Name: examination of host phenotypes in gambusia affinis following antibiotic treatment
Uploaded: 2017-02-22T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Examination of Host Phenotypes in Gambusia affinis Following Antibiotic Treatment at JoVE.com

This project was partially funded by a FAST (Faculty and Student Team) Award to TPP and JMC from EURECA (Center for Enhancing Undergraduate Research Experiences and Creative Activities) at Sam Houston State University.

All animal experiments were conducted under approval of IACUC protocols, numbered 14-05-05-1018-3-01, 13-04-29-1018-3-01, and 14-04-17-1018-3-01.
1. Animal Collection, Handling, and Ethical Care
<ol>
	<li>Collect Gambusia affinis from the field site (identification guide at http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/Gambusia_affinis.htm) using a small dip net and place into 19 L buckets. Use visual inspection to identify species.</li>
	<li>Rest fish for 1 - 2 d&#160;in a bucket with pond water. Afterwards, transfer ...

<ol>
	<li>Panda, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short-Term+Effect+of+Antibiotics+on+Human+Gut+Microbiota.">Short-Term Effect of Antibiotics on Human Gut Microbiota.</a> PloS ONE. 9 (4), 95476 (2014).</li><li>Perez-Cobas, A. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gut+microbiota+disturbance+during+antibiotic+therapy:+a+multi-omic+approach.">Gut microbiota disturbance during antibiotic therapy: a multi-omic approach.</a> Gut. 62 (11), 1591-1601 (2013).</li><li>Theriot, C. M., Young, V. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbial+and+metabolic+interactions+between+the+gastrointestinal+tract+and+Clostridium+difficile+infection.">Microbial and metabolic interactions between the gastrointestinal tract and Clostridium difficile infection.</a> Gut Microbes. 5 (1), 86-95 (2014).</li><li>Buffie, C. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Precision+microbiome+reconstitution+restores+bile+acid+mediated+resistance+to+Clostridium+difficile.">Precision microbiome reconstitution restores bile acid mediated resistance to Clostridium difficile.</a> Nature. 517, 205-208 (2015).</li><li>Sekirov, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibiotic-Induced+Perturbations+of+the+Intestinal+Microbiota+Alter+Host+Susceptibility+to+Enteric+Infection.">Antibiotic-Induced Perturbations of the Intestinal Microbiota Alter Host Susceptibility to Enteric Infection.</a> Infect Immun. 76 (10), 4726-4736 (2008).</li><li>Looft, T., Allen, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Collateral+effects+of+antibiotics+on+mammalian+gut+microbiomes.">Collateral effects of antibiotics on mammalian gut microbiomes.</a> Gut Microbes. 3 (5), 463-467 (2012).</li><li>Magnadottir, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Innate+immunity+of+fish.">Innate immunity of fish.</a> Fish Shellfish Immunol. 20 (2), 137-151 (2006).</li><li>Gomez, D., Sunyer, J., Salinas, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mucosal+immune+system+of+fish:+the+evolution+of+tolerating+commensals+while+fighting+pathogens.">The mucosal immune system of fish: the evolution of tolerating commensals while fighting pathogens.</a> Fish Shellfish Immunol. 35 (6), 1729-1739 (2013).</li><li>Nunes, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+Effects+of+Tetracycline+Exposure+in+the+Freshwater+Fish+Gambusia+holbrooki:+Antioxidant+Effects,+Neurotoxicity+and+Histological+Alterations.">Acute Effects of Tetracycline Exposure in the Freshwater Fish Gambusia holbrooki: Antioxidant Effects, Neurotoxicity and Histological Alterations.</a> Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 68 (2), 331-381 (2014).</li><li>Fryxell, D. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sex+ratio+variation+shapes+the+ecological+effects+of+a+globally+introduced+freshwater+fish.">Sex ratio variation shapes the ecological effects of a globally introduced freshwater fish.</a> Proc Biol Sci. , 22 (2015).</li><li>Nunes, B., Miranda, M. T., Correia, A. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Absence+of+effects+of+different+types+of+detergents+on+the+cholinesterase+activity+and+histological+markers+of+mosquitofish+(Gambusia+holbrooki)+after+a+sub-lethal+chronic+exposure.">Absence of effects of different types of detergents on the cholinesterase activity and histological markers of mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) after a sub-lethal chronic exposure.</a> Environ Sci Pollu Res Int. , 1-8 (2016).</li><li>Leonard, A. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Skin+Microbiome+of+Gambusia+affinis+Is+Defined+and+Selective.">The Skin Microbiome of Gambusia affinis Is Defined and Selective.</a> Adv Microbiol. 4, 335-343 (2014).</li><li>Carlson, J. M., Hyde, E. R., Petrosino, J. F., Manage, A. B. W., Primm, T. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+host+effects+of+Gambusia+affinis+with+an+antibiotic-disrupted+microbiome.">The host effects of Gambusia affinis with an antibiotic-disrupted microbiome.</a> Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 178, 163-168 (2015).</li><li>Karsi, A., Gulsoy, N., Corb, E., Dumpala, P. R., Lawrence, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+bioluminescence-based+mutant+screening+strategy+for+identification+of+bacterial+virulence+genes.">High-throughput bioluminescence-based mutant screening strategy for identification of bacterial virulence genes.</a> Appl Environ Microbiol. 75 (7), 2166-2175 (2009).</li><li>Hawke, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Edwardsiellosis+caused+by+Edwardsiella+ictaluri+in+Laboratory+Populations+of+Zebrafish+Danio+rerio.">Edwardsiellosis caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri in Laboratory Populations of Zebrafish Danio rerio.</a> J Aquat Anim Health. 25 (3), 171-183 (2013).</li><li>Petrie-Hanson, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+Zebrafish+Danio+rerio+as+a+Model+for+Enteric+Septicemia+of+Catfish+(ESC).">Evaluation of Zebrafish Danio rerio as a Model for Enteric Septicemia of Catfish (ESC).</a> J Aquat Anim Health. 19 (3), 151-158 (2007).</li><li>Fultz, R. S., Primm, T. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Laboratory+Module+for+Host-Pathogen+Interactions:+America's+Next+Top+Model.">A Laboratory Module for Host-Pathogen Interactions: America's Next Top Model.</a> J. Microbiol. Biol. Educ. 11, (2010).</li><li>Uliano, E., Cataldi, M., Carella, F., Migliaccio, O., Iaccarino, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+acute+changes+in+salinity+and+temperature+on+routine+metabolism+and+nitrogen+excretion+in+gambusia+(Gambusia+affinis)+and+zebrafish+(Danio+rerio).">Effects of acute changes in salinity and temperature on routine metabolism and nitrogen excretion in gambusia (Gambusia affinis) and zebrafish (Danio rerio).</a> Comp Biochem Physiol A. 157, 283-290 (2010).</li><li>Shotts, E. B., Waltman, W. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+medium+for+the+selective+isolation+of+Edwardsiella+ictaluri.">A medium for the selective isolation of Edwardsiella ictaluri.</a> J Wildl Dis. 26, 214-218 (1990).</li><li>Under animal toxicity studies, sodium chloride entry. TOXNET - Hazardous Substances Data Bank Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/">https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/</a> (2016)</li><li>Under animal toxicity studies, sodium nitrate entry. TOXNET - Hazardous Substances Data Bank Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/">https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/</a> (2016)</li><li>Under animal toxicity studies, sodium nitrite entry. TOXNET - Hazardous Substances Data Bank Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/">https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/</a> (2016)</li><li>Vilz, T. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+Assessment+of+Intestinal+Motility+and+Gut+Wall+Inflammation+in+Rodents:+Analyses+in+a+Standardized+Model+of+Intestinal+Manipulation.">Functional Assessment of Intestinal Motility and Gut Wall Inflammation in Rodents: Analyses in a Standardized Model of Intestinal Manipulation.</a> J Vis Exp. (67), e4086 (2012).</li><li>Katoh, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=International+Harmonization+of+Laboratory+Animals.">International Harmonization of Laboratory Animals.</a> National Research Council (US) International Committee of the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research. Microbial Status and Genetic Evaluation of Mice and Rats: Proceedings of the 1999 US/Japan Conference. , (2000).</li></ol>

Some challenges require a rest period in clean APW after antibiotic treatment for the drug to be depleted in fish tissues. If the rest period is skipped then antibiotic presence can confound the results, especially when the assay involves exposure to bacteria. In order to examine effects from an altered microbiome composition without large changes in the total number of microbes on the host, preliminary experiments monitoring microbiome composition (16S profiling or whole genome sequencing) and population density (16S qu...

It has been established that antibiotics can disrupt the human microbiome leading to dysbiosis, meaning a microbial community imbalance. The microbiota&#39;s compositional alteration after antibiotic treatments has been shown to lower the community&#39;s diversity, reduce key members, and alter community metabolism, especially in the gut1,2. Antibiotic disturbance of the gut microbiome can reduce colonization resistance to Clostridium difficile3,4 and Salmonella5.
Additionally, the disruption of the microbiota has been linked to the development of many syndromes and diseases in humans (e.g., antibiotic-associated enterocolitis, inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic disorders, etc.). Antibiotics are also widely implemented in agriculture as growth promoters in livestock and poultry production6. The usage of these powerful tools is not without collateral effects, which is evident in the rapid rise of antibiotic resistance, as well as the effects of a disrupted microbiome has with its inhabited host. Many studies have shown that broad-spectrum antibiotic usage has long lasting consequences to the structure and function of the microbiota, yet the side effects from an antibiotic-disrupted microbiome impacting host physiology are only speculations which have yet to be supported.
The interplay between host, microbiota, and antibiotics is far from being understood in a concise manner. Therefore, a simple and more tractable model is advantageous to shedding light on the highly complex mammalian system. Mucosal surfaces in humans, including the gut, harbor the highest density and diversity of microbes, and also the most intimate microbe-host interactions. The mucosal skin microbiome of fish offers several advantages as a model system. The Teleostei (bony fish) is one of the earliest lineages to diverge within the Vertebrata meaning that teleosts have both innate and acquired immune systems that have co-evolved a relationship with commensal bacterial communities7. Fish skin shares many characteristics with type 1 mucosal surfaces of mammals, such as physiological functions, immunity components, and arrangement of mucus-producing cells8. The external location of the fish skin mucosal surface offers a microbiome easy to experimentally manipulate and sample.
The Western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis (G. affinis), is a model fish that has been used in the past for studying mating and toxicology9,10,11. Given the small size, population abundance in the wild as an invasive species, minimal care cost, and hardy nature, we have developed G. affinis as a mucosal microbiome model. Further, Gambusia share the physiology of giving birth to live young with viviparous mammals, which is uncommon in fish species. We completed the most extensive study at the time of fish skin normal microbiota using 16S profiling with Gambusia12. Further work demonstrated three negative effects on the host following disruption of the skin and gut microbiota using a broad-spectrum antibiotic13.
Five different effects were examined in the fish following antibiotic exposure. The most well established host benefit of the microbiome is competitive exclusion of pathogens. The fish pathogen Edwardsiella ictaluri is known to cause outbreaks of enteric septicemia in commercial catfish farms14. E. ictaluri has also been shown to lethally infect zebrafish15,16 and Gambusia17. A challenge with this pathogen from the water column can serve as a measure of exclusion. As a comparison to susceptibility to an individual pathogen, survival during exposure to a high density of mixed organisms was also carried out. Feces and organic-rich soil were used as commonly-encountered sources of microbial communities.
Another established role the bacterial gut community performs is nutrient processing and energy harvest, thus affecting the overall nutritional uptake for the host. As a gross measurement of nutrition, fish body weight was compared before and after one month of being fed a standard diet. Antibiotic-treated fish as an average lost weight while control fish on average gained weight over the month. The mechanism for this lack of weight gain is unclear. One possible contributing factor is transit time of food in the gut. A GI motility method was adapted from zebrafish (Adam Rich, SUNY Brockport, personal communication) to determine transit time. It has not yet been determined if antibiotic-treated fish have an altered transit time.
A common challenge experienced in the natural environment by all organisms, especially fish, is osmotic stress. Gambusia have been shown to quickly adapt when acutely stressed in high concentrations of salinity18. Surprisingly, fish with an antibiotic-altered microbiome exhibited lowered survival to a high salt stress. The mechanism for this novel phenotype is under investigation. Another common stress on aquatic animals, especially in aquaria, is toxic forms of nitrogen (ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite). Survival against nitrate was not significantly different between antibiotic-treated and control fish. The methods presented in this manuscript can be used with Gambusia or similar fish model organisms, such as zebrafish and medaka, to measure phenotypes in the fish following experimental manipulation.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="568">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:184px;">Rifampicin</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">Calbiochem</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">557303-1GM</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sodium Nitrate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:184px;">Fluorescein-labeled 70 kDa anionic dextran</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>D1823</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PBS tablets</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>6500-OP</td>
			<td>tablets dissolve in water to make phosphate-buffered saline</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

examination of host phenotypes in gambusia affinis following antibiotic treatment

The commonality of antibiotic usage in medicine means that understanding the resulting consequences to the host is vital. Antibiotics often decrease host microbiome community diversity and alter the microbial community composition. Many diseases such as antibiotic-associated enterocolitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and metabolic disorders have been linked to a disrupted microbiota. The complex interplay between host, microbiome, and antibiotics needs a tractable model for studying host-microbiome interactions. Our freshwater vertebrate fish serves as a useful model for investigating the universal aspects of mucosal microbiome structure and function as well as analyzing consequential host effects from altering the microbial community. Methods include host challenges such as infection by a known fish pathogen, exposure to fecal or soil microbes, osmotic stress, nitrate toxicity, growth analysis, and measurement of gut motility. These techniques demonstrate a flexible and useful model system for rapid determination of host phenotypes.

An overall schematic diagram of the experimental system used to study fish host effects from antibiotic exposure13 is represented in Figure 1A and includes the technique for extracting the skin (Figure 1B) and gut (Figure 1C) microbiomes from the fish. Three days was selected as the antibiotic period of exposure because previous data reveals that while the total skin culturable number drops early in treatment, it h...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Examination of Host Phenotypes in Gambusia affinis Following Antibiotic Treatment at JoVE.com

Examination of Host Phenotypes in Gambusia affinis Following Antibiotic Treatment

This study involves methods to reveal effects on a model fish host following alteration of the skin and gut microbiome communities&#160;composition by an antibiotic.

Examination of Host Phenotypes in Gambusia affinis Following Antibiotic Treatment

The commonality of antibiotic usage in medicine means that understanding the resulting consequences to the host is vital. Antibiotics often decrease host ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Examination of the Telomere G-overhang Structure in Trypanosoma brucei

Examination of the Telomere G-overhang Structure in Trypanosoma brucei

The telomere G-overhang structure has been identified in many eukaryotes including yeast, vertebrates, and Trypanosoma brucei. It serves as the substrate ...

Use of Artificial Sputum Medium to Test Antibiotic Efficacy Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Conditions More Relevant to the Cystic Fibrosis Lung

Use of Artificial Sputum Medium to Test Antibiotic Efficacy Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Conditions More Relevant to the Cystic Fibrosis Lung

There  is growing concern about the relevance of in vitro antimicrobial  susceptibility tests when applied to isolates of P. aeruginosa from  cystic ...

Systemic Bacterial Infection and Immune Defense Phenotypes in Drosophila Melanogaster

Systemic Bacterial Infection and Immune Defense Phenotypes in Drosophila Melanogaster

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is one of the premier model organisms for studying the function and evolution of immune defense. Many aspects of ...

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

Assessment of antibiotic action with new drug development directed towards anaerobic bacteria is difficult and technically demanding. To gain insight into ...

Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction-based Analyses of Murine Intestinal Microbiota After Oral Antibiotic Treatment

The gut microbiota has a central influence on human health. Microbial dysbiosis is associated with many common immunopathologies such as inflammatory ...

Quantitative Examination of Antibiotic Susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Aggregates Using ATP-utilization Commercial Assays and Live/Dead Staining

Quantitative Examination of Antibiotic Susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Aggregates Using ATP-utilization Commercial Assays and Live/Dead Staining

The emergence of antibiotic resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) is a worldwide health threat and highlights the need to identify individuals who fail ...

Human Colonoid Monolayers to Study Interactions Between Pathogens, Commensals, and Host Intestinal Epithelium

Human 3-dimensional (3D) enteroid or colonoid cultures derived from crypt base stem cells are currently the most advanced ex vivo model of the intestinal ...

In Vivo Assessment of Alveolar Macrophage Efferocytosis Following Ozone Exposure

Ozone (O3) is a criteria air pollutant that exacerbates and increases the incidence of chronic pulmonary diseases. O3 exposure is known to induce ...

Antibiotic Dereplication Using the Antibiotic Resistance Platform

One of the main challenges in the search for new antibiotics from natural product extracts is the re-discovery of common compounds. To address this ...

Analysis of SAMHD1 Restriction by Flow Cytometry in Human Myeloid U937 Cells

Sterile &#945;-motif/histidine-aspartate domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) inhibits replication of HIV-1 in quiescent myeloid cells. U937 cells are ...