Fourier series is a foundational mathematical technique that decomposes periodic functions into an infinite series of sinusoidal harmonics. This method enables the representation of complex periodic signals as sums of simple sine and cosine functions, facilitating their analysis and interpretation in various fields, including signal processing, acoustics, and electrical engineering.

The trigonometric Fourier series specifically expresses a periodic function with a defined period T using sine and cosine functions. The general form of the trigonometric Fourier series for a function x(t) is:

Here, a₀ represents the average value of the function over one period, while

a_nand b_nare the Fourier coefficients that quantify the contribution of each cosine and sine function, respectively. These coefficients are determined through integration over one period T:

These integrals are essential for calculating the exact coefficients that reconstruct the original function from its sinusoidal components.

To accurately depict a periodic function using a Fourier series, the Dirichlet conditions must be met. The first condition stipulates that the function should have a finite integral over one period, ensuring the overall function is bounded. The second condition requires the function to have a limited number of maxima and minima within any given range, ensuring the function does not exhibit excessive oscillations. The third condition mandates that the function should possess a finite number of discontinuities, none of which are infinite. These conditions ensure the Fourier series converges appropriately to the original function.

In practical applications, even if these conditions are not strictly satisfied, Fourier series representations can often still be constructed. Such representations, while potentially less accurate, can provide useful approximations for analyzing and synthesizing periodic functions. This flexibility underscores the robustness and utility of the Fourier series in various mathematical and engineering applications.