Name: experimental infection with listeria monocytogenes as a model for studying host interferon-&#947; responses
Uploaded: 2016-11-16T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Infection with Listeria monocytogenes as a Model for Studying Host Interferon-ÃŽÂ³ Responses at JoVE.com

Development of this protocol was supported by an operating grant from CIHR (MOP97807) to SED.

Safety Statement
This protocol describes infection of mice with live L. monocytogenes. The pathogen is handled safely under BSL2 conditions by trained personnel who are not immunocompromised. Immunocompromised people include pregnant women, the elderly and individuals who are HIV-infected or have chronic conditions that require treatment with immunosuppressive therapy. Personnel should don a protective lab coat or gown, gloves, mask, and eye protection while handling infected samples. T...

Here we describe a protocol of how to carry out a basic experimental infection with the EGD strain of L. monocytogenes25 in male or female C57BL/6J mice. This protocol was set up for the purpose of studying the effect of a novel small molecule IS001 on IFN-&#947; production by innate and adaptive lymphocytes in vivo31. By monitoring bacterial clearance and survival post-infection, insights were gained into how these changes in IFN-&#947; impacted the host&#39;s ability to control t...

IFN-&#947; is a cytokine that is crucial for mediating immunity against intracellular pathogens and for controlling tumor growth5. The importance of this cytokine in bacterial resistance is evident in the observation that humans with mutations in the IFN-&#947; signaling pathway are highly susceptible to infection with mycobacteria and salmonellae6. Similarly, mice deficient in either IFN-&#947; or the IFN-&#947; receptor exhibit defects in resistance to mycobacteria7-9 and other intracellular pathogens including L. monocytogenes10,11, Leishmania major12, Salmonella typhimurium13, and certain viruses11. In addition to combatting pathogens, IFN-&#947; plays a crucial role in host-defense against tumors14. Though higher production of IFN-&#947; is beneficial in the context of infection or cancer, prolonged production of this cytokine has been linked to the development of systemic autoimmunity15-17 and the acceleration of type I diabetes in the non-obese diabetic mouse model18.
The major sources of IFN-&#947; include NK cells, NKT cells, &#947;&#948; T cells, T helper 1 (Th1) cells, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)5,19,20. IFN-&#947; enhances both innate and adaptive immunity by: (1) up-regulating major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II expression, (2) increasing the expression of co-stimulatory molecules on antigen presenting cells, (3) enhancing macrophage phagocytosis and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and microbicidal factors (e.g., nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species), (4) promoting the differentiation of na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells into Th1 effector cells, (5) promoting antibody class switching to immunoglobulin (Ig)2a and IgG3 (in mouse), (6) inducing the production of chemokines to recruit immune cells to sites of infection, and (7) enhancing NK cell and CTL responses5,19. Given the crucial importance of IFN-&#947; in the host response to pathogens and tumors, recombinant IFN-&#947; has been tested as a treatment for various infections and malignancies (reviewed in19). However, because systemic administration of IFN-&#947; or the Th1 promoting cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12) is associated with side effects and dose-related toxicity19,21, there is interest in developing alternative strategies to increase IFN-&#947; production by immune cells. Development of new biologics and small molecules requires in vivo screening tools to test whether such agents increase IFN-&#947; production during an immune response and whether this translates into meaningful biological effects such as increases in animal survival.
Experimental infection of mice with the gram-positive bacterium L. monocytogenes has been an instrumental model for deciphering the role of IFN-&#947; in host-immunity against intracellular pathogens1,22. Infection of mice with the pathogen intravenously or intraperitoneally (i.p.) leads to the rapid dissemination of the bacteria to the spleen and liver, where they become internalized by resident macrophages and hepatocytes with peak bacterial loads in the spleen occurring between 3 and 4 days post-infection1,3,22. Production of IFN-&#947; by NK cells is important for macrophage activation and early resistance against the pathogen3; however at high infectious doses, production of IFN-&#947; can also be detrimental to pathogen clearance23. NKT cells are also a source of IFN-&#947; in the spleen and liver during early control of pathogens2,24 and this production has been shown to amplify IFN-&#947; production by other cell types including NK cells2. On the other hand, later-acting adaptive T lymphocytes, CD8+ T cells in particular, are important for mediating the clearance of the pathogen and providing protection against re-infection1,4,22.
This infection model has been attractive to researchers for a number of reasons (reviewed in1). First, infection with the pathogen is highly reproducible and induces a strong Th1 and cellular immune response. Secondly, during sublethal infection, bacterial load is concentrated in the liver and spleen where it can be easily measured. Thirdly, the pathogen can be safely handled under Biosafety Level 2 (BSL2) conditions. Fourthly, the organism and the immune response that it generates have been extensively characterized. Finally, a variety of mutant and genetically-modified strains have been developed that are available for use.
Described here is a basic protocol for inoculation of C57BL/6J mice with the EGD strain of L. monocytogenes25 and for measuring IFN-&#947; responses by NK, NKT, and adaptive lymphocytes post-infection. Also described is how to measure bacterial load in the spleen and liver after sublethal infection and to carry out survival studies after infection with a modified LD50 dose of the pathogen. Finally, representative data are shown of how this protocol can be used to screen the effect of new treatments on IFN-&#947; responses and mouse survival from L. monocytogenes infection.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="923">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">Brain Heart Infusion Broth, Modified</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">299070</td>
			<td style="width:273px;">any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Agar</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">214010</td>
			<td>any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">X100</td>
			<td>any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">1xPBS</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">D8537</td>
			<td>any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">TissueLyser II</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">85300</td>
			<td>any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">Ammonium Chloride (NH3Cl)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td>any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">KHCO3</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td>any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">Na2EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td>any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">RPMI 1640</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">22400089</td>
			<td>any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">Fetal Bovine Serum&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">12483</td>
			<td>Before use, heat-inactivate at 56 &#176;C for 30 min</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">L-glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">25030</td>
			<td>any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">Non-essential amino acids</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">11140</td>
			<td>any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">15140</td>
			<td>any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:353px;">GolgiStop Protein Transport Inhibitor (containing Monensin)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">554724</td>
			<td>Use 4 &#956;l in 6 ml cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:353px;">16% Paraformaledehye</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">15710</td>
			<td>Dilute to 4% PFA in ddH20 or 1xPBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:353px;">10 x Perm/Wash buffer</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">554723</td>
			<td>Dilute 10x in ddH20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">Fc block, Anti-Mouse CD16/CD32 Purified</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">14-0161</td>
			<td>Dilute 1:50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">Fixable Viability Dye eFluor 506</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">65-0866</td>
			<td>Dilute 1:1000 (we have also used viability dyes from Molecular Probes)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">anti-Mouse CD4-PE-Cy5 (GK1.5)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">15-0041</td>
			<td>Manufacturer recommends a certain test size; however this should be titrated before use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">anti-Mouse CD8-FITC (53-6.7)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">11-0081</td>
			<td>Manufacturer recommends a certain test size; however this should be titrated before use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">PBS57/mCD1d tetramer-APC</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">NIH Tetramer Core Facility</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Obtained as a gift from the facility</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">anti-Mouse TCR&#946;-PE-Cy7 (H56-597)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">25-5961</td>
			<td>Manufacturer recommends a certain test size; however this should be titrated before use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">anti-Mouse NKp46-APC-eFluor780 (29A1.4)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">47-3351</td>
			<td>Manufacturer recommends a certain test size; however this should be titrated before use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">anti-Mouse CD45 PE-Cyanine7 (30-F11)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">25-0451</td>
			<td>Manufacturer recommends a certain test size; however this should be titrated before use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">anti-Mouse IFN gamma-PE (XMG1.2)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">12-7311</td>
			<td>Manufacturer recommends a certain test size; however this should be titrated before use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">OneComp eBeads</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">01-1111</td>
			<td>Manufacturer recommends a certain test size; however this should be titrated before use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">Mouse IFN gamma ELISA kit</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td>88-7314</td>
			<td>Used for measuring the interferon gamma in the culture supernatant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">50 mL vented tubes for culture</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td>Used for culturing the bacteria, any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td>any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">bacterial petri dishes</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td>any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">2 ml cyrovials</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td>any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">UV spectrometer</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td>any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">safety engineered needles</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td>any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">C57BL6/J</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Jackson laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Stock#000664</td>
			<td>Order for arrival at 7 wks</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">Bleach</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td>For decontamination</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">70% Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td>For decontamination</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">Glass beads</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td>any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td>rotor, buckets, bucket covers.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td>any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">Sterile Glycerol</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td>any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">Pipette Tips</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td>any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">Pipette</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td>any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">Surgical instruments</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td>any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">70 micron strainers</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td>any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">3 ml syringe</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td>any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">Pipette gun</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td>any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">Filtration Units</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td>any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">Trypan Blue</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td>Dilute 1 to 9 in ddH20, any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">Hemocytometer</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td>any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">Round bottomed plates</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td>any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">FACs tubes</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">BD LSR II</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td>Any flow cytometer could be used for acquisition that has an appropriate laser configuration and filter set to discriminate the fluorochormes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">Flowjo software</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Treestar</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td>Used for data analysis. Other types of data analysis software will also be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">Multichannel pipettor (0-300 &#181;l)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td>Used for washing cells and adding antibodies during flow cytometry staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">Acetic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td>Used for washing glass beads, any brand should be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:353px;">Microbank Bacterial Preservation System</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Pro-lab Diagnositics</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td>Used as an alternative to glycerol stocks for long-term storage of bacteria</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

experimental infection with listeria monocytogenes as a model for studying host interferon-&#947; responses

L. monocytogenes is a gram-positive bacterium that is a cause of food borne disease in humans. Experimental infection of mice with this pathogen has been highly informative on the role of innate and adaptive immune cells and specific cytokines in host immunity against intracellular pathogens. Production of IFN-&#947; by innate cells during sublethal infection with L. monocytogenes is important for activating macrophages and early control of the pathogen1-3. In addition, IFN-&#947; production by adaptive memory lymphocytes is important for priming the activation of innate cells upon reinfection4. The L. monocytogenes infection model thus serves as a great tool for investigating whether new therapies that are designed to increase IFN-&#947; production have an impact on IFN-&#947; responses in vivo and have productive biological effects such as increasing bacterial clearance or improving mouse survival from infection. Described here is a basic protocol for how to conduct intraperitoneal infections of C57BL/6J mice with the EGD strain of L. monocytogenes and to measure IFN-&#947; production by NK cells, NKT cells, and adaptive lymphocytes by flow cytometry. In addition, procedures are described to: (1) grow and prepare the bacteria for inoculation, (2) measure bacterial load in the spleen and liver, and (3) measure animal survival to endpoints. Representative data are also provided to illustrate how this infection model can be used to test the effect of specific agents on IFN-&#947; responses to L. monocytogenes and survival of mice from this infection.

Figure 3 presents some typical flow cytometry staining of IFN-&#947; in splenic NK and NKT cells at 24 hr post-infection with 105 CFU of the pathogen. This figure also illustrates the gating strategy for the staining panel described in Table 2. Figure 4 shows some representative data that were obtained in one experiment where male mice were treated with the PPAR&#945; antagonist IS001 or vehicle control, infected with 105<...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Infection with Listeria monocytogenes as a Model for Studying Host Interferon-ÃŽÂ³ Responses at JoVE.com

Experimental Infection with Listeria monocytogenes as a Model for Studying Host Interferon-ÃƒÆ’Ã…Â½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â³ Responses

This protocol describes how to inoculate C57BL/6J mice with the EGD strain of Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) and to measure interferon-&#947; (IFN-&#947;) responses by natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, and adaptive T lymphocytes post-infection. This protocol also describes how to conduct survival studies in mice after infection with a modified LD50 dose of the pathogen.

Experimental Infection with Listeria monocytogenes as a Model for Studying Host Interferon-&#947; Responses

L. monocytogenes is a gram-positive bacterium that is a cause of food borne disease in humans. Experimental infection of mice with this pathogen has been ...

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Oral Transmission of Listeria monocytogenes in Mice via Ingestion of Contaminated Food

L. monocytogenes are facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens that cause food borne infections in humans. Very little is known about the ...

Use of Galleria mellonella as a Model Organism to Study Legionella pneumophila Infection

Use of Galleria mellonella as a Model Organism to Study Legionella pneumophila Infection

Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of a severe pneumonia named Legionnaires&#39; disease, is an important human pathogen that infects and ...

Imaging InlC Secretion to Investigate Cellular Infection by the Bacterial Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes

Imaging InlC Secretion to Investigate Cellular Infection by the Bacterial Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes

Bacterial intracellular  pathogens can be conceived as molecular tools to dissect cellular signaling  cascades due to their capacity to exquisitely ...

Porphyromonas gingivalis as a Model Organism for Assessing Interaction of Anaerobic Bacteria with Host Cells

Porphyromonas gingivalis as a Model Organism for Assessing Interaction of Anaerobic Bacteria with Host Cells

Anaerobic bacteria far outnumber aerobes in many human niches such as the gut, mouth, and vagina. Furthermore, anaerobic infections are common and ...

RNA Purification from Intracellularly Grown Listeria monocytogenes in Macrophage Cells

RNA Purification from Intracellularly Grown Listeria monocytogenes in Macrophage Cells

Analysis of the transcriptome of bacterial pathogens during mammalian infection is a valuable tool for studying genes and factors that mediate infection. ...