Name: methods to discover alternative promoter usage and transcriptional regulation of murine bcrp1
Uploaded: 2016-05-27T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods to Discover Alternative Promoter Usage and Transcriptional Regulation of Murine Bcrp1 at JoVE.com

This work was supported by Merit Review Awards to Douglas D. Ross and to Arif Hussain from the Department of Veterans&#39; Affairs.

1. In Silico Prediction of Alternative First Exons of Bcrp1 Using BLAST Analysis of Mouse EST Database
Note: This protocol describes how to search the mouse expressed sequence tag (EST) database for ESTs with sequence similarity to exon 2 of Bcrp1 (which contains the translational start site) and then how to align the matching EST sequences to genomic sequences to ascertain their location in the mouse Bcrp1 gene relative to the 5&#39; end of Bcrp1 exon 2.
<ol>
	<li>Obtain the sequen...

<ol>
	<li>Kimura, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diversification+of+transcriptional+modulation:+large-scale+identification+and+characterization+of+putative+alternative+promoters+of+human+genes.">Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes.</a> Genome Res. 16 (1), 55-65 (2006).</li><li>Doyle, L. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+multidrug+resistance+transporter+from+human+MCF-7+breast+cancer+cells.">A multidrug resistance transporter from human MCF-7 breast cancer cells.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 95 (26), 15665-15670 (1998).</li><li>Natarajan, K., Xie, Y., Baer, M. R., Ross, D. 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Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Breast+cancer+resistance+protein+(Bcrp)+and+the+testis--an+unexpected+turn+of+events.">Breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp) and the testis--an unexpected turn of events.</a> Asian J Androl. 15 (4), 455-460 (2013).</li><li>Xie, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bcrp1+transcription+in+mouse+testis+is+controlled+by+a+promoter+upstream+of+a+novel+first+exon+(E1U)+regulated+by+steroidogenic+factor-1.">Bcrp1 transcription in mouse testis is controlled by a promoter upstream of a novel first exon (E1U) regulated by steroidogenic factor-1.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. 1829 (12), 1288-1299 (2013).</li><li>Maliepaard, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subcellular+localization+and+distribution+of+the+breast+cancer+resistance+protein+transporter+in+normal+human+tissues.">Subcellular localization and distribution of the breast cancer resistance protein transporter in normal human tissues.</a> Cancer Res. 61 (8), 3458-3464 (2001).</li><li>Fetsch, P. 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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+and+function+of+ABCB1+and+ABCG2+in+human+placental+tissue.">Expression and function of ABCB1 and ABCG2 in human placental tissue.</a> Drug Metab Dispos. 33 (4), 524-529 (2005).</li><li>Xiong, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ABCG2+is+upregulated+in+Alzheimer's+brain+with+cerebral+amyloid+angiopathy+and+may+act+as+a+gatekeeper+at+the+blood-brain+barrier+for+Abeta(1-40)+peptides.">ABCG2 is upregulated in Alzheimer's brain with cerebral amyloid angiopathy and may act as a gatekeeper at the blood-brain barrier for Abeta(1-40) peptides.</a> J Neurosci. 29 (1-40), 5463-5475 (2009).</li><li>Woodward, O. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+urate+transporter,+ABCG2,+with+a+common+functional+polymorphism+causing+gout.">Identification of a urate transporter, ABCG2, with a common functional polymorphism causing gout.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106 (25), 10338-10342 (2009).</li><li>Huls, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+breast+cancer+resistance+protein+transporter+ABCG2+is+expressed+in+the+human+kidney+proximal+tubule+apical+membrane.">The breast cancer resistance protein transporter ABCG2 is expressed in the human kidney proximal tubule apical membrane.</a> Kidney Int. 73 (2), 220-225 (2008).</li><li>Nakanishi, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+5'+untranslated+region+variants+of+BCRP+mRNA+are+differentially+expressed+in+drug-selected+cancer+cells+and+in+normal+human+tissues:+implications+for+drug+resistance,+tissue-specific+expression,+and+alternative+promoter+usage.">Novel 5' untranslated region variants of BCRP mRNA are differentially expressed in drug-selected cancer cells and in normal human tissues: implications for drug resistance, tissue-specific expression, and alternative promoter usage.</a> Cancer Res. 66 (10), 5007-5011 (2006).</li><li>Ayoubi, T. A., Van De Ven, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+gene+expression+by+alternative+promoters.">Regulation of gene expression by alternative promoters.</a> FASEB J. 10 (4), 453-460 (1996).</li><li>Zong, Y., Zhou, S., Fatima, S., Sorrentino, B. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+mouse+Abcg2+mRNA+during+hematopoiesis+is+regulated+by+alternative+use+of+multiple+leader+exons+and+promoters.">Expression of mouse Abcg2 mRNA during hematopoiesis is regulated by alternative use of multiple leader exons and promoters.</a> J Biol Chem. 281 (40), 29625-29632 (2006).</li><li>Natarajan, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+characterization+of+the+major+alternative+promoter+regulating+Bcrp1/Abcg2+expression+in+the+mouse+intestine.">Identification and characterization of the major alternative promoter regulating Bcrp1/Abcg2 expression in the mouse intestine.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. 1809 (7), 295-305 (2011).</li><li>Promega. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Wizard&#174; SV Gel and PCR Clean-Up System - INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE OF PRODUCT. , (2009).</li><li>New_England_Biolabs. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Quick Ligation Kit Protocol - M2200S. , (2014).</li><li>Roche. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> XtremeGENE HP DNA Transfection Reagent Protocol - Manual version 1.0). , (2010).</li><li>Promega. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Quick Protocol for the use of the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay. , (2009).</li><li>Carninci, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+transcriptional+landscape+of+the+mammalian+genome.">The transcriptional landscape of the mammalian genome.</a> Science. 309 (5740), 1559-1563 (2005).</li><li>VanBuren, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assembly,+verification,+and+initial+annotation+of+the+NIA+mouse+7.4K+cDNA+clone+set.">Assembly, verification, and initial annotation of the NIA mouse 7.4K cDNA clone set.</a> Genome Res. 12 (12), 1999-2003 (2002).</li><li>Bonaldo, M. 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The majority of the methods and representative results presented are described in previous work entitled &#34;Bcrp1 transcription in mouse testis is controlled by a promoter upstream of a novel first exon (E1U) regulated by steroidogenic factor-1,&#34; which was published in 20135. In addition to the representative results depicted here, the previous paper provided estimates of alternative first exon utilization using 5&#39;-RACE PCR and RT-PCR methodology. Furthermore, in-silico identificati...

More than half of human genes are regulated by alternative promoters1. Each alternative promoter can contain regulatory elements that may be different from those in other alternative promoters. The promoter(s) utilized in one tissue may differ from those used in another tissue. For example, it is possible that activation of a given signaling pathway may trigger the alternative promoter for a gene utilized in one tissue, yet have no effect on or repress a separate alternative promoter for the same gene that is utilized in another tissue.
Expression of the Bcrp1 gene is governed by alternative promoters. Bcrp1 is the murine orthologue of the human Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP) gene. BCRP is an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, formally designated ABCG22,3. As an apical plasma membrane protein, BCRP/Bcrp1 functions to efflux a wide variety of natural and xenobiotic substrates3,4. In humans and mice, BCRP/Bcrp1 is highly expressed in pharmacologically relevant organs such as liver (bile canaliculi), intestine, and kidney, as well as organs with blood-tissue barriers such as placenta, brain and testis2,5-12. Expression of BCRP/Bcrp1 in hematopoietic and other stem cells, including cancer stem cells, may confer resistance of these cells to xenobiotics and cancer chemotherapeutic drugs3.
In early work to understand the regulation of BCRP expression in normal and neoplastic cells, 5&#39; rapid amplification of cDNA ends (5&#39;-RACE) analysis of BCRP mRNA was performed to determine its exact transcriptional start site13. Not only were multiple transcriptional start sites found; also encountered were three alternative forms of the first exon, which in BCRP is untranslated. These alternative first exons&#160;&#8212; designated E1a, E1b, E1c &#8212; were expressed differently in a variety of human tissues. Two additional first exon variants were discovered in a BLAST search of the human EST database using the second exon of BCRP13. Four matches revealed a first exon &#62;70 kb upstream from exon 2 which were designated E1u; four other matches revealed BCRP mRNA that lacked a first exon entirely, which were designated E1-13. The presence of alternative leader exons is considered to be a manifestation of alternative promoter usage14.
In mice, four alternative first exons of Bcrp1 are described that may correspond to alternative promoters that govern Bcrp1 transcription in different mouse tissues; these exons/promoters are designated E1U, E1A, E1B and E1C, and are located approximately 70, 58, 15, and 5 kb upstream from Bcrp1 exon 25,15. The E1A mRNA isoform was found to be predominant in murine hematopoietic stem cells, heart, lung, spleen, and brain, whereas the E1B isoform was expressed in mouse intestine, fetal liver cells, and erythroid precursor cells in bone marrow5,15. The promoter upstream from E1B was shown to be the major alternative promoter governing Bcrp1 transcription in mouse intestine, regulated at least in part, by phospho-cyclic-AMP response element binding protein (p-CREB) and a CREB response element unique to that alternative Bcrp1 promoter16. The E1C mRNA isoform is predominantly expressed in adult murine liver and kidney5. The E1U isoform is undetectable in most tissues tested except for murine testis, where it is the predominant isoform expressed5. Bcrp1 expressed in rat testes is found in both somatic (endothelial tight junctions, peritubular myoid cells, and Sertoli cells) and germ cells (in the seminiferous endothelium, where it may protect late-stage spermatids4). The region upstream from E1U contains a functional response element for steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1)5. Bcrp1 mRNA and protein are markedly reduced in the testes of Sertoli cell-specific SF-1 knockout mice, suggesting that Bcrp1 expression in murine Sertoli cells is controlled by SF-15.
The protocols presented detail methods to detect alternative first exons of Bcrp1 in-silico, and to establish luciferase-based reporter assays for putative promoters upstream from the alternative first exons identified.

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			<td>5&#39;-RACE PCR kit</td>
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			<td>Includes the pGL3-basic empty reporter vector (firefly luciferase), pRLTK renilla luciferase expressing vector, and other control vectors.</td>
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			<td>pGL3-basic luciferase containing vector</td>
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			<td>pRL-TK Renilla luciferase expressing vector</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
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			<td>Bacterial artificial chromosome</td>
			<td>BACPAC Resources Center, Children&#8217;s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA</td>
			<td>RP23-285A12 and RP24-314E24</td>
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			<td>Wizard&#174; SV Gel and PCR Clean-Up System&#160;</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
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			<td>Useful for purifying PCR products following digestion with restriction endonucleases</td>
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			<td>SOFTWARE:</td>
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			<td></td>
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			<td>Ensembl software</td>
			<td>Ensembl project</td>
			<td>http://Ensembl.org&#160;</td>
			<td>The Ensembl project produces genome databases for vertebrates and other eukaryotic species, and makes this information freely available online.</td>
		</tr>
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			<td>Blast software</td>
			<td>NCBI</td>
			<td>http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?CMD= 
			Web&#38;PAGE_TYPE=BlastHome</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Primer 3 software</td>
			<td>Simgene</td>
			<td>http://simgene.com/Primer3</td>
			<td>Useful for designing primers for 5&#39;-RACE PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NCBI Nucleotide database</td>
			<td>NCBI</td>
			<td>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company&#160;</td>
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			<td>CELL LINES:</td>
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			<td>TM4 murine Sertoli cells</td>
			<td>ATCC, Manassas, Virginia</td>
			<td>CRL-1715&#8482;</td>
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			<td>Luminometer</td>
			<td>Turner Biosystems</td>
			<td>TD-20/20</td>
			<td>This is a relatively inexpensive, manually operated luminometer. Automated systems are also available from the same manufacturer that utilize 96 well plates.</td>
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			<td>NanoDrop spectrophotometers</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td>NanoDrop 2000</td>
			<td>Spectrophotometer can use very small quantities of sample</td>
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			<td>DU 800 UV/VIS spectrophotometer and Nucleic Acid Analysis II software</td>
			<td>BeckmanCoulter Inc, Fullerton, CA</td>
			<td>DU 800</td>
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</table>

methods to discover alternative promoter usage and transcriptional regulation of murine bcrp1

Gene expression in different tissues is often controlled by alternative promoters that result in the synthesis of mRNA with unique &#8212; usually untranslated &#8212; first exons. Bcrp1 (Abcg2), the murine orthologue of the ABC transporter Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP, ABCG2), has at least four alternative promoters that are designated by the corresponding four alternative first exons produced: E1U, E1A, E1B, and E1C. Herein, in-silico protocols are presented to predict alternative promoter usage for Bcrp1. Furthermore, reporter assay methods are described to produce reporter constructs for alternative promoters and to determine the functionality of putative promoters upstream of the alternative first exons that are identified.

Identification of Bcrp1 alternative promoter utilization in mouse testis by analysis of leader exons
When the EST database at NCBI was probed (April 2015) using the steps outlined in Protocol 1, the ESTs found that were contiguous with the 5&#39; end of exon 2 in Bcrp1 mRNA are shown in Table 1, along with their position in genomic DNA relative...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods to Discover Alternative Promoter Usage and Transcriptional Regulation of Murine Bcrp1 at JoVE.com

Methods to Discover Alternative Promoter Usage and Transcriptional Regulation of Murine Bcrp1

With the murine ABC transporter Bcrp1 (Abcg2) as an example, in-silico protocols are presented to detect alternative promoter usage in genes expressed in mouse tissues, and to evaluate the functionality of the alternative promoters identified using reporter assays.

Gene expression in different tissues is often controlled by alternative promoters that result in the synthesis of mRNA with unique &#8212; usually ...

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Generation of Plasmid Vectors Expressing FLAG-tagged Proteins Under the Regulation of Human Elongation Factor-1ÃƒÅ½Ã‚Â± Promoter Using Gibson Assembly

Gibson assembly (GA) cloning offers a rapid, reliable, and flexible alternative to conventional DNA cloning methods. We used GA to create customized ...

Methods to Classify Cytoplasmic Foci as Mammalian Stress Granules

Cells are often challenged by sudden environmental changes. Stress Granules (SGs), cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein complexes that form in cells exposed to ...

Plant Promoter Analysis: Identification and Characterization of Root Nodule Specific Promoter in the Common Bean

The upstream sequences of gene coding sequences are termed as promoter sequences. Studying the expression patterns of promoters are very significant in ...