simulated vascular access cannulation and vessel measurement using point-of-care ultrasound (pocus)

Training Novices in POCUS for Vascular Cannulation Using Simulation Models

Most patients being admitted to acute hospitals receive at least one peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC), with the purpose of withdrawing blood, administration of fluids and/or medication, and for diagnostic purposes1. It is common that first-attempt insertions fail, and it has been reported that up to 50% of hospitalized patients have difficult intravenous access (DIVA)2. To alleviate this, the use of ultrasound-guided PIVC insertion (USGPIVC) has been demonstrated to improve insertion success rates, and training and practical education have been recommended for multiple healthcare professions3,4,5. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) at the bedside is nowadays more frequently used to gain vascular access. POCUS has also been described as a useful tool for augmenting the teaching and learning of physical examination6. While several studies have described that training in USGPIVC is likely to enhance the skills of clinicians7,8,9,10, it has not yet been described in detail which specific elements of this training are the essential components to achieve the desired outcomes when applying POCUS for USGPIVC. To achieve this, a combined POCUS and USGPIVC training curriculum was developed covering the essential aspects of the training, which were considered as being the elemental aspects and learning objectives for USGPIVC workshops, including the theoretical background and practical hands-on aspects.
Training novices in the use of POCUS prior to and during vascular access cannulation requires an ideal simulation environment to enable effective learning success which replicates similar anatomical conditions as in a human anatomical environment11. Therefore, simulation models created from chicken breast and fluid-filled modeling balloons were found to be ideal and can be used to generate such a simulation model12. This approach teaches the learner the observational skill of assessing vascular conditions at an individual patient level first in a safe, simulated environment, which helps in the overall decision-making process of choosing the required cannula length, assessment of the vascular depth and width, and vessel direction for an individual patient. This allows for a critical assessment of any future patient&#39;s individual anatomical conditions, where a clinician may want to subsequently decide if the planned cannulation is likely to be successful or not. To obtain this information, POCUS-obtained images, when they are interpreted correctly, usually provide reliable and critical elements of information, which, in addition to the clinicians&#39; experience and manual dexterity, are likely to lead to cannulation success.
In the second step, the learner is taught, in this simulative environment, the development of manual dexterity for using the ultrasound probe simultaneously with the manual skill of inserting a cannula, under vision, observing the POCUS screen and the insertion site, into the simulated blood vessel. This observational skill of constantly visualizing the simulated vessel and meticulously observing the needle tip during the insertion process is the most important aspect of the overall learning goal of this simulation activity until the needle tip is ultimately placed in the anatomical area of interest, in this case in the center of a simulated vessel. This process is crucial to avoid unintended and unnecessary vessel injury, tissue, bleeding, or extravasation, as this technique is intended to be subsequently used in a patient in clinical settings by the participant.
Some authors have previously recommended implementing and integrating ultrasound into the medical school curriculum, using low-cost simulation models and small teaching groups13. Others have recommended developing structured training programs followed by a hands-on session in a simulated environment14. It has also been described that the use of ultrasound helps with procedural success and may reduce risks for patients15. Others have observed that using POCUS and USGPIVC to train clinicians in the emergency department (ED) has increased the use of this approach in the short term. Still, there may also exist a lack of consistency in formalized education programs for vascular access7,16,17. In contrast, others have described that formalized vascular access training leads to improved adherence to best practices&#160;for PIVC insertion11.
The aim of this educational approach was to simulate a comparable visual and dexterity experience for learners so that they could replicate and apply this skill in a clinical setting and on patients in the future. An observational longitudinal mixed methods study approach was chosen, and electronic surveys were used to assess the confidence level of workshop participants using ultrasound (POCUS) in connection with peripheral venous cannulation. The surveys were first used in simulation models and subsequently used in the clinical specialty of workshop participants in admitted patients.
The workshop was divided into three parts. First, participants were introduced to some basic principles and theories of using ultrasound in the space of vascular access cannulation in an interactive learning environment. In a second approach, the workshop facilitator demonstrated the vascular access assessment approach using a simulator with a simulated artificial vessel created, demonstrating the observation of vessel depth, size, and direction through transverse and longitudinal view and observation using POCUS. This was followed by a demonstrated cannulation using POCUS and the simulator through the workshop facilitator, as participants were then invited to practice this task themselves on their individual simulators. At the workshop conclusion, participants were individually assessed on their skill of identifying and measuring vessel size, depth, and direction using transverse and longitudinal views in the simulator, followed by ultrasound-guided cannulation of the simulated vessel. After the workshop attendance, participants were invited to rate their confidence skills in using USPIVC in an electronic survey. At 8 weeks after the workshop attendance, participants were again invited to respond in an electronic survey if they had applied this adopted skill in their individual clinical setting.

Author Spotlight: Evaluating Clinicians&#039; Adoption of Ultrasound-Guided Vascular Cannulation Through Simulation Training

Using Simulation Models to Train Clinicians in the Use of Point-of-Care Ultrasound 

This experiment tried to answer the question of clinicians unfamiliar with the use of ultrasound for vascular cannulation who may be able to learn and practice the skill of ultrasound-guided cannulation in a simulation model and are subsequently able to apply this skill in the clinical setting. Portable ultrasound devices are increasingly available in clinical areas because they are more affordable today than in the past, but clinicians need to be trained on how to use them successfully. Novices can learn the technique of ultrasound-guided cannulation fast when they have the opportunity to train on simulation models and make multiple attempts before they apply the same technique in their clinical setting.The use of ultrasound during the cannulation has the advantage of providing information about the depth, size, and direction of muscular structure before the actual cannulation occurs. Further, it provides a clear vision of the needle tip being observable during the cannulation process. We are planning on performing a survey amongst senior clinicians to determine their views and perspectives on the use of this technique and what kind of barriers in the clinical space may exist.

Simulated Vascular Access Cannulation and Vessel Measurement Using Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS)

To begin, place a point-of-care ultrasound, or POCUS, device with a linear probe and a probe cover onto the prepared simulation model. Apply ultrasound gel to the area of interest in the simulation model. In a transverse view, visualize a simulated vessel in the simulation model.Place the ultrasound probe on top of the simulation model and center the view of the vessel in the middle of the screen of the ultrasound device, where vessels appear as a black circular structure. Move the ultrasound probe across the simulation model to place the vessel in the center of the screen of the POCUS device so that the whole vascular structure is visible. Adjust the image size and contrast settings to obtain optimal vision of the vessel and surrounding tissue.Press the freeze function button to freeze the image. Next, place digital markers to indicate the depth of the center of the vessel and to measure the diameter of the vessel. Rotate the ultrasound probe by 90 degrees to obtain a longitudinal view of the blood vessel.Observe the direction of the vessel being aligned with the probe. Place the linear probe in a transverse view of the vessel. Remove the protective needle cover of the peripheral intravenous catheter cannula to commence the cannulation procedure.Place the transverse vision of the vessel centrally on the screen of the POCUS device. Slowly and carefully cannulate in the middle of the linear probe the simulation model at an angle of around 40 degrees, aiming for the top of the vessel. Advance the needle tip into the tissue of the simulation model, aiming for the vessel.While advancing through the tissue, visually identify the needle tip on the screen of the POCUS device. Further advance the needle through the tissue towards the vessel, following the needle tip with the ultrasound probe simultaneously. Visualize the needle tip entering the intervascular space, then level the needle to a shallower angle and advance it to rest in the center of the vessel.To validate the position of the needle tip, change the angle of the ultrasound probe or move it in small increments back and forth until the needle tip visually disappears and reappears on the screen. Observe the opposite end of the peripheral intravenous catheter for some evidence of red-colored fluid to confirm correct placement. Finally, remove the stylet from the peripheral intravenous catheter.

simulated-vascular-access-cannulation-vessel-measurement-using-point

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

The use of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has shown to be a beneficial non-invasive vascular access assessment method by clinicians, which can provide critical elements of visual and measurable information that proves to be useful in the context of vascular access cannulation, in combination with the practical skill of the clinician performing the cannulation. However, the use of POCUS in this context is to practically train and enable individuals who are novices in using this technique to become proficient in performing this task subsequently on patients in a careful and successful way. The simulation of these vascular conditions may be useful to help healthcare professionals learn, understand, apply, and establish such practical skills for vascular cannulation safely to achieve the desired outcomes. This project intended, through the attendance of a half-day workshop, to establish skills to use POCUS in connection with simulation models and perform specific tasks to enable clinicians to use this method in their clinical practice for vascular access cannulation in patients. A mixed-methods longitudinal study design was used to evaluate the effect of a point-of-care ultrasound workshop for peripheral intravenous cannula insertion, including specific tasks for the participants to be performed on simulation models. A total of 81 individuals participated in 11 half-day workshops through 2021 and 2022. Offering a workshop that uses simulation models in combination with various POCUS devices is useful in establishing this newly learned skill in clinicians, such as measurements of depth, caliper, and direction of a vein with POCUS prior to cannulation providing essential anatomical facts to the operator, which increases the likelihood of first-time success in cannulation.

The present protocol describes an ideal solution to train novices in the use of point-of-care ultrasound devices for the practical clinical skill of visually assessing distinct individual anatomical vascular conditions prior to and during an intended venous vascular cannulation using point-of-care ultrasound in a patient.

The use of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has shown to be a beneficial non-invasive vascular access assessment method by clinicians, which can provide ...

Creation and Preparation of a Chicken Breast Simulation Model for Blood Vessel Experiments

To begin, cut a regular raw chicken breast horizontally with a sharp kitchen knife to allow for the insertion of three or more fluid-filled artificial blood vessels. Fill a 50-milliliter catheter-tipped syringe with cold rose hip tea. Push the fluid in the balloon and remove any air bubbles at the same time by repeatedly pushing the syringe in and out of the modeling balloon.At the end, ensure the balloon is free of air bubbles and slightly pressurized. Tighten the modeling balloon with a knot to avoid any fluid leaks. Place the fluid-filled modeling balloon on the lower half of the chicken breast.Fold the other half of the chicken breast over the balloon. Wrap this chicken breast simulation model with a transparent film. And place it on a tray.