Name: generation of 3d whole lung organoids from induced pluripotent stem cells for modeling lung developmental biology and disease
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of 3D Whole Lung Organoids from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Modeling Lung Developmental Biology and Disease at JoVE.com

This research was supported by the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM)&#160;&#160;(DISC2-COVID19-12022).

This study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of UCSD&#39;s Human Research Protections Program (181180).
1. Definitive endoderm induction from induced pluripotent stem cells (Day 1 - 3)
<ol>
	<li>Slowly thaw growth factor reduced (GFR)-basement membrane (BM) matrix medium on ice 30 minutes prior to use. In cold DMEM/F12, mixture, dilute the GFR BM matrix medium 1:1 such that it constitutes 50% of this medium. Place P1000 pipette tips in the freezer to chill prior to use....

<ol>
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The successful differentiation of 3D whole lung organoids (WLO) relies on a multi-step, 6-week protocol with attention to detail, including time of exposure to growth factors and small molecules, cellular density after passaging, and the quality of hiPSCs. For troubleshooting, see Table 2. hiPSCs should be approximately 70%-80% confluent, with less than 5% spontaneous differentiation prior to dissociation. This protocol calls for &#34;mTeSR plus&#34; medium; however,&#160; plain &#34;mTeSR&#34; medium&#1...

The lung is a complicated, heterogeneous, dynamic organ that develops in six distinct stages - embryonic, pseudoglandular, canalicular, saccular, alveolar, and microvascular maturation1,2. The latter two phases occur pre and postnatally in human development while the first four stages occur exclusively during fetal development unless preterm birth occurs3. The embryonic phase begins in the endodermal germ layer and concludes with the budding of the trachea and lung buds. Lung development occurs in part via signaling between the epithelial and mesenchymal cells4. These interactions result in lung branching, proliferation, cellular fate determination and cellular differentiation of the developing lung. The lung is divided into conducting zones (trachea to the terminal bronchioles) and respiratory zones (respiratory bronchioles to the alveoli). Each zone contains unique epithelial cell types; including basal, secretory, ciliated, brush, neuroendocrine, and ionocyte cells in the conducting airway5, followed by alveolar type I and II cells in the respiratory epithelium6. Much is still unknown about the development and response to injury of the various cell types. iPSC derived lung organoid models enable the study of mechanisms that drive human lung development, the effects of genetic mutations on pulmonary function, and the response of both the epithelium and mesenchyme to infectious agents without the need for primary human lung tissue.
Markers corresponding to the various stages of embryonic differentiation include CXCR4, cKit, FOXA2, and SOX17 for definitive endoderm (DE)7, FOXA2, TBX1, and SOX2 for anterior foregut endoderm (AFE)8, and NKX2-1 for early lung progenitor cells9. In embryonic lung development, the foregut divides into the dorsal esophagus and ventral trachea. The buds of the right and left lungs appear as two independent outpouchings around the tracheal bud10. During branching morphogenesis, the mesenchyme surrounding the epithelium produces elastic tissue, smooth muscle, cartilage, and vasculature11. The interaction between the epithelium and mesenchyme is essential for normal lung development. This includes the secretion of FGF1012 by the mesenchyme and SHH13 produced by the epithelium.
Here, we describe a protocol for the directed differentiation of hiPSCs into three-dimensional (3D) whole lung organoids (WLO). While there are similar approaches that incorporate isolation of lung progenitor cells via sorting at the LPC stage to make alveolar-like14,15 (distal) organoids or airway16 (proximal) organoids, or generate ventral-anterior foregut spheroids to make human lung organoids expressing alveolar-cell and mesenchymal markers and bud tip progenitor organoids17, the strength of this method is the inclusion of both lung epithelial and mesenchymal cell types to pattern and orchestrate lung branching morphogenesis, maturation, and expansion in vitro.
This protocol uses small molecules and growth factors to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells through definitive endoderm, anterior foregut endoderm, and lung progenitor cells. These cells are then induced into 3D whole lung organoids through important developmental steps, including branching and maturation. The summary of the differentiation protocol is shown in Figure 1a with representative brightfield images of endodermal and organoid differentiation shown in Figure 1b. Figure 1c,d show the gene expression details of endodermal differentiation as well as the gene expression of both the proximal and distal populations of lung epithelial cells after completing the differentiation.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Culture</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12 well plates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3512</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12-well inserts, 0.4um, translucent</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10769-208</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M3148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Accutase</td>
			<td>Innovative Cell Tech</td>
			<td>AT104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ascorbic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A4544</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27 without retinoic acid</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>12587010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA) Fraction V, 7.5% solution</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15260-037</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dispase</td>
			<td>StemCellTech</td>
			<td>7913</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10565042</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10082139</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamax</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ham&#8217;s F12</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11765-054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15630-080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iscove&#8217;s Modified Dulbecco&#8217;s Medium (IMDM) + Glutamax</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>31980030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Knockout Serum Replacement (KSR)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10828028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354230</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monothioglycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M6145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mTeSR plus Kit (10/case)</td>
			<td>Stem Cell Tech</td>
			<td>5825</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N2</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>17502048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NEAA</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11140050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pen/strep</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>17-602F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ReleSR</td>
			<td>Stem Cell Tech</td>
			<td>5872</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI1640 + Glutamax</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>12633012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TrypLE</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12605-028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y-27632 (Rock Inhibitor)</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>1254/1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Growth Factors/Small Molecules</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Activin A</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>338-AC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>All-trans retinoic acid (RA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R2625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BMP4</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>314-BP/CF</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Br-cAMP</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>B5386</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CHIR99021</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab120890</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dexamethasone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D4902</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dorsomorphin</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>3093</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGF</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>236-EG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FGF10</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>345-FG/CF</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FGF7</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>251-KG/CF</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IBMX (3-Isobtyl-1-methylxanthine)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I5879</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SB431542</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>1614</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VEGF/PIGF</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>297-VP/CF</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primary antibodies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dilution rate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CXCR4-PE</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>FAB170P</td>
			<td>1:200 (F)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HOPX</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td>sc-398703</td>
			<td>0.180555556</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HTII-280</td>
			<td>Terrace Biotech</td>
			<td>TB-27AHT2-280</td>
			<td>0.145833333</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KRT5</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab52635</td>
			<td>0.180555556</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NKX2-1</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab76013</td>
			<td>0.25</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NKX2-1-APC</td>
			<td>LS-BIO</td>
			<td>LS-C264437</td>
			<td>1:1000 (F)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>proSPC</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab40871</td>
			<td>0.215277778</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SCGB3A2</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab181853</td>
			<td>0.25</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SOX2</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>MA1-014</td>
			<td>0.180555556</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SOX9</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>AF3075</td>
			<td>0.180555556</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPB (mature)</td>
			<td>7 Hills</td>
			<td>48604</td>
			<td>1: 1500 (F) 1:500 (W)a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPC (mature)</td>
			<td>LS Bio</td>
			<td>LS-B9161</td>
			<td>1:100 (F); 1:500 (W) a</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of 3d whole lung organoids from induced pluripotent stem cells for modeling lung developmental biology and disease

Human lung development and disease has been difficult to study due to the lack of biologically relevant in vitro model systems. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can be differentiated stepwise into 3D multicellular lung organoids, made of both epithelial and mesenchymal cell populations. We recapitulate embryonic developmental cues by temporally introducing a variety of growth factors and small molecules to efficiently generate definitive endoderm, anterior foregut endoderm, and subsequently lung progenitor cells. These cells are then embedded in growth factor reduced (GFR)-basement membrane matrix medium, allowing them to spontaneously develop into 3D lung organoids in response to external growth factors. These whole lung organoids (WLO) undergo early lung developmental stages including branching morphogenesis and maturation after exposure to dexamethasone, cyclic AMP and isobutylxanthine. WLOs possess airway epithelial cells expressing the markers KRT5 (basal), SCGB3A2 (club) and MUC5AC (goblet) as well as alveolar epithelial cells expressing HOPX (alveolar type I) and SP-C (alveolar type II). Mesenchymal cells are also present, including smooth muscle actin (SMA), and platelet-derived growth factor receptor A (PDGFR&#945;). iPSC derived WLOs can be maintained in 3D culture conditions for many months and can be sorted for surface markers to purify a specific cell population. iPSC derived WLOs can also be utilized to study human lung development, including signaling between the lung epithelium and mesenchyme, to model genetic mutations on human lung cell function and development, and to determine the cytotoxicity of infective agents.

24 hours after plating, day 1, iPSCs should be 50%-90% confluent. On day 2, DE should be 90%-95% confluent. During DE induction, it is common to observe significant cell death on day 4 but attached cells will retain a compact cobblestone morphology (Figure 2b). Discontinue differentiation if the majority of adherent cells detach and consider shortening exposure to DE media with activin A by 6-12 h. During AFE induction, cell death is minimal, and cells remain adherent, but will appear smalle...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of 3D Whole Lung Organoids from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Modeling Lung Developmental Biology and Disease at JoVE.com

Generation of 3D Whole Lung Organoids from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Modeling Lung Developmental Biology and Disease

The article describes step wise directed differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells to three-dimensional whole lung organoids containing both proximal and distal epithelial lung cells along with mesenchyme.

Human lung development and disease has been difficult to study due to the lack of biologically relevant in vitro model systems. Human induced pluripotent ...

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RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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