Name: generation of esc-derived mouse airway epithelial cells using decellularized lung scaffolds
Uploaded: 2016-05-05T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of ESC-derived Mouse Airway Epithelial Cells Using Decellularized Lung Scaffolds at JoVE.com

We wish to thank Dr. Rossant and Dr. Bilodeau for the Nkx2-1mcherry ESC used in experiments depicted in Figures 1-3. FACS was performed in The SickKids-UHN Flow Cytometry Facility. This work was supported by operating grants from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research and an infrastructure grant (CSCCD) from the Canadian Foundation of Innovation.

Animal experiments were carried out in accordance with the Animal Care Committee guidelines of the Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute.
1. Scaffold Preparation
<ol>
	<li>Decellularization of lungs
	<ol>
		<li>Euthanize adult Wistar rats using CO2 chamber. Place animal in the chamber and start 100% CO2 exposure at a fill rate of 10-30% of chamber volume per minute.
		<ol>
			<li>Observe animal for unconsciousness; this will occur after approximately 2-3 min. If unconsciousness does...

<ol>
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The protocol described here generates mature ESC-derived airway epithelia using only natural lung scaffolds to direct differentiation with no other supplementation. This culture setup is defined, serum-free, inexpensive, and reproducible. No growth factor supplementation of base differentiation media is required. Previously published methods for generating stem cell-derived lung epithelial cells have used 2-dimensional strategies with growth factor supplementation to promote lineage restriction3,4,8,18,19. The...

Directed differentiation of pluripotent cells to the lung lineage is dependent on precise signaling events in the microenvironment 1,2. Due to the dynamic nature of this process it has been challenging to mimic the precise events of lung organogenesis in vitro. Recent reports have used step-wise lineage restriction strategies with soluble growth factor supplementation of two-dimensional cultures to achieve lung differentiation3-8. In step-wise differentiation protocols, pluripotent cells, whether embryonic stem cells (ESC) or induced pluripotent stem cells, were first differentiated to the definitive endoderm germ layer. Endodermal cells were subsequently pushed to an anterior endoderm fate and thereafter to lung progenitor cells, as identified by the expression of homeodomain-containing transcription factor NKX2-1. These lung progenitors were further differentiated to proximal (airway) or distal (alveolar) lung epithelial cells with continued growth factor supplementation. Such 2-dimensional strategies have had some success in generating lung epithelial cells, however there are several limitations including unclear efficiencies, possible contamination from other endodermal lineages, lack of a 3-dimensional (3D) structure, and in some instances use of undefined cultures with serum supplementation. Culture of pluripotent or differentiated cells on decellularized lung scaffolds is increasingly used as an assay to assess the regenerative potential of seeded cells in forming lung epithelial structures3,5,6,8,9. Such reports culture seeded cells on scaffolds with continued growth factor or serum supplementation.
Lung development involves the division, migration, gene expression and differentiation of individual cells in response to environmental cues. The extra cellular matrix (ECM) is a latticework of glycoproteins that in addition to providing structural support, directs tissue morphogenesis by integrating and regulating these processes10,11. By using the lung ECM scaffold as a natural platform for endoderm culture to better mimic the in vivo lung developmental milieu, we have generated stem cell-derived airway epithelial cells in a defined 3D-culture setting with high efficiency and reproducibility.
Rat lung ECM scaffolds were generated by decellularization as well as mouse ESC-derived endodermal cells were generated and subsequently seeded onto these scaffolds. Dual expression of CXCR4 &#38; c-KIT proteins indicates a definitive endoderm cell identity and cells positive for both SOX2 &#38; NKX2-1 expression are identified as airway (proximal lung) progenitor cells. Definitive endoderm cells were cultured at air liquid interface (ALI) for up to three weeks to generate functional airway epithelial cells in vitro.
This protocol promotes lung lineage differentiation of definitive endoderm as early as 7 days, observed with the emergence of NKX2-1+/SOX2+ early proximal lung progenitors. By day 14 and 21 of culture mature airway epithelial cell populations emerge including ciliated (TUBB4A+), club (SCGB1A1+), and basal (TRP63+, KRT5+) cells with morphological and functional resemblance to native mouse airways. This protocol demonstrates the importance of the 3D-matrix microenvironment for achieving robust differentiation to airway epithelial cells.

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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:291px;">Reagents</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td style="width:168px;"></td>
			<td style="width:281px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">Perfusion solution</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">H0777</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">10U/mL heparin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:291px;">Perfusion solution</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Gibco</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:168px;">14170112</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">dissolved in Hank&#39;s balanced salt solution (HBSS-)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">Decellularization solution</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">BioShop</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">CHA003</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">8mM CHAPS&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">Decellularization solution</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">E9884</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">25mM EDTA&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">Decellularization solution</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">BioShop</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">SOD002</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">1M NaCl</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:291px;">Decellularization solution</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">14190-144</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">dissolved in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">Benzonase nuclease</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Novagen</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">70664-3</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">90U/mL Benzonase nuclease&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:291px;">Benzonase nuclease</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">14190-144</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">diluted in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:291px;">Antimicrobial solution&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Gibco</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:168px;">15140</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">200U/mL penicillin streptomycin&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">Antimicrobial solution&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Gibco</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:168px;">15290</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">25&#956;g/mL amphotericin B&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:291px;">Antimicrobial solution&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">14190-144</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">diluted in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:291px;">Trypsinization&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">12605-028</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">TrypLE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:291px;">Serum free differentiation media (SFDM)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">IMDM 2440-053, F12 11765-054</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">3:1 ratio of IMDM and Ham&#8217;s modified F12 medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:291px;">Serum free differentiation media (SFDM)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">12587-010</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">B27 supplement (50x dilution)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:291px;">Serum free differentiation media (SFDM)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">17502-048</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">N2 supplement (100x dilution)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:291px;">Serum free differentiation media (SFDM)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">15260-037</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">0.05% (Fraction V) bovine serum albumin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">Serum free differentiation media (SFDM)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">35050-061</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">200mM Glutamax&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">Serum free differentiation media (SFDM)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">M6145</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">4&#956;M monothioglycerol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:291px;">Serum free differentiation media (SFDM)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">A4403&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">0.05mg/mL ascobic acid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:291px;">Endoderm induction</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">R&#38;D</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">338-AC/CF</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Activin A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:291px;">Antibodies</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td style="width:168px;"></td>
			<td style="width:281px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">CDH1</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:168px;">610181</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Mouse, non-conjugated, 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">C-KIT</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:168px;">558163</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Rat, PE-Cy7, 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">CXCR4</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:168px;">558644</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Rat, APC, 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">KRT5</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">ab24647</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Rabbit, non-conjugated, 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">NKX2-1</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">ab76013</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Rabbit, non-conjugated, 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">Laminin</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Novus Biologicals</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">NB300-144</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Rabbit, non-conjugated, 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">SCGB1A1</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Santa Cruz</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">sc-9772&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Goat, non-conjugated, 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">SOX2</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">AF2018&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Goat, non-conjugated, 1:400</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">TRP63</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Santa Cruz</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">sc-8431</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Mouse, non-conjugated, 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">TUBB4A</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">BioGenex</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">MU178-UC</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Mouse, non-conjugated, 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">Goat IgG&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">A-11055</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Donkey, Alexa Fluor 488, 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">Mouse IgG&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">A-21202</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Donkey, Alexa Fluor 488, 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">Mouse IgG&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">A-31571</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Donkey, Alexa Fluor 647, 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">Rabbit IgG&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">A-21206</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Donkey, Alexa Fluor 488, 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:291px;">Rabbit IgG&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">A-31573</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Donkey, Alexa Fluor 647, 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:291px;">Other Materials</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td style="width:168px;"></td>
			<td style="width:281px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Low adherent plates</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Nunc</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Z721050&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:281px;">Low cell binding plates,&#160; 6 wells&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Air-liquid interface membranes&#160;</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td align="right">110614</td>
			<td>Hydrophobic Nucleopore membrane, 8&#956;m pore size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vibratome</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>VT1200S&#160;</td>
			<td>Leica Vibratome</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Tissue Adhesive</td>
			<td>Ted Pella</td>
			<td align="right">10033</td>
			<td>Pelco tissue adhesive</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of esc-derived mouse airway epithelial cells using decellularized lung scaffolds

Lung lineage differentiation requires integration of complex environmental cues that include growth factor signaling, cell-cell interactions and cell-matrix interactions. Due to this complexity, recapitulation of lung development in vitro to promote differentiation of stem cells to lung epithelial cells has been challenging. In this protocol, decellularized lung scaffolds are used to mimic the 3-dimensional environment of the lung and generate stem cell-derived airway epithelial cells. Mouse embryonic stem cell are first differentiated to the endoderm lineage using an embryoid body (EB) culture method with activin A. Endoderm cells are then seeded onto decellularized scaffolds and cultured at air-liquid interface for up to 21 days. This technique promotes differentiation of seeded cells to functional airway epithelial cells (ciliated cells, club cells, and basal cells) without additional growth factor supplementation. This culture setup is defined, serum-free, inexpensive, and reproducible. Although there is limited contamination from non-lung endoderm lineages in culture, this protocol only generates airway epithelial populations and does not give rise to alveolar epithelial cells. Airway epithelia generated with this protocol can be used to study cell-matrix interactions during lung organogenesis and for disease modeling or drug-discovery platforms of airway-related pathologies such as cystic fibrosis.

As outlined in this protocol, robust differentiation of definitive endoderm to mature airway epithelial cells can be achieved using extended culture of seeded cells on decellularized lung scaffold sections. It is recommended that decellularized scaffolds be characterized to ensure (1) host cells are completely removed, and (2) extracellular matrix proteins are preserved prior to using scaffolds for differentiation. Decellularization can be assessed using tissue staining with hematoxylin a...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of ESC-derived Mouse Airway Epithelial Cells Using Decellularized Lung Scaffolds at JoVE.com

Generation of ESC-derived Mouse Airway Epithelial Cells Using Decellularized Lung Scaffolds

This protocol efficiently directs mouse embryonic stem cell-derived definitive endoderm to mature airway epithelial cells. This differentiation technique uses 3-dimensional decellularized lung scaffolds to direct lung lineage specification, in a defined, serum-free culture setting.

Lung lineage differentiation requires integration of complex environmental cues that include growth factor signaling, cell-cell interactions and ...

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