solution into the third cartridge dish and incubate them at 37 degrees celsius for one minute. Add 9.5 milliliter normal growth medium into the dish and suspend them.The cell suspension is mixed with trypan blue to stain the dead cells. Add suspension to the cell-counting slide. Count the number of cells using the cell counter, or manually.Check the live cell number and their viability. Dilute the cell in the counted medium at 1.0 times 10 to the power of 5 per milliliter. Add two milliliters of cell suspension into the 35 millimeter plastic dish for cell lysis or growth space dish for live cell measurement.Incubate the dish at 37 degrees celsius for one day. The next day, prepare the mixture of plasmid DNA and the transfection reagents. Add the transfection mixture to the cell-counted medium and incubate the cells for 24 hours.One day later. Check the GFP expression using a routine microscope. You can see the very bright TDP25 ingredient bodies in cells.Cell lysis should be performed at the biochemical bench. Remove the medium in the dish. Add two milliliters of PBS at 25 degrees celsius to wash as a medium.Remove the PBS. Place the dish on an aluminum plate on the top of the crushed ice. Immediately, add the 200 microliter lysis buffer into the dish.Scrape the dish using a cell scraper. Recover the lysate with undissolved cell debris in a new 1.5 millimeter tube. Centrifuge the lysate at four degrees celsius.For live cell measurements, replace the medium with a fresh one before the measurement. Check the cell attachment using a phase-contrast microscope. Also, check the GFP expression using a fluorescence microscope.Use a confocal microscope-combined FCS system. Turn on the 488 nanometer laser. Stabilize the system, at least, for 30 minutes.Set up the optical path. Use a 488 nanometer laser for the instant light. Use an appropriate beam splitter and dichroic meters.And also, fluorescence fusers. Usually, we'll use coverglass chambers for calibration and solution measurements. Carefully, take the coverglass chamber.Place the glass surface on the lens screening paper. Pour the FCS calibration. Add the Rhodamine 6G solution in as well.Add the ultrapure water on the objective. Do not use the oil. Set the chamber on the microscope stage.Move the stage to the appropriate position. Create the pinhole adjustment and open the pinhole adjustment wizard. Monitor the photon count rate as coarse movement of the pinhole for the x-direction.The brightest position was rightly determined. Next, monitor the photon count rate as fine movement. The brightest position was successfully determined This is the pinhole position for x-direction.As the same way, search the brightest position of the pinhole for y-direction. The brightest position for y-direction was also successfully determined. Compound the x and y position of the pinhole.It is better to adjust the pinhole position before each day's measurement. When the live path is changed, the pinhole position must be adjusted again. Create a count rate and monitor the phone count rate.Change to the CPM monitoring mode. Count the correction ring of the object you ran so that the CPM value is the highest. Close the count rate window.Start with the Rhodamine 6G solution measurement. After the measurement is completed, click the fit to perform Curve Fitting Analysis. Select a model for fitting of the old correlation function.For Rhodamine 6G, select the model for 1-component, 3-dimensional diffusion with a triplet state. Set the fitting start time by moving the red line. Click Fit All, to start the fitting calculation.Check the fit deviation. Make sure that sides are posted and negative, around zero. Check the fitted values.Make sure the diffusion time is roughly in the range of from 20-30 microseconds. Moreover, structural parameter is from four to eight. Open the fit panel, and select a model for the measurement.Enter the same structural parameter value in the model for the sample in the fit panel. Make sure the type should be set as Fixed. GFP-TDP25 measurement in cell lysate.Place the lysate in the coverglass chamber. Place the lid to avoid dry up of the lysate. Place the stage lid for light shading.In the acquisition panel, set the laser power, measurement time, and its repetitions. Start the acquisition. A spike was observed.A spike was observed again. The spike indicates bright molecules passed through the detection body. Spikes indicate soluble oligomers or aggregates.Create a fit to perform curve fitting analysis. Select the model for 2-component, 3-dimensional diffusion with triplet state. Set the fitting start time.Click the Fit All. Check the fitted values. SOD1-G85R tagged with GFP measurement in a live cell.Unlike solution measurement, I recommend using the heat stage incubator. Set the cell-culturing dish on the microscope stage. Confirm the focus and the position using the ocular.Select a measuring cell. Zoom-in and adjust the cell position using a fast scanning mode. Acquire the snapshot of the cells using the slow scanning speed mode.Select an FCS-measuring position using the Position tool. The crosshair indicates the measuring position. Start the measurement.The slight decrease of the photon count rate record suggests photobleaching of GFP. Perform the curve fitting. Representative results of GFP-TDP25 in cell lysate is shown.The top graph a record of photon count rate. Where there's arrows is a spike, suggesting soluble oligomers and aggregates. The middle graph represents the old correlation function.The gray line shows the low, old correlation function. The magenta line shows the fitted function. The dotted lines indicate the start and end times for fitting.The bottom table shows the fitted value. Next, representative results of SOD1-G85R-GFP in a live cell are shown. The top graph represents a record of our photon count rate.The gradual decrease of the recorded photon count rate was observed, suggesting photobleaching of GFP growth for different measurements. This is because of the slow diffusion speed in live cells. The middle graph represents the old correlation function of SOD1.The gray line shows the low, old correlation function. The magenta line show the fitted function. The dotted lines indicate the start and end times with fitting.The bottom table shows fitted values. Here we show you this procedure to measure diffusion from every cell associated TDP-25 in cell lysate and everything mutant of SOD1 in live cells using FCS. The soluble oligomers and aggregation in cell lysate can be often observed as spikes or bursts.On the other hand, in live cells, such spikes are rarely observed, except for possibly obvious live structures. A slowly diffusing species of mutant SOD1's add mean brightness for single particles such as SOD1 homopolymerization inside for us. The procedure shown here is simple and worthwhile.FCS contains no radiation;directly dormant state. It's just your, and our, imagination empathy.

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Unit 1

Protein Structure

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5.4K Görüntüleme.  Hokkaido University. Floresan korelasyon spektroskopisinin en iyi prensibi olan FCS, başlangıçta 1970'lerde icat edildi. 1990'larda konfokal aparat mikroskopisi ile birleştirilerek FCS için önemli ve birçok iyileştirme kurulmuştur. O zamandan beri FCS, moleküler etkileşimler ve protein toplama analizi gibi birçok kimyasal ve virüs kür uygulaması için kullanılmıştır.Protein toplama nörodejeneratif bozuklukların ayırt edici bir özelliğidir. Floresan parlaklığı, difüzyon özellikl...