How Children Solve Problems Using Causal Reasoning
Source: Laboratories of Judith Danovitch and Nicholaus Noles—University of Louisville
Imagine a young child hears an adult say, “I want to watch the news,” then watches the adult press a button on the remote control. A moment later, the television screen turns on. The next day, the child wants to turn on the television screen to watch cartoons. How does the child know what to do? Is it enough to say, “I want to watch cartoons,” or is pushing the button on the remote control necessary, too? Solving this problem requires children to use the information they observed (i.e., the adult’s behaviors) to come up with a solution. In their daily lives, children encounter many situations where they need to decode cause-and-effect from complex or ambiguous observations in order to accomplish a goal.
In order to examine children’s capacity for causal reasoning, psychologists set up tasks using causal scenarios to observe how children draw conclusions and test new hypotheses about the relationships between different types of objects. In these tasks, children are shown interactions involving individual objects or sets of objects. Then, they are asked to identify and use the links between the causes and the effects to solve a problem.
This video demonstrates how to measure children’s causal reasoning about novel objects based on the methods developed by Gopnik and Sobel1 and Gopnik, Sobel, Schulz, and Glymour.2
Recruit children ages 3 and 4. For the purposes of this demonstration, only one child is tested. Larger sample sizes (as in the Gopnik and Sobel and Gopnik, Sobel, Schulz, and Glymour studies) 1,2 are recommended when conducting any experiments.
Make sure the participants have no history of developmental disorders and have normal hearing and vision.
1. Obtain the necessary materials.
- Gather a set of 4 wooden blocks of different colors and shap
Researchers tested 24 3- and 4-year-old children. They found the children’s most frequent response in the one-cause task was to remove Block A from the device, and the children did so significantly more often than in the two-cause task. Likewise, children’s most frequent response in the two-cause task was to remove both blocks, and they did so significantly more often than in the one-cause task. The researchers also noted that when children in the two-cause task only chose one block, they were equally likely
These findings show the power of children’s causal reasoning abilities for solving problems. Children can learn about the world quickly, and they can use their knowledge to figure out the causal relationships between objects. This is true even if they have never seen the objects before (e.g., the music-playing device) and no one has previously demonstrated how to solve the problem.
The ability to use observations to draw inferences about cause-and-effect and to apply those infer
- Gopnik, A., & Sobel, D. M. Detecting blickets: How young children use information about novel causal powers in categorization and induction. Child Development. 71 (5), 1205-1222 (2000).
- Gopnik, A., Sobel, D. M., Schulz, L. E., & Glymour, C. Causal learning mechanisms in very young children: two-, three-, and four-year-olds infer causal relations from patterns of variation and covariation. Developmental Psychology. 37 (5), 620 (2001).
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