Name: a bacterial oral feeding assay with antibiotic-treated mosquitoes
Uploaded: 2020-09-12T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Bacterial Oral Feeding Assay with Antibiotic-Treated Mosquitoes at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81902094, 81600497), and the Science and Technology Plan Project of Hunan Province (2019RS1036).

1. Midgut dissection and cultivable bacteria isolation
<ol>
	<li>Prepare the mosquito for dissection.
	<ol>
		<li>Collect the mosquitoes 7&#8211;9 days after emergence with an aspirator. Anesthetize the collected mosquitoes by subjecting them to a temperature of 4 &#176;C for 3&#8211;5 min and keep the mosquitoes anesthetized in an ice-cold Petri dish until dissection.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Sterilize laboratory instruments and the mosquito surface.
	<ol>
		<li>Sterilize the experimen...

<ol>
	<li>Tolle, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mosquito-borne+diseases.">Mosquito-borne diseases.</a> Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care. 39 (4), 97-140 (2009).</li><li>Wu, P., Yu, X., Wang, P., Cheng, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arbovirus+lifecycle+in+mosquito:+acquisition,+propagation+and+transmission.">Arbovirus lifecycle in mosquito: acquisition, propagation and transmission.</a> Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine. 21, 1 (2019).</li><li>Jayakrishnan, L., Sudhikumar, A. V., Aneesh, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+gut+inhabitants+on+vectorial+capacity+of+mosquitoes.">Role of gut inhabitants on vectorial capacity of mosquitoes.</a> Journal of Vector Borne Diseases. 55 (2), 69 (2018).</li><li>Jupatanakul, N., Sim, S., Dimopoulos, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+insect+microbiome+modulates+vector+competence+for+arboviruses.">The insect microbiome modulates vector competence for arboviruses.</a> Viruses. 6 (11), 4294-4313 (2014).</li><li>Moro, C. V., Tran, F. H., Raharimalala, F. N., Ravelonandro, P., Mavingui, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diversity+of+culturable+bacteria+including+Pantoea+in+wild+mosquito+Aedes+albopictus.">Diversity of culturable bacteria including Pantoea in wild mosquito Aedes albopictus.</a> BMC Microbiology. 13 (1), 70 (2013).</li><li>Chouaia, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+evidence+for+multiple+infections+as+revealed+by+typing+of+Asaia+bacterial+symbionts+of+four+mosquito+species.">Molecular evidence for multiple infections as revealed by typing of Asaia bacterial symbionts of four mosquito species.</a> Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 76 (22), 7444-7450 (2010).</li><li>Terenius, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Midgut+bacterial+dynamics+in+Aedes+aegypti.">Midgut bacterial dynamics in Aedes aegypti.</a> FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 80 (3), 556-565 (2012).</li><li>Bando, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intra-specific+diversity+of+Serratia+marcescens+in+Anopheles+mosquito+midgut+defines+Plasmodium+transmission+capacity.">Intra-specific diversity of Serratia marcescens in Anopheles mosquito midgut defines Plasmodium transmission capacity.</a> Scientific Reports. 3, 1641 (2013).</li><li>Telang, A., Skinner, J., Nemitz, R. Z., McClure, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metagenome+and+culture-based+methods+reveal+candidate+bacterial+mutualists+in+the+Southern+house+mosquito+(Diptera:+Culicidae).">Metagenome and culture-based methods reveal candidate bacterial mutualists in the Southern house mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae).</a> Journal of Medical Entomology. 55 (5), 1170-1181 (2018).</li><li>Wang, Y., Gilbreath, T. M., Kukutla, P., Yan, G., Xu, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+gut+microbiome+across+life+history+of+the+malaria+mosquito+Anopheles+gambiae+in+Kenya.">Dynamic gut microbiome across life history of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae in Kenya.</a> PloS One. 6 (9), (2011).</li><li>Xiao, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Mesh-Duox+pathway+regulates+homeostasis+in+the+insect+gut.">A Mesh-Duox pathway regulates homeostasis in the insect gut.</a> Nature Microbiology. 2 (5), 17020 (2017).</li><li>Gu&#233;gan, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short-term+impacts+of+anthropogenic+stressors+on+Aedes+albopictus+mosquito+vector+microbiota.">Short-term impacts of anthropogenic stressors on Aedes albopictus mosquito vector microbiota.</a> FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 94 (12), 188 (2018).</li><li>Valzania, L., Coon, K. L., Vogel, K. J., Brown, M. R., Strand, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia-induced+transcription+factor+signaling+is+essential+for+larval+growth+of+the+mosquito+Aedes+aegypti.">Hypoxia-induced transcription factor signaling is essential for larval growth of the mosquito Aedes aegypti.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (3), 457-465 (2018).</li><li>Coon, K. L., Vogel, K. J., Brown, M. R., Strand, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mosquitoes+rely+on+their+gut+microbiota+for+development.">Mosquitoes rely on their gut microbiota for development.</a> Molecular Ecology. 23 (11), 2727-2739 (2014).</li><li>de O Gaio, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+midgut+bacteria+to+blood+digestion+and+egg+production+in+Aedes+aegypti+(diptera:+culicidae)(L).">Contribution of midgut bacteria to blood digestion and egg production in Aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae)(L).</a> Parasites &amp; Vectors. 4 (1), 105 (2011).</li><li>Ramirez, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reciprocal+tripartite+interactions+between+the+Aedes+aegypti+midgut+microbiota,+innate+immune+system+and+dengue+virus+influences+vector+competence.">Reciprocal tripartite interactions between the Aedes aegypti midgut microbiota, innate immune system and dengue virus influences vector competence.</a> PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 6 (3), 1561 (2012).</li><li>Dong, Y., Morton, J. C., Ramirez, J. L., Souza-Neto, J. A., Dimopoulos, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+entomopathogenic+fungus+Beauveria+bassiana+activate+toll+and+JAK-STAT+pathway-controlled+effector+genes+and+anti-dengue+activity+in+Aedes+aegypti.">The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana activate toll and JAK-STAT pathway-controlled effector genes and anti-dengue activity in Aedes aegypti.</a> Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 42 (2), 126-132 (2012).</li><li>Anglero-Rodriguez, Y. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Aedes+aegypti-associated+fungus+increases+susceptibility+to+dengue+virus+by+modulating+gut+trypsin+activity.">An Aedes aegypti-associated fungus increases susceptibility to dengue virus by modulating gut trypsin activity.</a> Elife. 6, 28844 (2017).</li><li>Wu, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+gut+commensal+bacterium+promotes+mosquito+permissiveness+to+arboviruses.">A gut commensal bacterium promotes mosquito permissiveness to arboviruses.</a> Cell Host &amp; Microbe. 25 (1), 101-112 (2019).</li><li>M&#246;hlmann, T. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+gut+bacteria+on+the+infection+and+transmission+of+pathogenic+arboviruses+by+biting+midges+and+mosquitoes.">Impact of gut bacteria on the infection and transmission of pathogenic arboviruses by biting midges and mosquitoes.</a> Microbial Ecology. , (2020).</li><li>Llorca, M., Gros, M., Rodr&#237;guez-Mozaz, S., Barcel&#243;, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sample+preservation+for+the+analysis+of+antibiotics+in+water.">Sample preservation for the analysis of antibiotics in water.</a> Journal of Chromatography. A. 1369, 43-51 (2014).</li><li>Berendsen, B., Elbers, I., Stolker, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+the+stability+of+antibiotics+in+matrix+and+reference+solutions+using+a+straightforward+procedure+applying+mass+spectrometric+detection.">Determination of the stability of antibiotics in matrix and reference solutions using a straightforward procedure applying mass spectrometric detection.</a> Food Additives &amp; Contaminants: Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure &amp; Risk Assessment. 28 (12), 1657-1666 (2011).</li><li>Hill, C. L., Sharma, A., Shouche, Y., Severson, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+midgut+microflora+and+dengue+virus+impact+on+life+history+traits+in+Aedes+aegypti.">Dynamics of midgut microflora and dengue virus impact on life history traits in Aedes aegypti.</a> Acta Tropica. 140, 151-157 (2014).</li><li>Eng, M. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multifaceted+functional+implications+of+an+endogenously+expressed+tRNA+fragment+in+the+vector+mosquito+Aedes+aegypti.">Multifaceted functional implications of an endogenously expressed tRNA fragment in the vector mosquito Aedes aegypti.</a> PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 12 (1), 0006186 (2018).</li><li>Kajla, M. K., Barrett-Wilt, G. A., Paskewitz, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacteria:+A+novel+source+for+potent+mosquito+feeding-deterrents.">Bacteria: A novel source for potent mosquito feeding-deterrents.</a> Science Advances. 5 (1), 6141 (2019).</li><li>Gon&#231;alves, G. G. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+MALDI-TOF+MS+to+identify+the+culturable+midgut+microbiota+of+laboratory+and+wild+mosquitoes.">Use of MALDI-TOF MS to identify the culturable midgut microbiota of laboratory and wild mosquitoes.</a> Acta Tropica. 200, 105174 (2019).</li><li>Kuss, S. 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Research on host-microbe interactions have found that different gut microbes affect their host physiology via divergent mechanisms. This article introduces the method to investigate the respective role of mosquito gut microbe, including dissecting mosquito midgut, culturing cultivable gut bacteria, antibiotic treatment, and reintroducing the bacteria of interest.
For successful antibiotic treatment, the following details must be considered in conducting the experiment. In this protocol, mosqui...

Mosquitoes are considered to be the most important vectors of human pathogenic diseases, transmitting over a hundred pathogens including Zika virus, Dengue virus, and Plasmodium parasites1. When mosquitoes take a blood meal to acquire nutrients for oviposition, they can accidentally ingest pathogens from an infected host via the digestive tract2. Importantly, the mosquito midgut, which plays a pivotal role in both blood meal digestion and pathogen entrance, harbors a highly dynamic microbiome3.
Several studies have characterized lab-reared and field-collected mosquito microbiota using either a culture-dependent method or a bacteria sequencing assay4,5,6. Species including Pantoea, Serratia, Klebsiella, Elizabethkingia, and Enterococcus are commonly isolated from mosquitoes in various studies5,7,8,9. Interestingly, mosquito gut microbiota fluctuates dynamically in both the community diversity and the amount of bacteria species, affected by the development stage, species, geographical origin, and feeding behavior4. Studies show that blood feeding dramatically increases the total bacterial load with rapid expansion of species from Enterobacteriaceae and a reduction in overall diversity10,11. In addition, mosquito gut microbiota of the larval stage is usually eradicated when the insect undergoes metamorphosis during pupation and eclosion; thus, newly emerged adult mosquitoes need to repopulate their microbiota4.
Gut microbiota modulates insect physiology in various aspects, including nutrient absorption, immunity, development, reproduction, and vector competence12. Axenic mosquito larvae fail to develop beyond the first instar while a bacteria oral supply rescues development, indicating that the mosquito gut microbe is essential for larval development13,14. Besides, depletion of gut bacteria retards blood meal digestion and nutrient absorption, affects oocyte maturation, and decreases oviposition15. In addition, mosquitoes with gut microflora elicit higher immune responses compared to antibiotic-treated mosquitoes, with constantly elevated antimicrobial peptide expression against other pathogens to infect16. Antibiotics are usually orally administered to remove pan gut bacteria in these studies, and then experiments are conducted to compare the difference between axenic mosquitoes and mosquitoes with commensal microbes. However, the mosquito midgut harbors a diverse community of microbes, and each bacteria species could exert a distinct effect toward the host physiology.
Mosquito microbiota regulates vector competence with divergent effects. Colonization by Proteus isolated from field-derived mosquitoes of dengue-endemic areas confers upregulated antimicrobial peptide expression and resistance against dengue virus infection16. The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana activates the Toll and JAK-STAT immune pathway against arbovirus infection17. By contrast, the fungus Talaromyces isolated from Aedes aegypti midgut facilitates dengue virus infection by modulating gut trypsin activity18. In addition, Serratia marcescens promotes arbovirus transmission through a secretory protein called SmEnhancin, which digests the mucin layer on the intestinal epithelium of mosquitoes19.
This procedure provides a systematic and intuitive method for dissection of the mosquito midgut, isolation of cultivable bacteria colonies, identification of the bacteria species, and reintroduction via oral feeding. It provides representative results of blood feeding with a commensal bacterium, Chryseobacterium meningosepticum, on mosquito ovary development and oviposition.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr >
			<td >Adenosine 5&#8242;-triphosphate disodium salt hydrate</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >A2383</td>
			<td >Adenosine 5&#8242;-triphosphate disodium salt hydrate has been used to prepare adenosine triphosphate (ATP) standard solutions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Aedes aegypti</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Female mosquitoes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Anticoagulant tube</td>
			<td>BD Vacutainer</td>
			<td>363095</td>
			<td>Collect fresh blood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>F601620-0010</td>
			<td>1.5 ml, Natural, Graduated, Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Cotton balls</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Disposable Tissue Grinding Pestle</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>F619072-0001</td>
			<td>70 mm Long, Conical, Blue, Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Ethanol absolute</td>
			<td>Paini</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dilute it to 75% ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Forceps</td>
			<td>RWD</td>
			<td>F11029</td>
			<td>Dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Hemotek Membrane Feeding System</td>
			<td>Hemotek</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Components of the feeding system, including&#160; Hemotek temperature controller, feeder-housing assembly, metal feeder assembled.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Incubator shaker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>ZQZY-78AN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Inoculation Loops</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>F619312-0001</td>
			<td>10 &#956;l, Yellow</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >LB Agar Powder</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A507003</td>
			<td>Tryptone 10.0 g&#65307; Yeast Extract 5.0 g&#65307; NaCl 10.0 g&#65307; Agar 15.0 g.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >LB Broth Powder</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A507002</td>
			<td>Tryptone 10.0 g&#65307; Yeast Extract 5.0 g&#65307; NaCl 10.0 g.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Stemi508</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Paper cup</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Place mosquito</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Parafilm</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>F104002</td>
			<td>4 inx 125 ft</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Petri dish</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>F611203</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Penicillin G procaine salt hydrate</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A606248</td>
			<td>White powder. Soluble in water, soluble in methanol, slightly soluble in water, ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Single Channal Pipettor</td>
			<td>Gilson</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Streptomycin sulfate</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A610494</td>
			<td>Streptomycin sulfate is a glucosamine antibiotic that interferes with the synthesis of prokaryotic proteins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A502792</td>
			<td>Soluble in water, ethanol and methanol, slightly soluble in glycerol and pyridine.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >TIANamp Bacteria DNA Kit</td>
			<td>TIANGEN</td>
			<td>DP302</td>
			<td>Extract DNA&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Utility Fabric-Mosquito Netting White</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Vortex mixer</td>
			<td>Scintic Industries</td>
			<td>S1-0246</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >1.5ml EP tube</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>F600620</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >10X PBS buffer</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>E607016</td>
			<td>This product is a 10X solution. Please dilute it 10 times before use. The pH value is 7.4.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a bacterial oral feeding assay with antibiotic-treated mosquitoes

The mosquito midgut harbors a highly dynamic microbiome that affects the host metabolism, reproduction, fitness, and vector competence. Studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of gut microbes as a whole; however, different microbes could exert distinct effects toward the host. This article provides the methodology to study the effect of each specific mosquito gut microbe and the potential mechanism.
This protocol contains two parts. The first part introduces how to dissect the mosquito midgut, isolate cultivable bacteria colonies, and identify bacteria species. The second part provides the procedure to generate antibiotic-treated mosquitoes and reintroduce one specific bacteria species.

The midguts of mosquitoes treated with antibiotics and without antibiotics were taken out for DNA extraction, and qPCR was performed with universal bacterial primers. Figure 1 shows the expression of bacterial 16S rRNA in the control group and antibiotic treatment group. The results show that about 98% of the gut bacteria have been removed, and the gut sterilization of penicillin and streptomycin was successful.
With the methods described, bacteria strains were isolated and id...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Bacterial Oral Feeding Assay with Antibiotic-Treated Mosquitoes at JoVE.com

A Bacterial Oral Feeding Assay with Antibiotic-Treated Mosquitoes

This article presents a protocol to investigate the effect of individual mosquito gut bacteria, including isolation and identification of mosquito midgut cultivable microbes, antibiotic depletion of mosquito gut bacteria, and reintroduce one specific bacteria species.

The mosquito midgut harbors a highly dynamic microbiome that affects the host metabolism, reproduction, fitness, and vector competence. Studies have been ...

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Biology

Injection of An. stephensi Embryos to Generate Malaria-resistant Mosquitoes

The introduction of exogenous genes into the genomes of mosquitoes requires microinjection techniques tailored to the specific species of interest. This ...

Preventing the Spread of Malaria and Dengue Fever Using Genetically Modified Mosquitoes

In this candid interview, Anthony A. James explains how mosquito genetics can be exploited to control malaria and dengue transmission.   Population ...

Protocols for Oral Infection of Lepidopteran Larvae with Baculovirus

Baculoviruses are widely used both as protein expression vectors and as insect pest control agents. This video shows how lepidopteran larvae can be ...

RNAi-mediated Gene Knockdown and In Vivo Diuresis Assay in Adult Female Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

RNAi-mediated Gene Knockdown and In Vivo Diuresis Assay in Adult Female Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

This video protocol demonstrates an effective technique to knockdown a particular gene in an insect and conduct a novel bioassay to measure excretion ...

A Multi-detection Assay for Malaria Transmitting Mosquitoes

The Anopheles gambiae species complex includes the major malaria transmitting mosquitoes in Africa. Because these species are of such medical importance, ...

High-fat Feeding Paradigm for Larval Zebrafish: Feeding, Live Imaging, and Quantification of Food Intake

Zebrafish are emerging as a model of dietary lipid processing and metabolic disease. This protocol describes how to feed larval zebrafish a lipid-rich ...

Maintaining Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Infected with Wolbachia

Maintaining Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Infected with Wolbachia

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes experimentally infected with Wolbachia are being utilized in programs to control the spread of arboviruses such as dengue, ...

Oral Bacterial Infection and Shedding in Drosophila melanogaster

Oral Bacterial Infection and Shedding in Drosophila melanogaster

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is one of the best developed model systems of infection and innate immunity. While most work has focused on systemic ...

Protocols for Testing the Toxicity of Novel Insecticidal Chemistries to Mosquitoes

New classes of insecticides with novel modes of action are needed to control insecticide resistant populations of mosquitoes that transmit diseases such ...

Forced Salivation As a Method to Analyze Vector Competence of Mosquitoes

Vector competence is defined as the potential of a mosquito species to transmit a mosquito-borne virus (mobovirus) to a vertebrate host. Viable virus ...