Name: analysis of lymphocyte extravasation using an in vitro model of the human blood-brain barrier
Uploaded: 2017-04-05T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Lymphocyte Extravasation Using an In Vitro Model of the Human Blood-brain Barrier at JoVE.com

This study has been supported by the Collaborative Research Centre CRC TR128 "Initiating/Effector versus Regulatory Mechanisms in Multiple Sclerosis-Progress towards Tackling the Disease" (Project A9 to H.W. and C.C.G., project B1 to N.S.).

1. Cell Culture of Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HBMEC)
<ol>
	<li>Coating of cell culture flasks
	<ol>
		<li>To prepare the fibronectin solution, add 10 mL PBS to a 15 mL centrifuge tube. Add 150 &#181;L fibronectin and mix well.</li>
		<li>To cover the bottom a T-25 cell culture flask add 2 mL of the fibronectin solution. Incubate the cell culture flask for at least 3 h at 37 &#176;C in the incubator. Fibronectin coated flasks can be stored for 2 weeks at 37 &#176;C / 5% CO2.</li>
	</ol>
	</l...

Here we present a technique to investigate the transmigration of lymphocytes across the human blood-brain barrier. In vitro analysis of lymphocyte migration to the CNS is important to study basic processes of lymphocyte extravasation, potential disease-related alterations, and new therapeutic approaches.
Several modifications of the blood-brain barrier model are possible. For example, cells from the upper compartment could be analyzed to investigate the composition of the non-migrated...

Lymphocyte migration from the blood into tissues is crucial for immune surveillance. A sequence of specific molecular interactions ensures site specific extravasation into small intestine, skin, lymph nodes, the central nervous system (CNS), and other tissues1. Alterations in lymphocyte migration are involved in the pathophysiology of a number of wide spread diseases2. Migration into the immune-privileged CNS is tightly regulated and accordingly alterations of this process are involved in CNS-related diseases like encephalomyelitis3, neuromyelitis optica, stroke, and multiple sclerosis (MS)2,4,5,6,7. Therefore, it is important to study lymphocyte extravasation to better understand disease pathophysiology and to develop tools for amelioration of disease burden8,9,10,11,12.
Lymphocytes migrate into the CNS via distinct routes. Extravasation through postcapillary venules into the subarachnoid space via the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier within the choroid plexus and across the blood-brain barrier have been described1,13,14,15. Migration across the blood-brain barrier is conducted by the interaction of lymphocytes with endothelial cells14. In contrast to endothelial cells in the periphery, endothelial cells of the CNS express high amounts of tight junction molecules, thereby strictly limiting the amount of cells and proteins capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier16. Inflammation results in loosening of tight junctions and induces the expression of adhesion molecules; thus, enhancing lymphocyte migration into the CNS1,17,18.
Extravasation via the blood-brain barrier is a multistep process. Lymphocytes tether to the endothelial cells and then roll along the endothelium in a process mainly mediated by selectins1,15. Subsequently, interactions between chemokines secreted by the endothelium and the respective chemokine receptors expressed on lymphocytes induce conformational changes of integrins, thereby promoting firm adhesion to the endothelial cells1. Finally, lymphocytes either crawl along the endothelial barrier against the blood flow before transmigrating into the perivascular space, or stall immediately and directly transmigrate at the site of firm adhesion1,19,20. All these steps of lymphocyte extravasation can be analyzed in vitro using distinct techniques21. Time-lapse video microscopy is used to study the initial tethering and rolling15. Adhesion assays provide detailed information about firm arrest to endothelial barriers22. Transmigration assays as demonstrated here allow analysis of immune-cell transmigration21,23,24,25,26,27,28,29.
Using the human in vitro blood brain barrier model, we could recently show that a higher migratory capacity of CD56brightCD16dim/- NK cells compared to their CD56dimCD16+ counterparts was reflected by a predominance of this NK cell subset in the intrathecal compartment21. Thus, our experimental setup seems to be suitable to mimic the in vivo situation.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14190-094</td>
			<td>without CaCl2 or MgCl2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibronectin 1mg/mL</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F1141-5MG</td>
			<td>from bovine plasma</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T-25 cell culture flask</td>
			<td>Greiner BioOne</td>
			<td>690160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBMEC</td>
			<td>ScienCell</td>
			<td>1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>Pelobiotech</td>
			<td>PB-H-6023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Accutase</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A6964-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ECM-b</td>
			<td>ScienCell</td>
			<td>1001-b</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>ScienCell</td>
			<td>1001-b</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>ScienCell</td>
			<td>1001-b</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endothelial cell growth supplement</td>
			<td>ScienCell</td>
			<td>1001-b</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transwell</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3472</td>
			<td>clear, 6.5mm diameter, 3.0&#181;m pore size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well flat bottom plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3596</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Evans blue</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E2129-10G</td>
			<td>stock solution: 1 g/50 mL PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>17504-044</td>
			<td>50x concentrated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infinite M200Pro</td>
			<td>Tecan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well black flat bottom plate</td>
			<td>Greiner BioOne</td>
			<td>675086</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>48-well plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3526</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>61870-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow Count Fluorospheres</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>7547053</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na-EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E5134</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A2153</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gallios 10-color flow cytometer</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kaluza 1.5a</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TNF-&#945;</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>300-01A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IFN-&#947;</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>300-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD3-PerCP/Cy5.5</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>300430</td>
			<td>clone UCHT1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD56-PC7</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>A21692</td>
			<td>clone N901</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD16-A750</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>A66330</td>
			<td>clone 3G8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD4-FITC</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>300506</td>
			<td>clone RPA-T4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD8-A700</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>A66332</td>
			<td>clone B9.11</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analysis of lymphocyte extravasation using an in vitro model of the human blood-brain barrier

Lymphocyte extravasation into the central nervous system (CNS) is critical for immune surveillance. Disease-related alterations of lymphocyte extravasation might result in pathophysiological changes in the CNS. Thus, investigation of lymphocyte migration into the CNS is important to understand inflammatory CNS diseases and to develop new therapy approaches. Here we present an in vitro model of the human blood-brain barrier to study lymphocyte extravasation. Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) are confluently grown on a porous polyethylene terephthalate transwell insert to mimic the endothelium of the blood-brain barrier. Barrier function is validated by zonula occludens immunohistochemistry, transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements as well as analysis of evans blue permeation. This model allows investigation of the diapedesis of rare lymphocyte subsets such as CD56brightCD16dim/- NK cells. Furthermore, the effects of other cells, cytokines and chemokines, disease-related alterations, and distinct treatment regimens on the migratory capacity of lymphocytes can be studied. Finally, the impact of inflammatory stimuli as well as different treatment regimens on the endothelial barrier can be analyzed.

Representative results showing transmigration of NK-cell and T-cell subsets using the human blood-brain barrier model (Figure 1A) are shown. The integrity of the HBMEC monolayer was validated by staining of the tight junction molecule ZO-1, transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements, and evans blue permeation (Figure 1B). Following 3 - 4 days culture HBMEC expressed the tight junction molecule ZO-1 (Figure 1B, left). Furth...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Lymphocyte Extravasation Using an In Vitro Model of the Human Blood-brain Barrier at JoVE.com

Analysis of Lymphocyte Extravasation Using an In Vitro Model of the Human Blood-brain Barrier

Here, we describe a human blood-brain barrier model enabling to investigate lymphocyte transmigration into the central nervous system in vitro.

Analysis of Lymphocyte Extravasation Using an In Vitro Model of the Human Blood-brain Barrier

Lymphocyte extravasation into the central nervous system (CNS) is critical for immune surveillance. Disease-related alterations of lymphocyte ...

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