Name: measurement of basal and forskolin-stimulated lipolysis in inguinal adipose fat pads
Uploaded: 2017-07-21T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Basal and Forskolin-stimulated Lipolysis in Inguinal Adipose Fat Pads at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the AHA Award No. 15BGIA23250030, the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the NIH under award number 8P20 GM103432-12 and the University of Wyoming Faculty Grant in Aid to BT.

All protocols follow the animal care guidelines of the University of Wyoming.
1. Animal Housing and Feeding
NOTE: Adult male wild type mice (C57BL/6) (age 12 to 24 weeks) were bred in the research animal facility as per the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) approved protocols.
<ol>
	<li>Starting from week 6 of age, house mice in groups of four in separate cages and randomly assign them into feeding groups of NCD or HFD (&#177; 0.01% CAP) until we...

<ol>
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I., Langin, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adipose+tissue+lipolysis.">Adipose tissue lipolysis.</a> Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 13 (4), 377-381 (2010).</li><li>Baskaran, P., Krishnan, V., Ren, J., Thyagarajan, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capsaicin+induces+browning+of+white+adipose+tissue+and+counters+obesity+by+activating+TRPV1+channel-dependent+mechanisms.">Capsaicin induces browning of white adipose tissue and counters obesity by activating TRPV1 channel-dependent mechanisms.</a> Br J Pharmacol. 173 (15), 2369-2389 (2016).</li><li>Yang, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+TRPV1+by+dietary+capsaicin+improves+endothelium-dependent+vasorelaxation+and+prevents+hypertension.">Activation of TRPV1 by dietary capsaicin improves endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and prevents hypertension.</a> Cell Metab. 12 (2), 130-141 (2010).</li><li>Ding, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduced+lipolysis+response+to+adipose+afferent+reflex+involved+in+impaired+activation+of+adrenoceptor-cAMP-PKA-hormone+sensitive+lipase+pathway+in+obesity.">Reduced lipolysis response to adipose afferent reflex involved in impaired activation of adrenoceptor-cAMP-PKA-hormone sensitive lipase pathway in obesity.</a> Sci Rep. 6, 34374 (2016).</li><li>Ohyama, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+combination+of+exercise+and+capsinoid+supplementation+additively+suppresses+diet-induced+obesity+by+increasing+energy+expenditure+in+mice.">A combination of exercise and capsinoid supplementation additively suppresses diet-induced obesity by increasing energy expenditure in mice.</a> Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 308 (4), E315-E323 (2015).</li><li>Beylot, M., Martin, C., Beaufrere, B., Riou, J. 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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+skinny+on+fat:+lipolysis+and+fatty+acid+utilization+in+adipocytes.">The skinny on fat: lipolysis and fatty acid utilization in adipocytes.</a> Trends Endocrinol Metab. 20 (9), 424-428 (2009).</li><li>Jaworski, K., Sarkadi-Nagy, E., Duncan, R. E., Ahmadian, M., Sul, H. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+triglyceride+metabolism.+IV.+Hormonal+regulation+of+lipolysis+in+adipose+tissue.">Regulation of triglyceride metabolism. IV. Hormonal regulation of lipolysis in adipose tissue.</a> Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 293 (1), G1-G4 (2007).</li><li>Jeppesen, J., Kiens, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+and+limitations+to+fatty+acid+oxidation+during+exercise.">Regulation and limitations to fatty acid oxidation during exercise.</a> J Physiol. 590 (5), 1059-1068 (2012).</li><li>Nakamura, M. T., Yudell, B. E., Loor, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+energy+metabolism+by+long-chain+fatty+acids.">Regulation of energy metabolism by long-chain fatty acids.</a> Prog Lipid Res. 53, 124-144 (2014).</li><li>Murray, A. J., Panagia, M., Hauton, D., Gibbons, G. 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The breakdown process of TGL into glycerol and fatty acids is catalyzed by ATGL9 during basal lipolysis and orchestrated by an array of proteins including the activation of adenylyl cyclase/PKA-dependent pathway during stimulated lipolysis21,22,23. Enhancement of lipolysis increases the plasma levels of fatty acids for transportation and energy use24. Fatty acids are taken up by mi...

Adipose tissues store energy as fat2 and fatty acid oxidation is required for thermogenesis3,4. Fatty acids ingested through diets are packaged along with apoproteins into chylomicrons and delivered to different tissues in the body via blood circulation. Although most cells in the body store a reserve of energy, adipose tissue stores excess energy as fat5,6. Lipolysis in adipose tissue is regulated by complex processes and the molecular details of lipolysis still remain vague7.
Lipolysis is a process by which triglycerides (TGL) stored in adipose tissue are hydrolyzed to produce glycerol and fatty acids (FA) by the enzyme adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)8. Alterations in basal and stimulated lipolysis is a characteristic feature of obesity. The basal lipolysis is regulated by ATGL activation9, which converts TGL to diacylglycerol (DAG), that is subsequently hydrolyzed to monoacyl glycerol (MAG). Activation of hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) via adenylyl cyclase activates cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) dependent protein kinase A (PKA) stimulation and causes lipolysis. Measurement of lipolysis, basal and stimulated, is, therefore, important to analyze the activity of proteins involved in this process. Also, unraveling the molecular regulation of lipolysis may be beneficial to develop novel therapeutic strategies against obesity10. Since, molecules that stimulate lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation are potential candidates for decreasing fats stored in depots, it is important to employ a robust assay for reproducibility.
Previously published data suggest that activation of TRPV1 protein expressed in white adipose tissue by CAP enhanced basal and FSK (adenylyl cyclase activator)-stimulated lipolysis in inguinal fat pads11. Previous research also suggests that long-term activation of TRPV1 by CAP activates PKA12. Since the activation of PKA stimulates lipolysis13,14, measuring both basal and PKA-dependent stimulated lipolysis in inguinal fat pads isolated from NCD or HFD (&#177; CAP)-fed mice after 32 weeks of feeding the respective diets will validate the role of TRPV1 activation in lipolysis.
This article describes an efficient method of determining basal and stimulated lipolysis. Although other methods that employ radioactive isotopes of glycerol and tedious high performance liquid chromatography or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for measurements15,16 are available, this method offers a more direct, simple and cost effective technique to determine lipolysis in adipose tissues.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="694">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Capsaicin</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M2028</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">TRPV1 agonist</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Forskolin</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F6886</td>
			<td>Adenylyl cyclase activator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">GE healthcare and life sciences, UT, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SH30081.01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">High fat diet</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Research diets, New Brunswick, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D12492</td>
			<td>Abbreviated as HFD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tris</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Amresco, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">O497</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Thermofisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP358-212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium deoxycholate</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D6750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dithiothreitol</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D9163</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium orthovanadate</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S6508</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Protease inhibitor cocktail</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P8340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Free Glycerol reagent</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F6428</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DMSO</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D8779</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Triacsin C</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T4540</td>
			<td>Acyl CoA transferase inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A7030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Chloroform</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">31998-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Thermofisher Scientific, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A412-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Amresco, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">O583</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium dodecyl sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">L3371</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Bicinchoninic acid reagent</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BCA1-1KT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">UV-VIS Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Pharmacia Biotech, NJ, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Ultrospec 2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Normal chow diet</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Labdiet.com</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">500I</td>
			<td>abreviated as NCD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">C57BL/6 mice</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Jackson Laboratory, CT, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Stock number000664</td>
			<td>wild type mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Parafilm</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Heathrow Scientific, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HS 234526A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glycerol standard</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G7793</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measurement of basal and forskolin-stimulated lipolysis in inguinal adipose fat pads

Lipolysis is a process by which the lipid stored as triglycerides in adipose tissues are hydrolyzed into glycerol and fatty acids. This article describes the method for the measurement of basal and forskolin (FSK)-stimulated lipolysis in the inguinal fat pads isolated from wild type mice fed either normal chow diet (NCD), high fat diet (HFD) or a high fat diet containing 0.01% of capsaicin (CAP; transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily 1 (TRPV1) agonist) for 32 weeks. The method described here for performing ex vivo lipolysis is adopted from Schweiger et al.1 We present a detailed protocol for measuring glycerol levels by UV-Visible (UV/VIS) spectrophotometry. The method described here can be used to successfully isolate inguinal fat pads for lipolysis measurements to obtain consistent results. The protocol described for inguinal fat pads can readily be extended to measure lipolysis in other tissues.

To evaluate the effect of CAP on basal and stimulated lipolysis, this research measured lipolysis in inguinal adipose fat pads isolated from NCD or HFD (&#177; CAP)-fed wild type mice. The representative results for the basal and FSK-stimulated lipolysis for the inguinal fat pads are given in Table I. Basal and FSK-stimulated glycerol release in the presence of Triacsin C, which inhibits acyl coA synthetase and prevents the regeneration of TGL. As shown in <strong class="...

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Measurement of Basal and Forskolin-stimulated Lipolysis in Inguinal Adipose Fat Pads

This protocol describes the method of determining basal and forskolin-stimulated lipolysis in inguinal fat pads obtained from normal chow diet (NCD) or high fat diet (HFD) &plusmn; capsaicin fed wild type mice. As an index for lipolysis, glycerol release was measured from inguinal adipose fat pads.

Lipolysis is a process by which the lipid stored as triglycerides in adipose tissues are hydrolyzed into glycerol and fatty acids. This article describes ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Preparation of Keratin Hydrolysate from Chicken Feathers and Its Application in Cosmetics

Keratin hydrolysates (KHs) are established standard components in hair cosmetics. Understanding the moisturizing effects of KH is advantageous for ...

Isolation and Respiratory Measurements of Mitochondria from Arabidopsis thaliana

Isolation and Respiratory Measurements of Mitochondria from Arabidopsis thaliana

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Simultaneous Measurement of Superoxide/Hydrogen Peroxide and NADH Production by Flavin-containing Mitochondrial Dehydrogenases

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Mouse Adipose Tissue Collection and Processing for RNA Analysis

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Measurement of Mitochondrial Oxygen Consumption in Permeabilized Fibers of Drosophila Using Minimal Amounts of Tissue

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In Situ Measurement and Correlation of Cell Density and Light Emission of Bioluminescent Bacteria

In Situ Measurement and Correlation of Cell Density and Light Emission of Bioluminescent Bacteria

There is a considerable number of bacterial species capable of emitting light. All of them share the same gene cluster, namely the lux operon. Despite ...

Cortisol Measurement in Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) Fur

Cortisol Measurement in Koala Phascolarctos cinereus Fur

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Direct Measurement of KDM1A Target Engagement Using Chemoprobe-based Immunoassays

The assessment of the target engagement, defined as the interaction of a drug with the protein it was designed for, is a basic requirement for the ...

Measurement of Fatty Acid &#946;-Oxidation in a Suspension of Freshly Isolated Mouse Hepatocytes

Measurement of Fatty Acid ÃƒÅ½Ã‚Â²-Oxidation in a Suspension of Freshly Isolated Mouse Hepatocytes

Fatty acid &#946;-oxidation is a key metabolic pathway to meet the energy demands of the liver and provide substrates and cofactors for additional ...

Measurement of Protein Import Capacity of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria

Mitochondria are key metabolic and regulatory organelles that determine the energy supply as well as the overall health of the cell. In skeletal muscle, ...