Name: in vitro and in vivo assessment of t, b and myeloid cells suppressive activity and humoral responses from transplant recipients
Uploaded: 2017-08-12T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients at JoVE.com

This work was realized in the context of the Labex IGO project (n&#176;ANR-11-LABX-0016-01) which is part of the "Investissements d'Avenir" French Government program managed by the ANR (ANR-11-LABX-0016-01) and by the IHU-Cesti project funded also by the "Investissements d'Avenir" French Government program, managed by the French National Research Agency (ANR) (ANR-10-IBHU-005). The IHU-Cesti project is also supported by Nantes M&#233;tropole and R&#233;gion Pays de la Loire.

Note: All protocols here have been approved by an ethical committee and should be performed in a sterile manner.
1.Generation of Tolerance in a Model of Cardiac Allograft in Rat
<ol>
	<li>LEW.1W to LEW.1A allograft procedure
	<ol>
		<li>Anesthetize a donor male LEW.1W rat using isoflurane-O2 inhalation, supplemented with 1% N2O after 5 min. Place the animal in dorsal decubitus, and disinfect the abdomen with betadine to perform a thoracotomy (i.e.</...

Adoptive transfer of total splenocytes into a newly grafted recipient is an efficient way to detect the presence of regulatory cells induced or potentiated by a treatment. Host irradiation-induced transient lymphopenia promotes cell survival after transfer and establishment of tolerance. Moreover, sub-lethal irradiation leaves time for cells with tolerogenic properties to convert to new regulatory cells during immune reconstitution, a phenomenon called infectious tolerance34. Usually, well-describ...

Cardiac allograft in rat is a reliable organ transplant model to assess tolerance induction treatments, to decipher the mechanisms of tolerance induction and maintenance, and has the potential to induce functionally competent and dominant regulatory cells. The protocols below describe a fully mismatch heterotopic cardiac graft from a Lewis 1W donor rat (LEW.1W, RT1u) into a Lewis 1A recipient rat (LEW.1A, RT1a). In this graft combination, acute rejection occurs rapidly (in about 7 days) and can be easily assessed by graft beating measurement through palpation of the abdomen. Here we propose three protocols to induce tolerance to the cardiac allograft in rat. In these models, tolerance is induced and/or maintained by different regulatory cell types. First, the blocking of CD40-CD40L interactions with an adenovirus encoding CD40Ig (AdCD40Ig) induced the generation of CD8+ Tregs capable of inducing tolerance when adoptively transferred to secondary grafted recipients1. Furthermore, depletion of CD8+ cells (with anti-CD8&#945; antibodies) in AdCD40Ig-treated recipients generated Bregs and RegMCs2. Deep analysis of CD8+ Tregs properties highlighted the key role of several immunoregulatory molecules defined as interleukin-34 (IL-34) and Fibroleukin-2 (FGL-2)3,4,5,6. Whereas overexpression of IL-34 (with an AAV vector) induced Tregs through generation of RegMCs, overexpression of FGL-2 induced Bregs, underlying the complex network of regulatory cells.
Because chronic rejection develops slowly and is long-term, an in-depth analysis is required to distinguish tolerance versus chronic rejection. Graft is usually assessed for cell infiltration, fibrosis, thickening of vascular wall and complement C4d deposition by immunohistology7. While histology methods require animal sacrifice or graft biopsy, here we describe a simple method to assess different features of tolerated allograft: the emergence and function of regulatory cells and the anti-donor specific antibody responses from blood sample by flow cytometry (here, we used fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)).
Maintenance of tolerance to the allograft after arrest of the treatment is generally associated with the induction of regulatory cells8. In the last decades, studies focused on CD4+ Tregs unanimously characterized them by the key markers Foxp3+, CD25high, and CD127-9,10,11. Similarly, several markers were attributed to CD8+ Tregs, like CD122+, CD28-, CD45RClow, PD1+, and Helios+1,12,13,14,15,16,17. Over the years, expression of GITR, CTLA4, and cytokines (IL-10, TGF&#946;, IL-34, IL-35, FGL-2) were additionally associated to a Treg profile3,4,6,13,18,19,20,21. However, emerging regulatory cell populations, such as Bregs, RegMCs, or NKTregs, lack relevant specific markers. Indeed, Bregs are mostly reported as immature CD24+ cells, with ambiguous CD27 expression and sometimes production of IL-10, TGF&#946;, or granzyme B22,23,24. The complexity of the myeloid cell lineage requires a combination of several markers to define their regulatory or proinflammatory profile such as CD14, CD16, CD80, CD86, CD40, CD209a, or CD16325,26. Finally, some markers have been reported to identify NKTregs such as CD11b+, CD27+, TGF&#946;+, but more studies are needed to further phenotypically describe them27,28,29,30,31,32. Thus, evidences of suppressive activity are required to legitimize further phenotypic description for the identification of new biomarkers, new immunoregulatory mediators, and to extend the scope to new cell therapies.
We propose two complementary methods to evaluate the suppressive activity of cells. First, the in vitro method consists of culturing suppressive cells with labeled effector T cells stimulated by allogeneic donor antigen presenting cells (APCs) at different ratios over 6 days, and analyzing the effector T cell proliferation that reflects donor-directed immune suppression. Cells from treated rats can be compared directly to cells from naive rats and non-treated grafted rats for suppressive activity (or to any other regulatory cell population), in a range of suppressor:effector ratios. Furthermore, this method does not require any transplantation, and results are obtained within 6 days. Second, the in vivo method consists of transferring the intended regulatory cells from a treated rat to a newly irradiated grafted recipient. While B cells, myeloid cells or T cells from non-treated naive rats are usually unable to inhibit acute rejection and to prolong graft survival upon adoptive transfer, cells with potentiated suppressive activity from treated-recipients have these attributes1,2,3,4,33. Lymphopenia induced by irradiation of the recipient is recommended to allow adoptively transferred cells to remain unaffected by blood homeostasis and to master more easily the anti-donor immune responses. For both methods, the in vitro utilization of allogeneic third party APCs or in vivo adoptive transfer of suppressive cells into recipients grafted with a third-party heart allow analysis of the anti-donor specificity. Whereas the in vivo method requires a substantial number of cells, poorly represented cell subpopulations can be more easily assessed for suppressive activity in vitro33.
Humoral responses can also be measured to assess the state of tolerance and the control of directed antibody responses to donor antigens. Indeed, tolerance can be characterized by the absence of humoral response toward the donor but conservation of the capacity for the recipients to develop humoral response to new antigens and preservation of memory responses. First, the principle of alloantibody detection is based on recognition of the donor cells by recipient antibodies following incubation of donor cell type with serum from a grafted recipient. Second, humoral responses directed to exogenous antigens can be assessed following stimulation of long-term tolerant recipients with Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH) emulsified with complete Freund&#39;s adjuvant. The presence of specific IgM and IgG antibodies against antigens can be detected 4 and 13 days, respectively, following immunization, with Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA)34. Third, the preservation of immune memory responses can be assessed by injection of xenogeneic red blood cells (RBCs) at days -7 and +3 of transplantation and RBCs staining with recipient serum collected at days +8 and +17 following transplantation. All these methods allow for the identification of immunoglobulin subtypes by using specific secondary antibodies, and rapid acquisition of results in less than 1.5 h by FACS staining or a few hours by ELISA.
Finally, these protocols are designed for characterization of transplantation models, and can be, to some extent, applied to autoimmune disease models. The principles of the method can be transposed to all species.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>animals</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LEW.1W and LEW.1A rats</td>
			<td>Janvier Labs, France</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>8 weeks old,&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BN third party donor rats</td>
			<td>Janvier Labs, France</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>8 weeks old,&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>name</td>
			<td>company</td>
			<td>catalogue number</td>
			<td>comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AdCD40Ig</td>
			<td>Viral Vector Core, INSERM UMR 1089, Nantes, France</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>home made plasmids</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL34-AAV</td>
			<td>Viral Vector Core, INSERM UMR 1089, Nantes, France</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>home made plasmids</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FGL2-AAV</td>
			<td>Viral Vector Core, INSERM UMR 1089, Nantes, France</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>home made plasmids</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-TCR</td>
			<td>Hybridoma from European Collection of Cell Culture, Salisbury, U.K</td>
			<td>R7/3 clone</td>
			<td>Home made culture, purification and fluororophore coupling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD25</td>
			<td>Hybridoma from European Collection of Cell Culture, Salisbury, U.K</td>
			<td>OX39 clone</td>
			<td>Home made culture, purification and fluororophore coupling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD8</td>
			<td>Hybridoma from European Collection of Cell Culture, Salisbury, U.K</td>
			<td>OX8 clone</td>
			<td>Home made culture, purification and fluororophore coupling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD45RA</td>
			<td>Hybridoma from European Collection of Cell Culture, Salisbury, U.K</td>
			<td>OX33 clone</td>
			<td>Home made culture, purification and fluororophore coupling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD161</td>
			<td>Hybridoma from European Collection of Cell Culture, Salisbury, U.K</td>
			<td>3.2.3 clone</td>
			<td>Home made culture, purification and fluororophore coupling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD11b/c</td>
			<td>Hybridoma from European Collection of Cell Culture, Salisbury, U.K</td>
			<td>OX42 clone</td>
			<td>Home made culture, purification and fluororophore coupling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-TCRgd</td>
			<td>Hybridoma from European Collection of Cell Culture, Salisbury, U.K</td>
			<td>V65 clone</td>
			<td>Home made culture, purification and fluororophore coupling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD45RC</td>
			<td>Hybridoma from European Collection of Cell Culture, Salisbury, U.K</td>
			<td>OX22 clone</td>
			<td>Home made culture, purification and fluororophore coupling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD4</td>
			<td>Hybridoma from European Collection of Cell Culture, Salisbury, U.K</td>
			<td>OX35 clone</td>
			<td>Home made culture, purification and fluororophore coupling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD45R</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences, Mountain View, CA</td>
			<td>#554881, His24 clone</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-rat IgG-FITC</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, INC, Baltimore, USA</td>
			<td>#112-096-071</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-rat IgG1</td>
			<td>Serotec</td>
			<td>#MCA 194</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-rat IgG2a</td>
			<td>Serotec</td>
			<td>#MCA 278</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-rat IgG2b</td>
			<td>Serotec</td>
			<td>#MCA 195</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-rat IgM-FITC</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, INC, Baltimore, USA</td>
			<td>#115-095-164</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>streptavidin HRP</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences, Mountain View, CA</td>
			<td>#554066</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KLH</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, USA</td>
			<td>#9013-72-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS 1X</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher&#160;Scientific Inc, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Phosphate Buffer Solution without calcium and magnesium,&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 20</td>
			<td>Sigma, Saint-Louis, USA</td>
			<td>#9005-64-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMB substrate reagent kit</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences, Mountain View, CA</td>
			<td>#555214</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CellTraceTM CFSE cell proliferation kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher&#160;Scientific Inc, USA</td>
			<td>#C34554</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640 medium 1X</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher&#160;Scientific Inc, USA</td>
			<td>#31870-025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>penicilline streptomycine</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher&#160;Scientific Inc, USA</td>
			<td>#15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hepes Buffer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher&#160;Scientific Inc, USA</td>
			<td>#15630-056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>non essential amino acids</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher&#160;Scientific Inc, USA</td>
			<td>#11140-035</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher&#160;Scientific Inc, USA</td>
			<td>#11360-039</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 beta mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma, Saint-Louis, USA</td>
			<td>#M3148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Proliferation Dye eFluor&#174; 450 Cell</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher&#160;Scientific Inc, USA</td>
			<td>#65-0842-85</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamine</td>
			<td>Sigma, Saint-Louis, USA</td>
			<td>#G3126</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher&#160;Scientific Inc, USA</td>
			<td>#D1306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase D</td>
			<td>Roche Diagnostics, Germany</td>
			<td>#11088882001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma, Saint-Louis, USA</td>
			<td>#E5134</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl 0.9%</td>
			<td>Fresenius Kabi</td>
			<td>#B230561</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic dynabeads</td>
			<td>Dynal, Invitrogen</td>
			<td>#11033</td>
			<td>Goat anti-mouse IgG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>One Comp eBeads</td>
			<td>Ebiosciences, San Diego, USA</td>
			<td>#01-1111-42</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Betadine</td>
			<td>Refer to the institutional guidelines</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Refer to the institutional guidelines</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Naplbuphine</td>
			<td>Refer to the institutional guidelines</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Terramycine</td>
			<td>Refer to the institutional guidelines</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine</td>
			<td>Refer to the institutional guidelines</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Meloxicam</td>
			<td>Refer to the institutional guidelines</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Complete Freund&#39;s adjuvant</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rompun</td>
			<td>Refer to the institutional guidelines</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ringer lactate</td>
			<td>Refer to the institutional guidelines</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine</td>
			<td>Refer to the institutional guidelines</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red blood cell lysis solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dilute 8,29g NH4Cl (Sigma, Saint-Louis, USA A-9434), 1g KHCO3 (Prolabo 26 733.292) and 37.2mg EDTA (Sigma, Saint-Louis, USA E5134) in 800ml H2O. Adjust pH to 7.2-7.4 and complete to 1L with H2O.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase D</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dilute 1g collagenase in 500 ml RPMI-1640 + 5 ml Hepes + 2% FCS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS-FCS (2%)-EDTA (0.5%)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Add 5 mL EDTA 0,1M (Sigma, Saint-Louis, USA E5134) and 20ml FCS to 1ml PBS 1X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CFSE (Vybrant CFDA SE Cell Tracer Kit Invitrogen)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dilute 50&#181;g (=1 vial) of CFDA SE (component A) in 90&#956;l DMSO (component B) solution to obtain a 10mM stock solution. Then, dilute stock solution at 1/20 000 in PBS 1X to obtain a 0.5&#956;M solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>complete medium for coculture</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>500ml complete RPMI-1640 medium with 5 ml Penicillin (80 unit/ml)-Steptomycin (80 mg/ml), 5 ml L-Glutamine, 5 ml Non Essential Amino Acids (100X), 5ml Pyruvate Sodium (100mM), 5 ml HEPES buffer (1M), 2.5 ml b mercaptomethanol (7 ml of 2-bmercaptoethanol stock diluted in 10 ml RPMI), 10% FCS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>name</td>
			<td>company</td>
			<td>catalog number</td>
			<td>comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>equipments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>falcon 50ml</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences, Mountain View, CA</td>
			<td>#227261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>falcon 15ml</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences, Mountain View, CA</td>
			<td>#188271</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sieve</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning plastic culture dishes</td>
			<td>VWR, Pessac</td>
			<td>#391-0439</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100&#181;m and 60&#181;m tissue filters</td>
			<td>Sefar NITEX, Heiden, Switzerland</td>
			<td>#03-100/44 and #03-60/35</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 wells U bottom plates for coculture</td>
			<td>&#160;Falcon U-bottom Tissue Culture plate, sterile, Corning</td>
			<td>#353077</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 wells V bottom plates for FACS staining</td>
			<td>ThermoScientifique, Danemark</td>
			<td>#249570</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 wells flat bottom ELISA plates</td>
			<td>Nunc Maxisorb</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>seringue for spleen crush</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences, Mountain View, CA</td>
			<td>#309649</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ELISA reader</td>
			<td>SPARK 10M, Tecan, Switzerland</td>
			<td>SPARK 10M, Tecan, Switzerland</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>centrifuge</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bain marie&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>X rays irradiator</td>
			<td>Lincolshire, England</td>
			<td>Faxitron CP160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>solar agitator</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS Canto II</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences, Mountain View, CA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS Aria II</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences, Mountain View, CA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>magnet</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher&#160;Scientific Inc, USA</td>
			<td>12302D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vitro and in vivo assessment of t, b and myeloid cells suppressive activity and humoral responses from transplant recipients

The main concern in transplantation is to achieve specific tolerance through induction of regulatory cells. The understanding of tolerance mechanisms requires reliable models. Here, we describe models of tolerance to cardiac allograft in rat, induced by blockade of costimulation signals or by upregulation of immunoregulatory molecules through gene transfer. Each of these models allowed in vivo generation of regulatory cells such as regulatory T cells (Tregs), regulatory B cells (Bregs) or regulatory myeloid cells (RegMCs). In this manuscript, we describe two complementary protocols that have been used to identify and define in vitro and in vivo regulatory cell activity to determine their responsibility in tolerance induction and maintenance. First, an in vitro suppressive assay allowed rapid identification of cells with suppressive capacity on effector immune responses in a dose dependent manner, and can be used for further analysis such as cytokine measurement or cytotoxicity. Second, the adoptive transfer of cells from a tolerant treated recipient to a newly irradiated grafted recipient, highlighted the tolerogenic properties of these cells in controlling graft directed immune responses and/or converting new regulatory cells (termed infectious tolerance). These methods are not restricted to cells with known phenotypic markers and can be extended to any cell population. Furthermore, donor directed allospecificity of regulatory cells (an important goal in the field) can be assessed by using third party donor cells or graft either in vitro or in vivo. Finally, to determine the specific tolerogenic capacity of these regulatory cells, we provide protocols to assess the humoral anti-donor antibody responses and the capacity of the recipient to develop humoral responses against new or former known antigens. The models of tolerance described can be used to further characterize regulatory cells, to identify new biomarkers, and immunoregulatory molecules, and are adaptable to other transplantation models or autoimmune diseases in rodent or human.

The assessment of suppressive activity following sorting of the APCs (Figure 1), responder cells and Tregs simultaneously (Figure 2), or individually (Figure 4), and any other putative regulatory cells (Figure 3), can be done in vivo by direct injection of the regulatory cells and in vitro by measurement of CFSE brightness (Figure 5...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients at JoVE.com

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

Here, we present a protocol to induce tolerance in transplantation, and assess in vitro and in vivo the suppressive capacity of distinct cell subsets from the recipient and the immune status of the recipient toward donor or exogenous antigens.

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

The main concern in transplantation is to achieve specific tolerance through induction of regulatory cells. The understanding of tolerance mechanisms ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Induction and Assessment of Class Switch Recombination in Purified Murine B Cells

Humoral immunity is the branch of the immune system maintained by B cells and mediated through the secretion of antibodies. Upon B cell activation, the ...

Retroviral Transduction of T-cell Receptors in Mouse T-cells

T-cell receptors (TCRs) play a central role in the immune system. TCRs on T-cell surfaces can specifically recognize peptide antigens presented by antigen ...

piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells

piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells

The piggyBac transposon system is naturally active, originally derived from the cabbage looper moth1,2. This non-viral system is plasmid based, most ...

The Use of Fluorescent Target Arrays for Assessment of T Cell Responses In vivo

The Use of Fluorescent Target Arrays for Assessment of T Cell Responses In vivo

The ability to monitor T cell responses in vivo is important for the development of our understanding of the immune response and the design of ...

Derivation of T Cells In Vitro from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Derivation of T Cells In Vitro from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

The OP9/OP9-DL1 co-culture system has become a well-established method for deriving differentiated blood cell types from embryonic and hematopoietic ...

Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes

Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes

HIV-1 envelope proteins engage cognate receptors on the target cell surface, which leads to viral-cell membrane fusion followed by the release of the ...

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity

The hallmark of humoral immunity is to generate functional ASCs, which synthesize and secrete Abs specific to an antigen (Ag), such as a pathogen, and are ...

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-&#946;-containing Protocol

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells iTregs from NaÃƒÆ’Ã†'Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â¯ve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-ÃƒÆ’Ã…Â½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â²-containing Protocol

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an integral part of peripheral tolerance, suppressing immune reactions against self-structures and thus preventing ...

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. ...

A Suction Blister Protocol to Study Human T-cell Recall Responses In Vivo

A Suction Blister Protocol to Study Human T-cell Recall Responses In Vivo

Cutaneous antigen-recall models allow for studies of human memory responses in vivo. When combined with skin suction blister (SB) induction, this model ...