This work was supported by the AHA Award No. 15BGIA23250030, the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the NIH under award number 8P20 GM103432-12 and the University of Wyoming Faculty Grant in Aid to BT.

All protocols follow the animal care guidelines of the University of Wyoming.
1. Animal Housing and Feeding
NOTE: Adult male wild type mice (C57BL/6) (age 12 to 24 weeks) were bred in the research animal facility as per the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) approved protocols.
<ol>
	<li>Starting from week 6 of age, house mice in groups of four in separate cages and randomly assign them into feeding groups of NCD or HFD (&#177; 0.01% CAP) until we...

<ol>
	<li>Schweiger, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+lipolysis.">Measurement of lipolysis.</a> Methods Enzymol. 538, 171-193 (2014).</li><li>Coelho, M., Oliveira, T., Fernandes, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biochemistry+of+adipose+tissue:+an+endocrine+organ.">Biochemistry of adipose tissue: an endocrine organ.</a> Arch Med Sci. 9 (2), 191-200 (2013).</li><li>Richard, D., Picard, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brown+fat+biology+and+thermogenesis.">Brown fat biology and thermogenesis.</a> Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 16, 1233-1260 (2011).</li><li>Barquissau, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=White-to-brite+conversion+in+human+adipocytes+promotes+metabolic+reprogramming+towards+fatty+acid+anabolic+and+catabolic+pathways.">White-to-brite conversion in human adipocytes promotes metabolic reprogramming towards fatty acid anabolic and catabolic pathways.</a> Mol Metab. 5 (5), 352-365 (2016).</li><li>Rodriguez, A., Ezquerro, S., Mendez-Gimenez, L., Becerril, S., Fruhbeck, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Revisiting+the+adipocyte:+a+model+for+integration+of+cytokine+signaling+in+the+regulation+of+energy+metabolism.">Revisiting the adipocyte: a model for integration of cytokine signaling in the regulation of energy metabolism.</a> Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 309 (8), E691-E714 (2015).</li><li>Giordano, A., Smorlesi, A., Frontini, A., Barbatelli, G., Cinti, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=White,+brown+and+pink+adipocytes:+the+extraordinary+plasticity+of+the+adipose+organ.">White, brown and pink adipocytes: the extraordinary plasticity of the adipose organ.</a> Eur J Endocrinol. 170 (5), R159-R171 (2014).</li><li>Langin, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adipose+tissue+lipolysis+as+a+metabolic+pathway+to+define+pharmacological+strategies+against+obesity+and+the+metabolic+syndrome.">Adipose tissue lipolysis as a metabolic pathway to define pharmacological strategies against obesity and the metabolic syndrome.</a> Pharmacol Res. 53 (6), 482-491 (2006).</li><li>Zimmermann, R., Lass, A., Haemmerle, G., Zechner, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fate+of+fat:+the+role+of+adipose+triglyceride+lipase+in+lipolysis.">Fate of fat: the role of adipose triglyceride lipase in lipolysis.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. 1791 (6), 494-500 (2009).</li><li>Miyoshi, H., Perfield, J. W., Obin, M. S., Greenberg, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adipose+triglyceride+lipase+regulates+basal+lipolysis+and+lipid+droplet+size+in+adipocytes.">Adipose triglyceride lipase regulates basal lipolysis and lipid droplet size in adipocytes.</a> J Cell Biochem. 105 (6), 1430-1436 (2008).</li><li>Kolditz, C. I., Langin, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adipose+tissue+lipolysis.">Adipose tissue lipolysis.</a> Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 13 (4), 377-381 (2010).</li><li>Baskaran, P., Krishnan, V., Ren, J., Thyagarajan, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capsaicin+induces+browning+of+white+adipose+tissue+and+counters+obesity+by+activating+TRPV1+channel-dependent+mechanisms.">Capsaicin induces browning of white adipose tissue and counters obesity by activating TRPV1 channel-dependent mechanisms.</a> Br J Pharmacol. 173 (15), 2369-2389 (2016).</li><li>Yang, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+TRPV1+by+dietary+capsaicin+improves+endothelium-dependent+vasorelaxation+and+prevents+hypertension.">Activation of TRPV1 by dietary capsaicin improves endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and prevents hypertension.</a> Cell Metab. 12 (2), 130-141 (2010).</li><li>Ding, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduced+lipolysis+response+to+adipose+afferent+reflex+involved+in+impaired+activation+of+adrenoceptor-cAMP-PKA-hormone+sensitive+lipase+pathway+in+obesity.">Reduced lipolysis response to adipose afferent reflex involved in impaired activation of adrenoceptor-cAMP-PKA-hormone sensitive lipase pathway in obesity.</a> Sci Rep. 6, 34374 (2016).</li><li>Ohyama, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+combination+of+exercise+and+capsinoid+supplementation+additively+suppresses+diet-induced+obesity+by+increasing+energy+expenditure+in+mice.">A combination of exercise and capsinoid supplementation additively suppresses diet-induced obesity by increasing energy expenditure in mice.</a> Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 308 (4), E315-E323 (2015).</li><li>Beylot, M., Martin, C., Beaufrere, B., Riou, J. P., Mornex, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+steady+state+and+nonsteady-state+glycerol+kinetics+in+humans+using+deuterium-labeled+tracer.">Determination of steady state and nonsteady-state glycerol kinetics in humans using deuterium-labeled tracer.</a> J Lipid Res. 28 (4), 414-422 (1987).</li><li>Gilker, C. D., Pesola, G. R., Matthews, D. 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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+skinny+on+fat:+lipolysis+and+fatty+acid+utilization+in+adipocytes.">The skinny on fat: lipolysis and fatty acid utilization in adipocytes.</a> Trends Endocrinol Metab. 20 (9), 424-428 (2009).</li><li>Jaworski, K., Sarkadi-Nagy, E., Duncan, R. E., Ahmadian, M., Sul, H. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+triglyceride+metabolism.+IV.+Hormonal+regulation+of+lipolysis+in+adipose+tissue.">Regulation of triglyceride metabolism. IV. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

The breakdown process of TGL into glycerol and fatty acids is catalyzed by ATGL9 during basal lipolysis and orchestrated by an array of proteins including the activation of adenylyl cyclase/PKA-dependent pathway during stimulated lipolysis21,22,23. Enhancement of lipolysis increases the plasma levels of fatty acids for transportation and energy use24. Fatty acids are taken up by mi...

Adipose tissues store energy as fat2 and fatty acid oxidation is required for thermogenesis3,4. Fatty acids ingested through diets are packaged along with apoproteins into chylomicrons and delivered to different tissues in the body via blood circulation. Although most cells in the body store a reserve of energy, adipose tissue stores excess energy as fat5,6. Lipolysis in adipose tissue is regulated by complex processes and the molecular details of lipolysis still remain vague7.
Lipolysis is a process by which triglycerides (TGL) stored in adipose tissue are hydrolyzed to produce glycerol and fatty acids (FA) by the enzyme adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)8. Alterations in basal and stimulated lipolysis is a characteristic feature of obesity. The basal lipolysis is regulated by ATGL activation9, which converts TGL to diacylglycerol (DAG), that is subsequently hydrolyzed to monoacyl glycerol (MAG). Activation of hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) via adenylyl cyclase activates cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) dependent protein kinase A (PKA) stimulation and causes lipolysis. Measurement of lipolysis, basal and stimulated, is, therefore, important to analyze the activity of proteins involved in this process. Also, unraveling the molecular regulation of lipolysis may be beneficial to develop novel therapeutic strategies against obesity10. Since, molecules that stimulate lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation are potential candidates for decreasing fats stored in depots, it is important to employ a robust assay for reproducibility.
Previously published data suggest that activation of TRPV1 protein expressed in white adipose tissue by CAP enhanced basal and FSK (adenylyl cyclase activator)-stimulated lipolysis in inguinal fat pads11. Previous research also suggests that long-term activation of TRPV1 by CAP activates PKA12. Since the activation of PKA stimulates lipolysis13,14, measuring both basal and PKA-dependent stimulated lipolysis in inguinal fat pads isolated from NCD or HFD (&#177; CAP)-fed mice after 32 weeks of feeding the respective diets will validate the role of TRPV1 activation in lipolysis.
This article describes an efficient method of determining basal and stimulated lipolysis. Although other methods that employ radioactive isotopes of glycerol and tedious high performance liquid chromatography or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for measurements15,16 are available, this method offers a more direct, simple and cost effective technique to determine lipolysis in adipose tissues.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="694">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Capsaicin</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M2028</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">TRPV1 agonist</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Forskolin</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F6886</td>
			<td>Adenylyl cyclase activator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">GE healthcare and life sciences, UT, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SH30081.01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">High fat diet</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Research diets, New Brunswick, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D12492</td>
			<td>Abbreviated as HFD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tris</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Amresco, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">O497</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Thermofisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP358-212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium deoxycholate</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D6750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dithiothreitol</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D9163</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium orthovanadate</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S6508</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Protease inhibitor cocktail</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P8340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Free Glycerol reagent</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F6428</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DMSO</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D8779</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Triacsin C</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T4540</td>
			<td>Acyl CoA transferase inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A7030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Chloroform</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">31998-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Thermofisher Scientific, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A412-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Amresco, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">O583</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium dodecyl sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">L3371</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Bicinchoninic acid reagent</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BCA1-1KT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">UV-VIS Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Pharmacia Biotech, NJ, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Ultrospec 2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Normal chow diet</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Labdiet.com</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">500I</td>
			<td>abreviated as NCD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">C57BL/6 mice</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Jackson Laboratory, CT, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Stock number000664</td>
			<td>wild type mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Parafilm</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Heathrow Scientific, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HS 234526A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glycerol standard</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G7793</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measurement of basal and forskolin-stimulated lipolysis in inguinal adipose fat pads

Lipolysis is a process by which the lipid stored as triglycerides in adipose tissues are hydrolyzed into glycerol and fatty acids. This article describes the method for the measurement of basal and forskolin (FSK)-stimulated lipolysis in the inguinal fat pads isolated from wild type mice fed either normal chow diet (NCD), high fat diet (HFD) or a high fat diet containing 0.01% of capsaicin (CAP; transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily 1 (TRPV1) agonist) for 32 weeks. The method described here for performing ex vivo lipolysis is adopted from Schweiger et al.1 We present a detailed protocol for measuring glycerol levels by UV-Visible (UV/VIS) spectrophotometry. The method described here can be used to successfully isolate inguinal fat pads for lipolysis measurements to obtain consistent results. The protocol described for inguinal fat pads can readily be extended to measure lipolysis in other tissues.

To evaluate the effect of CAP on basal and stimulated lipolysis, this research measured lipolysis in inguinal adipose fat pads isolated from NCD or HFD (&#177; CAP)-fed wild type mice. The representative results for the basal and FSK-stimulated lipolysis for the inguinal fat pads are given in Table I. Basal and FSK-stimulated glycerol release in the presence of Triacsin C, which inhibits acyl coA synthetase and prevents the regeneration of TGL. As shown in <strong class="...

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Measurement of Basal and Forskolin-stimulated Lipolysis in Inguinal Adipose Fat Pads

This protocol describes the method of determining basal and forskolin-stimulated lipolysis in inguinal fat pads obtained from normal chow diet (NCD) or high fat diet (HFD) &plusmn; capsaicin fed wild type mice. As an index for lipolysis, glycerol release was measured from inguinal adipose fat pads.

Lipolysis is a process by which the lipid stored as triglycerides in adipose tissues are hydrolyzed into glycerol and fatty acids. This article describes ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to measure basal and forskolin-stimulated lipolysis, using inguinal adipose tissue. This method can help answer key questions in field of adipose biology about lipolysis and triglyceride metabolism. The main advantage of this method is that it offers a direct, simple and cost-effective method to determine lipolysis in adipose tissues.Demonstrating the procedure will be Padmamalini Baskaran, who is a senior research scientist in my laboratory. Begin by placing the mouse on its left side on a dissecting platform. Sterilize the skin with a 2x2 inch gauze soaked in 70%ethanol and make a lateral cut through the skin to reveal the underlying fatty layer.Make a second one centimeter incision through the skin, below the ribs across the dorsal surface that connects with the first incision and use sterile forceps to slowly peel back the skin flap. The subcutaneous fat in the abdominal region is the inguinal fat, which is different from the subcutaneous fat around the upper arm, which demonstrates region specific lipolysis. Using a pair of scissors, carefully dissect the fat pad from the underlying muscle and fascia.Place the fat pad in a petri dish containing fresh, room temperature PBS and isolate the second fat pad. Using sharp scissors, cut the fat tissue into five to eight pieces and incubate the pieces in 200 microliters of incubation medium, at 37 degrees celsius and 5%carbon dioxide for 60 minutes. At the end of the incubation, transfer the supernatant into a new container for 80 degrees celsius for storage and transfer the fat pieces into one milliliter of extraction at 37 degrees centigrade, at 100 RPM.After one hour, discard the extraction solution and transfer the tissues into a sterile microfuge tube containing 500 microliters of lysis solution for an overnight incubation at 55 degrees centigrade and 100 RPM. Then determine the protein concentration of the tissue according to standard protocols. For forskolin-stimulated lipolysis, first, pre-incubate 20 milligrams of inguinal fat pad pieces isolated as just demonstrated.In 200 microliters of fresh DMEM, supplemented with BSA, forskolin and tricsin C at 37 degree celsius and 5%carbon dioxide. The addition of tricsin C inhibits a cyclase synthetase, which proves the regeneration of triglycerides from glycerol and free fatty acids. Thereby allowing for measurement of forskolin-stimulated lipolysis.After one hour, transfer the pieces into fresh DMEM, plus BSA, forskolin and tricsin C, for a second 60 minute incubation at 30 degree centigrade and 5%carbon dioxide. Collecting the supernatant at the end of the incubation for 80 degree celsius storage. Next, extract the fat from the tissue pieces with extraction solution is just demonstrated and transfer the tissue into a sterile microfuge tube containing 500 microliters of lysin solution for an overnight incubation at 55 degree celsius under vigorous shaking.Then, determine the protein concentration according to standard protocols. To determine the glycerol content of the samples, first, thaw the supernatants from 80 degrees centigrade on ice and dilute the samples to a one to 10 concentration in de-ionized water. Next add glycerol standards in ascending concentrations to one centimeter path length disposable methacrylate cuvettes per concentration and bring the final volume in each cuvette up to 10 microliters with de-ionized water.Add 10 microliters of each diluted sample into cuvettes labeled with the corresponding sample number and turn on the ultraviolet visible spectro photometer. Set the spectro photometer wavelength to 540 nanometers and add 10 microliters of each standard into a new series of standard cuvettes. Using a one milliliter pipette, add 8 milliliters of room temperature free glycerol reagent to each standard in sample cuvette and cover the cuvettes with a 1.5 centimeter square plastic paraffin film.Mix the contents in each cuvette with three inversions and allow the standards to equilibrate for 10 minutes at room temperature. Then, place each cuvette into the spectrophotometer and record the absorbents. In this table, represented of basal and forskolin-stimulated lipolysis of inguinal fat pads are shown.A high fat diet feeding has no effect on basal lipolysis, but demonstrates a significant suppression of forskolin-stimulated lipolysis. Capsaicin on the other hand, increases both basal and forskolin-stimulated lipolysis. Once mastered, this technique can be completed in two days if it is performed properly.While attempting this procedure, it is important to remember to use fat free BSA and while performing the procedure, not to shake or invert the samples to prevent air bubbles. After each level have met, this method paved the way for researchers in the field of adipose biology for measuring lipolysis in adipose tissues in rodent models of obesity. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to determine basal and forskolin=stimulated lipolysis in inguinal white adipose tissues.Don't forget, working with a glycerol reagent can be unstable and how the reagent is stored and the lifetime of the reagent should be considered while working with it.

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

9.5K Görüntüleme.  University of Wyoming. The overall goal of this procedure is to measure basal and forskolin-stimulated lipolysis, using inguinal adipose tissue. This method can help answer key questions in field of adipose biology about lipolysis and triglyceride metabolism. The main advantage of this method is that it offers a direct, simple and cost-effective method to determine lipolysis in adipose tissues.Demonstrating the procedure will be Padmamalini Baskaran, who is a senior research scientist in my laboratory. Begin...