Name: biochemical and structural characterization of the carbohydrate transport substrate-binding-protein sp0092
Uploaded: 2017-10-02T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 53 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Biochemical and Structural Characterization of the Carbohydrate Transport Substrate-binding-protein SP0092 at JoVE.com

We acknowledge OPPF-UK for assistance in cloning, Gemma Harris for SEC-MALLS and the scientists of beamlines I03 and I04 at Diamond Light Source.

NOTE: The coding sequence for which the signal peptide is deleted is cloned in the pOPINF vector following a standard in-fusion protocol; the native protein is expressed as a His-tag fusion in Escherichia coli BL21 Rosetta cells28,29. The selenomethionine labeled variant is expressed following standard methods according to the manufacturer30. The recombinant SBP is purified as previously described31,32.
1. Biochemical Characterization
<ol>
	<li>Thermal shift assay
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare 48 buffer solutions with a pH ranging from 4.0 to 9.5 and NaCl concentration from 0 to 0.5 M, and dispense 40 &#181;L in a 96-well plate as described in Table 133.</li>
		<li>Add to each well 5 &#181;L of the SBP solution at 1 - 2 mg/mL concentration.</li>
		<li>Add to each well 5 &#181;L of 20x&#160;fluorescent stain for proteins (see Table of Materials).</li>
		<li>Mix the solutions by pipetting, seal the plate using a transparent adhesive film, and spin for 2 min at 112 x g at room temperature.</li>
		<li>Run the experiment on a real-time machine: Set a temperature ramp of 3 &#176;C/min from 4 to 99 &#176;C with a 10 s hold time, and read the fluorescence every 0.5 &#176;C with excitation at 483 nm and emission at 568 nm.</li>
		<li>Analyze the fluorescence emission curves for every buffer condition, identifying the melting temperature (Tm) as the minimum of the derivative. 
		NOTE: This procedure gives a good indication of the best buffer solution to aid in improvement of protein stability. Choose the pH range and salt concentration based on the buffer condition with the highest Tm and add 2.5% (v/v) of glycerol and 0.5 mM of tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) to define the buffer solution for the following steps (SEC-buffer).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>MALS and analytical SEC
	<ol>
		<li>Perform a two-column volume wash of the pre-packed gel filtration column with degassed filtered water (use a wide range molecular weight 24 mL column).</li>
		<li>Connect the column to the light scattering detector and equilibrate the column with the determined SEC-buffer from the thermal shift assay.</li>
		<li>Inject 100 &#181;L of purified SBP at 5 mg/mL into the equilibrated SEC column and flow one column volume of SEC-buffer.</li>
		<li>Check the elution chromatogram for single or multiple peaks and examine the scattering data using the analysis software, obtaining the molar mass and the polydispersity index for all species. 
		NOTE: For every peak corresponding to an oligomeric species, it is beneficial to check the polydispersity index calculated as molar mass weighted on mass/molar mass weighted on number of molecules (Mw/Mn). A polydispersity value close to 1 indicates a monodispersed peak. 
		NOTE: Once all the oligomerization species are defined, it is useful to study their dependence on protein concentration, as higher concentrations might favor larger oligomer formation.</li>
		<li>Execute multiple analytical SEC runs; inject 100 &#181;L of purified SBP at increasing concentrations (0.1 - 10 mg/mL) into the equilibrated gel filtration column (use a wide range molecular weight 5 mL column) and flow one column volume of SEC-buffer each time.</li>
		<li>Check the elution chromatogram for single or multiple peaks and analyze the absorbance intensities at 280 nm of the curves corresponding to different starting protein concentrations. If the relative intensities of the different peaks remain constant, then no inter-conversion between the oligomeric species is present. Variation in the relative intensities at different concentrations is an indication of the interconversion between different oligomeric species that is dependent on the protein concentration. 
		NOTE: This characterization step is fundamental to define which species are more suitable for crystallization. Indeed, distinct monodispersed species are more prone to crystallize if they are in a steady oligomeric state at a defined concentration.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Protein Preparation and Crystallization
<ol>
	<li>Preparative SEC
	<ol>
		<li>After a one-column volume wash with degassed filtered water, equilibrate with SEC-buffer the preparative pre-packed gel filtration column (a wide range molecular weight 120 mL column).</li>
		<li>Inject 1 - 5 mL of purified SBP at 5-50 mg/mL into the equilibrated gel filtration column and flow one column volume of SEC-buffer.</li>
		<li>Collect the column flow-through in 1 mL fractions.</li>
		<li>Pool the fractions corresponding to a single monodisperse peak; spin the sample in 15 mL centrifugation filters at 1,500 g and quantify the concentration until the desired concentration is attained (typically 50 - 100 mg/mL for SP0092).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Crystallization
	<ol>
		<li>Determine the optimal concentration range for the crystallization experiment using the Pre-Crystallization Test as described by the manufacturer:
		<ol>
			<li>Dispense 0.5 - 1.0 mL of each of the four crystallization test solutions in a different reservoir of a 24-well sitting drop crystallization plate.</li>
			<li>Prepare the crystallization drops by mixing 1 &#181;L of protein solution with 1 &#181;L of reservoir solution, seal the plate, and incubate at room temperature for no less than 1 h (more reliable results are obtained after overnight incubation).</li>
			<li>Check the drop quality for each concentration using a 10x&#160;magnification microscope. 
			NOTE: Test at least three different protein concentration: (I) most of the drops remaining clear indicate that the protein is too dilute for crystallization; (II) the presence of heavy precipitate in the majority of the drops implies an excessively high concentration; and (III) a balanced occurrence of both clear drops and precipitate (better if light) is a good indication that the tested concentration is favorable for crystallization.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Prepare the 96-well sitting drop crystallization plates; dispense 100 &#181;L of different commercial crystallization solution in each reservoir well34,35,36,37.</li>
		<li>Dispense 100 nL of protein sample at the previously defined concentration (step 1.1.6) in all the crystallization drop wells using a crystallization robotic system.</li>
		<li>Dispense 100 nL of the different reservoir solutions to the corresponding crystallization drop wells to mix with protein dispensed in step 2.2.3. Seal the crystallization plate to avoid evaporation and enable the equilibration of the crystallization drop with the reservoir.</li>
		<li>Check the drops periodically (initially every 1 - 2 days, later every week) using a 10x&#160;(at least) magnification microscope to evaluate crystal formation and growth. 
		NOTE: An automated imaging system for protein crystallization can be used for drops visualization and capturing.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. Crystal Characterization and X-ray Data Collection
<ol>
	<li>Crystal mounting
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare the cryoprotectant solution by adding 25% (v/v) of glycerol (final concentration) to the crystallization condition (thus replacing 25% of water in the initial mixture)38.</li>
		<li>Fill a foam dewar with liquid nitrogen and place the sample enclosure part of a uni-puck into the dewar. Allow it to cool to liquid nitrogen temperature.</li>
		<li>Cut and remove the sealing tape from the crystallization plate over the drop where the crystals are formed.</li>
		<li>Place a drop of 1 &#181;L of cryoprotectant solution onto a coverslide positioned in close proximity of the target drop.</li>
		<li>Transfer the selected crystal from the original drop to the cryoprotectant solution drop using a nylon cryo-loop on a SPINE standard base mounted on a magnetic wand39,40.</li>
		<li>Quickly transfer the crystal from the cryoprotectant drop to liquid nitrogen, placing the loop into the first empty position of the uni-puck sample holder.</li>
		<li>Repeat (from the sealing tape cut step) until all the desired crystals are harvested and stored in the uni-puck sample holder.</li>
		<li>Place the uni-puck base on the uni-puck using the puck wand and take the puck to the beamline (under liquid nitrogen conditions). 
		CAUTION: Extremely low temperature!</li>
		<li>Use the cryo-tongs and the puck dewar loading tool to load the uni-puck(s) into the beamline sample changer robot dewar. The uni-puck sample holder will detach from the base lid leaving the sample loop holders upright in the sample robot dewar and thus exposed to the liquid nitrogen and accessible to the sample changer robot.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Crystal characterization 
	NOTE: The harvested crystals can then be screened for diffraction quality using either a laboratory X-ray source or at a synchrotron radiation (SR) X-ray source. Macromolecular crystallography (MX) beamlines provide a tunable energy source to exploit anomalous diffraction for structure solution. In the following section, a series of working instructions in line with the experimental capabilities of Diamond Light Source MX beamlines is proposed, but these guidelines can also be adapted to MX beamlines at other synchrotrons worldwide.
	<ol>
		<li>As a first step, it is useful to either confirm or identify anomalous scatterers in the crystal. This can be conveniently achieved by measuring an X-ray fluorescence spectrum from the crystal. First ensure the X-ray energy of the beamline is set high enough to excite all elements typically expected for macromolecular crystals (14 keV or higher).</li>
		<li>Use the beamline control software to select the sample to be mounted by the sample changer robot; the loop&#160;will be automatically centered in the X-ray beam and the crystal centering can be confirmed manually&#160;using the beamline control software.</li>
		<li>Record an X-ray fluorescence spectrum using the beamline control software: the user selects an exposure time and initiates the measurement (Fluorescence/Fluorescence Spectrum Setting, &#8594; Run, Figure 2A). The beamline control software automatically positions the X-ray fluorescence detector in place and determines the minimum incident X-ray flux to obtain a readable signal on the fluorescence detector. The acquired spectrum is then analyzed in an automated fashion with emission peaks fitted to naturally occurring biological elements. These routines are available within the beamline control software graphical user interface (GUI) - GDA (www.opengda.org) at our company and at synchrotrons throughout Europe41,42.</li>
		<li>If suitable elements are identified that can be exploited for an anomalous diffraction experiment, perform an X-ray absorption edge energy scan to determine the optimal wavelength for collection of anomalous diffraction data from the crystal: on the beamline control software, select the element and initiate the scan (Fluorescence/Fluorescence Scan Setting, &#8594; Atom name, &#8594; Run, Figure 2B). 
		NOTE: For a single anomalous diffraction experiment, the peak of the absorption edge is used to maximize the anomalous scattering. Experimental considerations for performing a multi-wavelength anomalous diffraction experiment have been previously detailed43.</li>
		<li>To determine the crystal unit cell parameters, symmetry, and diffraction limit, measure three X-ray diffraction patterns at 45&#176; intervals using the oscillation method (Data Collection/Screening&#160;&#8594; Run current, Figure 2C). The beamline control software provides the user with a choice of oscillation angle and exposure time, and the ability to set the percentage transmission of the X-ray beam. For a standard crystal screening, an oscillation angle of 0.5&#176;, an exposure time of 0.5 s, and 5% X-ray beam transmission are recommended. The measured diffraction images are automatically analyzed by the EDNA pipeline and return a set of strategies for collection of a complete data set22.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>X-ray data collection 
	NOTE: The user can select to collect data in standard oscillation mode or inverse beam mode, which enables Friedel mates to be recorded close in time and X-ray dose, and with approximately the same absorption behavior allowing a more accurate measurement of anomalous differences. The latter is useful especially if small anomalous differences are expected and/or the samples are radiation sensitive when carrying out an anomalous diffraction experiment. Considerations on the best data collection strategies to use have been comprehensively reviewed22,23,44,45,46,47.
	<ol>
		<li>Using the beamline control software, import the data collection parameters as suggested by the strategy program which will provide: 
		i. Start position of the &#969;-rotation axis 
		ii. Oscillation width of the &#969;-axis rotation angle for each diffraction image 
		iii. Exposure time for each diffraction image 
		iv. Number of images for a complete dataset (indirectly defining the total &#969;-axis rotation angle for the whole data collection) 
		v. Percentage of attenuation of the X-ray beam to avoid over-exposure and radiation damage 
		NOTE: At our institution, for running the data collection, the software pipelines for automated processing of the collected data are well established: (i) The diffraction data are reduced (indexed, integrated, and scaled) by the xia2 pipeline, which generates reflection mtz files for the user as input for phasing and structure solution/refinement48. (ii) When a significant anomalous signal is detected during data analysis, a first rapid automated structure solution pipeline (fast_ep) using SHELX attempts to solve the heavy atom substructure by experimental phasing, providing a phased electron density map where feasible. A second more comprehensive structure solution pipeline automatically undertakes attempts to solve and build the structure using independent software suites49,50,51,52; in cases where this is successful, the user will be provided with an initial model and electron density map. This provides the basis for the user to complete refinement and validate the model with the crystallographic software suites of choice.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

In this paper, we describe and validate an integrated protocol for biochemical and structural characterization of carbohydrate SBPs with a specific emphasis on proteins from S. pneumoniae. Nevertheless, this can be used as a standard procedure for the analysis of other SBPs from different organisms and even other unrelated soluble proteins.
The first part of the protocol is focused on providing biochemical information on protein stability and quaternary structure, which can be exploited in the preparation of protein samples for crystallization. In the thermal shift assays section, we describe only the pH and NaCl concentration variations to maintain the general nature of this procedure. Despite this, many other buffer conditions can be tested in a similar way, for example, including any chemical compound used as a stabilizing additive: in particular the actual ligand(s) that bind to a specific SBP are remarkably effective in increasing the Tm by a few degrees Celsius31. In some cases, the denaturing curves can be poorly defined due to low signal or a high fluorescence background, which is caused by protein aggregation or partial unfolding. To avoid this, a protein:dye titration can be performed to optimize the unclear denaturing curves. If no improvement is obtained, screening various additives that can ameliorate the stability of the protein is advised, and suitable screens have been previously described54.
Typically, most SBPs are monomeric in their natural environment, but as shown here multimerization can occur at the higher concentrations used in crystallization experiments, thus the oligomerization behavior characterization provided by MALS and SEC is essential to assess the most favorable stable monodisperse oligomerization state for crystallization. Nevertheless, it is hard to predict the effect of different chemicals included in the crystallization condition on the oligomerization behavior of the proteins. If the SEC and MALS examination shows extensive aggregation of the protein sample, we would advise the following to reduce the likelihood of this occurring: use fresh protein sample (not freeze-thawed) and expand the stabilization analysis performed with thermal shift assays, testing possible additives and mild detergents as a last resource, to minimize aggregation. In this paper, we present basic guidelines for crystallization using high-throughput sparse matrix commercial crystallization screening to maintain the general nature of this protocol. However, obtaining high-resolution X-ray diffraction protein crystals might need iterative fine tuning to optimize the crystallization conditions with respect to precipitant concentration, pH, addition of chemical additives, different temperatures, and other factors changing equilibrium dynamics between the crystal drop and reservoir16,17.
The second part of the protocol describes the characterization of the protein crystals in order to define the optimal strategy for X-ray diffraction data collection with a specific focus on the acquisition of anomalous data for SAD phasing. Even if SBPs maintain a similar general architecture (and there are many deposited 3D structures potentially usable as starting models), phasing of these proteins by the molecular replacement method is not always straightforward because of the variability of the secondary structure elements and the intrinsic flexibility of these proteins. Hence, we propose the SAD method and highlight that these proteins may already have intrinsically bound metals or indeed non-specific binding of metals from the crystallization buffer conditions, which can provide a range of anomalous diffracting elements as a standard step in our general protocol.
In conclusion, this protocol defines a standard guided workflow of procedures enabling the detailed description of the biochemical and structural features of SBPs that can be exploited to increase the structure determination success rate, as well as accelerate the structural characterization of SBPs in general.

S. pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a gram-positive bacterium residing asymptomatically in the upper airways of the human respiratory tract with the ability to migrate to normally sterile niches causing otitis, pneumonia, sepsis, septicemia, and meningitis1,2. Moreover, pneumococcal infection is the leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia, which is contributing to a clinical and economic burden worldwide3,4. Antibiotic resistant strains of S. pneumoniae have spread across the globe and although a seven-valent and a thirteen-valent pneumococcal protein conjugate vaccine have helped reduce the rate of antimicrobial resistance, replacement strains from vaccine use have emerged and have led to increased demands for research into the development of new treatments for pneumococcal disease5,6,7,8.
The pneumococcus depends on sugars imported from the host as a carbon source9,10; indeed it devotes 30% of its import machinery to the transport of 32 different carbohydrates11,12,13. These importers include at least eight ABC-transporters13. In ABC transporters, the extracellular SBPs play a fundamental role in determining the specificity for the ligand and presenting it to the integral membrane transporter for uptake in the cell. SBPs represent valid targets for the design of new vaccines and antimicrobials because they are surface proteins and their vital role in cellular processes.
Target protein characterization and detailed description of structural features, like ligand pockets and interdomain flexibility, provide a useful tool for structure-based drug design14,15. X-ray crystallography is the method of choice for the structural characterization of proteins at near to atomic resolution, but the crystallization process is unpredictable, time-consuming, and not always successful. Systematic methods have improved the success rate and important factors are the sample quality and stability. The success rate of crystallization is influenced by the protein chemical properties and sample preparation methodology. The effect of these can be assessed and informed by biochemical characterization16,17.
A further complication for structure-based design is the crystallographic phase problem, which must be addressed. As more protein structures have become available, many structures can be resolved by the molecular replacement method, which requires a homologous structure18. As SBPs present a flexible domain structure, molecular replacement may also prove challenging19. If a structural model that is sufficiently similar to the target protein is not available, a number of techniques can be used to obtain the experimental phasing20. Among these, the Single-wavelength Anomalous Dispersion (SAD) method has emerged as the primary technique and has been extensively used to solve the phase problem21. The use of the SAD method has been further advanced with improvements in hardware and software, as well as data collection strategies to allow the detection and use of weak anomalous signals for phasing22,23,24. Furthermore, advances in direct methods for solving structures of macromolecules, which in the past required diffraction data to atomic resolution, can now be utilized by combining for example, stereochemical knowledge as implemented in the program ARCIMOLDO25. A useful review of methods for solving the phase problem in crystallography is given by Taylor26.
Here we present a rationalized protocol for the characterization of the carbohydrate transport SBP, SP0092 of S. pneumoniae, integrating biochemical and structural techniques (Figure 1). This step-by-step protocol provides a useful example test case of strategies to improve the success rate of structural studies on SBPs in general, which are found in all kingdoms of life. In particular, the protocol highlights the importance of characterizing the most stable oligomeric state of the protein in solution in a fast and effective method, and allows the identification of the best species to follow up for crystallization experiments. Although there are over 500 SBP structures reported in the Protein Data Bank27, molecular replacement can be challenging due to the inherent flexible nature of the two &#945;/&#946; domains, which are connected by a hinge region19. Thus, the second part of the protocol describes using the SAD method for phasing from bound metal ions, which is common in SBPs, as well as the incorporation of selenomethionine and use of selenium (Se) in SAD phasing.

<table><tbody><tr><td>SelenoMethionine Medium Complete</td><td>Molecular Dimensions</td><td>MD12-500</td><td>Based on a synthetic M9 minimal media supplemented with glucose, vitamins and amino acids with the exception of L-methionine. Other equivalent products are commercially available by other companies.</td></tr><tr><td>MicroAmp Optical 96-Well plate</td><td>Applied Biosystems</td><td>4306737</td><td>The Applied Biosystems MicroAmp Optical 96-Well Reaction Plate with Barcode is optimized to provide unmatched temperature accuracy and uniformity for fast, efficient PCR amplification. This plate, constructed from a single rigid piece of polypropylene in a 96-well format, is compatible with Applied Biosystems&amp;reg; 96-Well Real-Time PCR systems and thermal cyclers.</td></tr><tr><td>SYPRO Orange</td><td>Molecular Probes</td><td>S6651</td><td>SYPRO Orange Protein Gel Stain is a sensitive, ready-to-use fluorescent stain for proteins in 1D gels. Quite universal and well-established protein dye for hydrophobic regions.</td></tr><tr><td>MicroAmp Optical Adhesive film</td><td>Applied Biosystems</td><td>4311971</td><td>The Applied Biosystems MicroAmp Optical Adhesive Film reduces the chance of well-to-well contamination and sample evaporation when applied to a microplate. It is ideal for optical measurement, because it gives low background.</td></tr><tr><td>7500 Fast Real-time PCR System</td><td>Applied Biosystems</td><td>4362143</td><td>The Applied Biosystems 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR System enables standard 96-well format high speed thermal cycling, significantly reducing your run time for quantitative real-time PCR applications, delivering results in about 30 minutes. The Upgrade Kit is available to upgrade a standard 7500 Real-Time PCR System to the Fast Configuration via a field service installation. Other RT-PCR machine can be used. Data export not easy for the old data analysis software.</td></tr><tr><td>Superdex 200 increase 10/300 GL column</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>28990944</td><td>Superdex 200 Increase 10/300 GL is a versatile, prepacked column for size exclusion chromatography in small-scale (mg) preparative purification as well as for characterization and analysis of proteins with molecular weights between 10 000 and 600 000, such as antibodies. Optimal separation ideal for high resolution biophysical techniques.</td></tr><tr><td>DAWN HELEOS II</td><td>Wyatt</td><td></td><td>DAWN HELEOS II is the premier Multi-Angle static Light Scattering (MALS) detector for absolute characterization of the molar mass and size of macromolecules and nanoparticles in solution. The DAWN offers the highest sensitivity, the widest range of molecular weight, size and concentration, and the largest selection of configurations and optional modules for enhanced capabiliites. Other MALS detecting systems from other companies apart from Wyatt have not been tested, so no additional feedback can be provided.</td></tr><tr><td>Superdex 200 5/150 GL</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>28906561</td><td>Superdex 200 are prepacked size exclusion chromatography columns for high-resolution small-scale preparative and analytical separations of biomolecules. Superdex 200 has a separation range for molecules with molecular weights between 10 000 and 600 000. The peak separation is not as optimal as for the &quot;increase&quot; version but this model is ideal for the standard day by day use.</td></tr><tr><td>HiLoad 16/600 Superdex 200 pg</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>28989335</td><td>HiLoad 16/600 Superdex 200 prep grade are prepacked XK columns designed for high-resolution preparative gel filtration chromatography.</td></tr><tr><td>24 Well &quot;Big&quot; Sitting Drop Crystallization Plate</td><td>MiTeGen</td><td>XQ-P-24S-A</td><td>The 24 well &quot;big&quot; crystallization plate is used mainly for protein crystal screening by sitting drop vapor diffusion techniques, and for crystallization condition optimization. It has quite large reservoir well and sample container, which favor manual handling and big sized protein crystal growth. In addition, its flat surfaces are easily to be sealed by transparent tape or cover slips.</td></tr><tr><td>PCT Pre-Crystallization Test</td><td>Hampton</td><td>HR2-140</td><td>The PCT Pre-Crystallization Test is used to determine the appropriate protein concentration for crystallization screening.</td></tr><tr><td>96 Well CrystalQuick</td><td>Greiner bio-one</td><td>6098xx</td><td>Square-well plates have three crystallization wells per reservoir, making it possible to test 288 samples per plate. Generally used only for the inital screening because their squared edge make crystals fishing difficult.</td></tr><tr><td>Uni-Puck</td><td>Molecular Dimensions</td><td>MD7-601</td><td>The Universal V1-Puck (Uni-puck) is a sample pin storage and shipping container for use with the majority of automated sample mounting systems worldwide - includes the ACTOR, SAM and CATS systems amongst others (Diamond, Soleil, SPring-8, Photon Factory, CLSI and across the USA)</td></tr><tr><td>Standard Foam Dewar</td><td>Molecular Dimensions</td><td>MD7-35</td><td>5.7&quot; diameter by 2.8&quot; deep. 800mL capacity.</td></tr><tr><td>Mounted CryoLoop - 20 micron</td><td>Hampton</td><td>HR4-955</td><td>Mounted CryoLoops with 20 micron diameter nylon. These nylon loops are bonded to hollow, stainless steel MicroTubes&amp;trade; that are used to mount, freeze, and secure the crystal during cryocrystallographic procedures and X-ray data collection. Different sizes exist and they can be adapted in lenght. They are quite versatile tools.</td></tr><tr><td>CryoWand</td><td>Molecular Dimensions</td><td>MD7-411</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Puck dewar loading tool</td><td>Molecular Dimensions</td><td>MD7-607</td><td>This tool is used to separate uni-pucks to load them into the robot dewar. It consists of two pieces: a Teflon tube part and a metal rod part.</td></tr></tbody></table>

biochemical and structural characterization of the carbohydrate transport substrate-binding-protein sp0092

Development of new antimicrobials and vaccines for Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) are necessary to halt the rapid rise in multiple resistant strains. Carbohydrate substrate binding proteins (SBPs) represent viable targets for the development of protein-based vaccines and new antimicrobials because of their extracellular localization and the centrality of carbohydrate import for pneumococcal metabolism, respectively. Described here is a rationalized integrated protocol to carry out a comprehensive characterization of SP0092, which can be extended to other carbohydrate SBPs from the pneumococcus and other bacteria. This procedure can aid the structure-based design of inhibitors for this class of proteins. Presented in the first part of this manuscript are protocols for biochemical analysis by thermal shift assay, multi angle light scattering (MALS), and size exclusion chromatography (SEC), which optimize the stability and homogeneity of the sample directed to crystallization trials and so enhance the probability of success. The second part of this procedure describes the characterization of the SBP crystals using a tunable wavelength anomalous diffraction synchrotron beamline, and data collection protocols for measuring data that can be used to resolve the crystallized protein structure.

This integrated protocol has been proven to be successful with four (two published and two unpublished structures) of six carbohydrate binding protein targets from pneumococcus analyzed to date32,53. In this section, we present the biochemical and structural characterization of SP0092 as a representative result to guide structural studies of SBPs in general.
After the SBP SP0092 has been expressed and purified as defined previously32, the purified protein was analyzed for buffer stability using a thermal shift assay: SP0092 exhibits an increased Tm at pH 6.5 and in the presence of NaCl in the 0 - 0.2 M concentration range (Figure 3A). In light of this, the buffer solution for the following steps was defined as: 0.02 M MES pH 6.5, 0.2 M NaCl, 2.5% (v/v) glycerol, 0.5 mM TCEP. The absolute molar mass of the different oligomerization states of SP0092 was measured by MALS coupled to SEC measuring a molecular weight of 187.2, 140.8, 97.0, and 49.4 kDa, corresponding to tetrameric, trimeric, dimeric, and monomeric species, respectively (Figure 3B). The analysis of the SEC profile at different protein dilutions revealed that the oligomerization is triggered by increased protein concentration, suggesting that the larger oligomers are more stable at higher concentrations than typically used in crystallization. Indeed, the purified larger oligomeric species directed to crystallization trials, successfully produced protein crystals while the monomer species did not.
The optimized crystals obtained from the native and Se-methionine labeled forms of SP0092 were characterized by X-ray diffraction. Measurement of the X-ray fluorescence from these crystals revealed in both cases emission peaks for Zn being bound to the protein, while Se was detected only for the Se-methionine crystals as expected. Later, X-ray absorption scans at the Se and Zn edges were performed, which provided direct experimental data to tune the incident X-ray wavelength to the respective X-ray absorption edges of either the Zn or Se present in the crystals to maximize the anomalous signal obtainable from the resultant data (Figure 4A-B).
After measuring three diffraction patterns at low transmission, a complete anomalous data set was obtained using the data collection strategy suggested by EDNA (Figure 4C). The anomalous signal present triggers the automated phasing pipeline at the beamline to determine the sub-structure, and based on the initial experimental phases derived, produces initial maps and models, which can then be refined and validated (Figure 4D).
In summary, potential pitfalls of the technique are centered primarily on crystal availability and quality. Optimization of the buffer conditions to improve protein stability as well as identification of the most suitable oligomeric state of the protein to use, when more than one oligomer is identified in solution, can reduce the risk of failure at the crystallization stage. Exploiting the use of bound metal ions identified at an early stage can speed up structure solution and avoid unnecessary production of selenomethionine labeled protein when molecular replacement methods fail.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56294/56294fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1. Diagram of workflow for biochemical and structural characterization of carbohydrate SBPs. <a href="https://cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56294/56294fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56294/56294fig2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2. Crystal characterization in GDA. (A) Screenshot of the X-ray fluorescence control tab of the GDA beamline control software. (B) Screenshot of the X-ray energy edge-scan control tab in GDA. (C) Screenshot of the data collection crystal screening tab in GDA. <a href="https://cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56294/56294fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56294/56294fig3.jpg" /> 
Figure 3. Biochemical characterization of SP009239-491. (A) 3D-surface graph plotting the melting temperature of SP009239-491 as a function of the pH and NaCl concentration of the buffer solution. (B) SEC and MALS results for SP009239-491. Absorption at 280 nm is shown in blue. The molar masses of the different oligomerization states are shown in red. Panel (B) has been modified from32. <a href="https://cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56294/56294fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56294/56294fig4.jpg" /> 
Figure 4. Structural characterization of SP009239-491. (A) and (B) X-ray absorption energy scan at the Zn and Se edge for SP009239-491 crystals. The measured fluorescence from the Zn and Se containing crystals is shown in blue and cyan, the calculated f&#39; and f&#34; anomalous scattering fractions are in green and red, respectively. (C) Examples of X-ray diffraction patterns collected from SP009239-491 crystals. (D) Cartoon representation of the SP009239-491 dimer structure. One protomer is colored white and the other magenta (residues 39 - 366) and violet (residues 367 - 491), and the anomalous scattering atoms are shown as blue and cyan balls for Zn and Se, respectively. <a href="https://cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56294/56294fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.1 M Citric Acid pH 4.0</td>
			<td>0.1 M Citric Acid pH 4.5</td>
			<td>0.1 M Phosphate pH 5.0</td>
			<td>0.1 M Citrate pH 5.5</td>
			<td>0.1 M Bis-tris pH 6</td>
			<td>0.1 M ADA pH 6.5</td>
			<td>0.1 M MOPS pH 7</td>
			<td>0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5</td>
			<td>0.1 M Imidazole pH 8.0</td>
			<td>0.1 M Tris pH 8.5</td>
			<td>0.1 M CHES pH 9</td>
			<td>0.1 M CHES pH 9.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl 0 M</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl 0.1 M</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl 0.2 M</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl 0.5 M</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
			<td>40 &#956;L</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 1. Buffer composition for thermal shift assay.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Biochemical and Structural Characterization of the Carbohydrate Transport Substrate-binding-protein SP0092 at JoVE.com

Biochemical and Structural Characterization of the Carbohydrate Transport Substrate-binding-protein SP0092

A streamlined protocol for performing an extensive biochemical and structural characterization of a carbohydrate substrate binding protein from Streptococcus pneumoniae is presented.

Development of new antimicrobials and vaccines for Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) are necessary to halt the rapid rise in multiple resistant ...

biochemical-structural-characterization-carbohydrate-transport

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

29.8K Views.  Harwell Science & Innovation Campus. A streamlined protocol for performing an extensive biochemical and structural characterization of a carbohydrate substrate binding protein from Streptococcus pneumoniae is presented.

Video: Biochemical and Structural Characterization of the Carbohydrate Transport Substrate-binding-protein SP0092

Characterization of Glycoproteins with the Immunoglobulin Fold by X-Ray Crystallography and Biophysical Techniques

Glycoproteins on the surface of cells play critical roles in cellular function, including signalling, adhesion and transport. On leukocytes, several of these glycoproteins possess immunoglobulin (Ig) folds and are central to immune recognition and regulation. Here, we present a platform for the design, expression and biophysical characterization of the extracellular domain of human B cell receptor CD22. We propose that these approaches are broadly applicable to the characterization of mammalian glycoprotein ectodomains containing Ig domains. Two suspension human embryonic kidney (HEK) cell lines, HEK293F and HEK293S, are used to express glycoproteins harbouring complex and high-mannose glycans, respectively. These recombinant glycoproteins with different glycoforms allow investigating the effect of glycan size and composition on ligand binding. We discuss protocols for studying the kinetics and thermodynamics of glycoprotein binding to biologically relevant ligands and therapeutic antibody candidates. Recombinant glycoproteins produced in HEK293S cells are amenable to crystallization due to glycan homogeneity, reduced flexibility and susceptibility to endoglycosidase H treatment. We present methods for soaking glycoprotein crystals with heavy atoms and small molecules for phase determination and analysis of ligand binding, respectively. The experimental protocols discussed here hold promise for the characterization of mammalian glycoproteins to give insight into their function and investigate the mechanism of action of therapeutics.

We present approaches for the biophysical and structural characterization of glycoproteins with the immunoglobulin fold by biolayer interferometry, isothermal titration calorimetry, and X-ray crystallography.

Glycoproteins on the surface of cells play critical roles in cellular function, including signalling, adhesion and transport. On leukocytes, several of ...

Spectrophotometric Methods for the Study of Eukaryotic Glycogen Metabolism

Glycogen is synthesized as a storage form of glucose by a wide array of organisms, ranging from bacteria to animals. The molecule comprises linear chains of &#945;1,4-linked glucose residues with branches introduced through the addition of &#945;1,6-linkages. Understanding how the synthesis and degradation of glycogen are regulated and how glycogen attains its characteristic branched structure requires the study of the enzymes of glycogen storage. However, the methods most commonly used to study these enzyme activities typically employ reagents or techniques that are not available to all investigators. Here, we discuss a battery of procedures that are technically simple, cost-effective, and yet still capable of providing valuable insight into the control of glycogen storage. The techniques require access to a spectrophotometer, operating in the range of 330 to 800 nm, and are described assuming that the users will employ disposable, plastic cuvettes. However, the procedures are readily scalable and can be modified for use in a microplate reader, allowing highly parallel analysis.

Techniques to measure the activity of key enzymes of glycogen metabolism are presented, using a simple spectrophotometer operating in the visible range.

Glycogen is synthesized as a storage form of glucose by a wide array of organisms, ranging from bacteria to animals. The molecule comprises linear chains ...

The Application of Open Searching-based Approaches for the Identification of Acinetobacter baumannii O-linked Glycopeptides

Protein glycosylation is increasingly recognized as a common modification within bacterial organisms, contributing to prokaryotic physiology and optimal infectivity of pathogenic species. Due to this, there is increasing interest in characterizing bacterial glycosylation and a need for high-throughput analytical tools to identify these events. Although bottom-up proteomics readily enables the generation of rich glycopeptide data, the breadth and diversity of glycans observed in prokaryotic species make the identification of bacterial glycosylation events extremely challenging.
Traditionally, the manual determination of glycan compositions within bacterial proteomic datasets made this a largely bespoke analysis restricted to field-specific experts. Recently, open searching-based approaches have emerged as a powerful alternative for the identification of unknown modifications. By analyzing the frequency of unique modifications observed on peptide sequences, open searching techniques allow the identification of common glycans attached to peptides within complex samples. This article presents a streamlined workflow for the interpretation and analysis of glycoproteomic data, demonstrating how open searching techniques can be used to identify bacterial glycopeptides without prior knowledge of the glycan compositions.
Using this approach, glycopeptides within samples can rapidly be identified to understand glycosylation differences. Using Acinetobacter baumannii as a model, these approaches enable the comparison of glycan compositions between strains and the identification of novel glycoproteins. Taken together, this work demonstrates the versatility of open database-searching techniques for the identification of bacterial glycosylation, making the characterization of these highly diverse glycoproteomes easier than ever before.

The Application of Open Searching-based Approaches for the Identification of Acinetobacter baumannii O-linked Glycopeptides

Open searching enables the identification of glycopeptides decorated with previously unknown glycan compositions. Within this article, a streamlined approach for undertaking open searching and subsequent glycan-focused glycopeptide searches are presented for bacterial samples using Acinetobacter baumannii as a model.

Protein glycosylation is increasingly recognized as a common modification within bacterial organisms, contributing to prokaryotic physiology and optimal ...

Concanavalin A-Based Sedimentation Assay to Measure Substrate Binding of Glucan Phosphatases

Glucan phosphatases belong to the larger family of dual specificity phosphatases (DSP) that dephosphorylate glucan substrates, such as glycogen in animals and starch in plants. The crystal structures of glucan phosphatase with model glucan substrates reveal distinct glucan-binding interfaces made of DSP and carbohydrate-binding domains. However, quantitative measurements of glucan-glucan phosphatase interactions with physiologically relevant substrates are fundamental to the biological understanding of the glucan phosphatase family of enzymes and the regulation of energy metabolism. This manuscript reports a Concanavalin A (ConA)-based in vitro sedimentation assay designed to detect the substrate binding affinity of glucan phosphatases against different glucan substrates.&#160;As a proof of concept, the dissociation constant (KD) of glucan phosphatase Arabidopsis thaliana Starch Excess4 (SEX4) and amylopectin was determined. The characterization of SEX4 mutants and other members of the glucan phosphatase family of enzymes further demonstrates the utility of this assay to assess the differential binding of protein- carbohydrate interactions. These data demonstrate the suitability of this assay to characterize a wide range of starch and glycogen interacting proteins.

This method describes a lectin-based in vitro sedimentation assay to quantify the binding affinity of glucan phosphatase and amylopectin. This co-sedimentation assay is reliable for measuring glucan phosphatase substrate binding and can be applied to various solubilized glucan substrates.

Glucan phosphatases belong to the larger family of dual specificity phosphatases (DSP) that dephosphorylate glucan substrates, such as glycogen in animals ...

Engineering Antiviral Agents via Surface Plasmon Resonance

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is used to measure hemagglutinin (HA) binding to domain-swapped Cyanovirin-N (CV-N) dimer and to monitor interactions between mannosylated peptides and CV-N's high-affinity binding site. Virus envelope spikes gp120, HA, and Ebola glycoprotein (GP) 1,2 have been reported to bind both high- and low-affinity binding sites on dimeric CVN2. Dimannosylated HA peptide is also bound at the two low-affinity binding sites to an engineered molecule of CVN2, which is bearing a high-affinity site for the respective ligand and mutated to replace a stabilizing disulfide bond in the carbohydrate-binding pocket, thus confirming multivalent binding. HA binding is shown to one high-affinity binding site of pseudo-antibody CVN2 at a dissociation constant (KD) of 275 nM that further neutralizes human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) through oligomerization. Correlating the number of disulfide bridges in domain-swapped CVN2, which are decreased from 4 to 2 by substituting cystines into polar residue pairs of glutamic acid and arginine, results in reduced binding affinity to HA. Among the strongest interactions, Ebola GP1,2 is bound by CVN2 with two high-affinity binding sites in the lower nanomolar range using the envelope glycan without a transmembrane domain. In the present study, binding of the multispecific monomeric CV-N to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S) glycoprotein is measured at KD = 18.6 &#181;M as compared with nanomolar KD to those other virus spikes, and via its receptor-binding domain in the mid-&#181;-molar range.

Engineering Antiviral Agents via Surface Plasmon Resonance

The present protocol describes new tools for SPR binding assays to examine CV-N binding to HA, S glycoprotein, related hybrid-type glycans, and high-mannose oligosaccharides. SPR is used to determine the KD for binding either dimeric or monomeric CV-N to these glycans.

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is used to measure hemagglutinin (HA) binding to domain-swapped Cyanovirin-N (CV-N) dimer and to monitor interactions ...

Bioengineering

Purification of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Protein Expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Defects in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein cause cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disease that currently limits the average life expectancy of sufferers to &#60;40 years of age. The development of novel drug molecules to restore the activity of CFTR is an important goal in the treatment CF, and the isolation of functionally active CFTR is a useful step towards achieving this goal.
We describe two methods for the purification of CFTR from a eukaryotic heterologous expression system, S. cerevisiae. Like prokaryotic systems, S. cerevisiae can be rapidly grown in the lab at low cost, but can also traffic and posttranslationally modify large membrane proteins. The selection of detergents for solubilization and purification is a critical step in the purification of any membrane protein. Having screened for the solubility of CFTR in several detergents, we have chosen two contrasting detergents for use in the purification that allow the final CFTR preparation to be tailored to the subsequently planned experiments.
In this method, we provide comparison of the purification of CFTR in dodecyl-&#946;-D-maltoside (DDM) and 1-tetradecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1&#39;-rac-glycerol) (LPG-14). Protein purified in DDM by this method shows ATPase activity in functional assays. Protein purified in LPG-14 shows high purity and yield, can be employed to study post-translational modifications, and can be used for structural methods such as small-angle X-ray scattering and electron microscopy. However it displays significantly lower ATPase activity.

Purification of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Protein Expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Heterologous expression and purification of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) are significant challenges and limiting factors in the development of drug therapies for cystic fibrosis. This protocol describes two methods for the isolation of milligram quantities of CFTR suitable for functional and structural studies.&#160;

Defects in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein cause cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disease that ...

Biology

Real Time Measurements of Membrane Protein:Receptor Interactions Using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)

Protein-protein interactions are pivotal to most, if not all, physiological processes, and understanding the nature of such interactions is a central step in biological research. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) is a sensitive detection technique for label-free study of bio-molecular interactions in real time. In a typical SPR experiment, one component (usually a protein, termed 'ligand') is immobilized onto a sensor chip surface, while the other (the 'analyte') is free in solution and is injected over the surface. Association and dissociation of the analyte from the ligand are measured and plotted in real time on a graph called a sensogram, from which pre-equilibrium and equilibrium data is derived. Being label-free, consuming low amounts of material, and providing pre-equilibrium kinetic data, often makes SPR the method of choice when studying dynamics of protein interactions. However, one has to keep in mind that due to the method's high sensitivity, the data obtained needs to be carefully analyzed, and supported by other biochemical methods. 
SPR is particularly suitable for studying membrane proteins since it consumes small amounts of purified material, and is compatible with lipids and detergents. This protocol describes an SPR experiment characterizing the kinetic properties of the interaction between a membrane protein (an ABC transporter) and a soluble protein (the transporter's cognate substrate binding protein).

Real Time Measurements of Membrane Protein:Receptor Interactions Using Surface Plasmon Resonance SPR

Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) is a label-free method for detecting bio-molecular interactions in real time. Herein, a protocol for a membrane protein:receptor interaction experiment is described, while discussing the pros and cons of the technique.

Protein-protein interactions are pivotal to most, if not all, physiological processes, and  understanding the nature of such interactions is a central ...

Automated Modular High Throughput Exopolysaccharide Screening Platform Coupled with Highly Sensitive Carbohydrate Fingerprint Analysis

Many microorganisms are capable of producing and secreting exopolysaccharides (EPS), which have important implications in medical fields, food applications or in the replacement of petro-based chemicals. We describe an analytical platform to be automated on a liquid handling system that allows the fast and reliable analysis of the type and the amount of EPS produced by microorganisms. It enables the user to identify novel natural microbial exopolysaccharide producers and to analyze the carbohydrate fingerprint of the corresponding polymers within one day in high-throughput (HT). Using this platform, strain collections as well as libraries of strain variants that might be obtained in engineering approaches can be screened. The platform has a modular setup, which allows a separation of the protocol into two major parts. First, there is an automated screening system, which combines different polysaccharide detection modules: a semi-quantitative analysis of viscosity formation via a centrifugation step, an analysis of polymer formation via alcohol precipitation and the determination of the total carbohydrate content via a phenol-sulfuric-acid transformation. Here, it is possible to screen up to 384 strains per run. The second part provides a detailed monosaccharide analysis for all the selected EPS producers identified in the first part by combining two essential modules: the analysis of the complete monomer composition via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultra violet and electrospray ionization ion trap detection (UHPLC-UV-ESI-MS) and the determination of pyruvate as a polymer substituent (presence of pyruvate ketal) via enzymatic oxidation that is coupled to a color formation. All the analytical modules of this screening platform can be combined in different ways and adjusted to individual requirements. Additionally, they can all be handled manually or performed with a liquid handling system. Thereby, the screening platform enables a huge flexibility in order to identify various EPS.

We present an automated modular high-throughput-method for the identification and characterization of microbial exopolysaccharides in small scale. This method combines a fast preselection to analyze the total amount of secreted polysaccharides with a detailed carbohydrate fingerprint to enable the fast screening of newly isolated bacterial strains or entire strain collections.

Many microorganisms are capable of producing and secreting exopolysaccharides (EPS), which have important implications in medical fields, food ...

Demonstration of Heterologous Complexes formed by Golgi-Resident Type III Membrane Proteins using Split Luciferase Complementation Assay

The goal of this protocol is to explore the applicability of the most recent variant of split luciferase complementation for demonstrating heterologous complexes formed by nucleotide sugar transporters (NSTs). These ER- and Golgi-resident multitransmembrane proteins carry the cytoplasmically synthesized nucleotide sugars across organelle membranes to supply enzymes that mediate glycosylation with their substrates. NSTs exist as dimers and/or higher oligomers. Heterologous interactions between&#160;different NSTs have also been reported. To verify whether the technique is suitable for studying the phenomenon of NST heteromerization, we tested it against a combination of the two Golgi-resident NSTs that have been previously shown to associate by several other means. The&#160;luciferase complementation assay appears to be particularly suitable for studying interactions between Golgi-resident membrane proteins, as it does not require high expression levels, which often trigger protein mislocalization and increase the risk of false positives.

The&#160;protocol presented here is intended to demonstrate the occurrence of heterologous interactions between Golgi-resident type III membrane proteins with cytoplasmically exposed N- and/or C-termini in live mammalian cells using the most recent variant of the split luciferase complementation assay.

The goal of this protocol is to explore the applicability of the most recent variant of split luciferase complementation for demonstrating heterologous ...

Small-Scale Plasma Membrane Preparation for the Analysis of Candida albicans Cdr1-mGFPHis

The successful biochemical and biophysical characterization of ABC transporters depends heavily on the choice of the heterologous expression system. Over the past two decades, we have developed a yeast membrane protein expression platform that has been used to study many important fungal membrane proteins. The expression host Saccharomyces cerevisiae AD&#916;&#916; is deleted in seven major endogenous ABC transporters and it contains the transcription factor Pdr1-3 with a gain-of-function mutation that enables the constitutive overexpression of heterologous membrane protein genes stably integrated as single copies at the genomic PDR5 locus. The creation of versatile plasmid vectors and the optimization of one-step cloning strategies enables the rapid and accurate cloning, mutagenesis, and expression of heterologous ABC transporters. Here, we describe the development and use of a novel protease-cleavable mGFPHis double tag (i.e., the monomeric yeast enhanced green fluorescent protein yEGFP3 fused to a six-histidine affinity purification tag) that was designed to avoid possible interference of the tag with the protein of interest and to increase the binding efficiency of the His tag to nickel-affinity resins. The fusion of mGFPHis to the membrane protein ORF (open reading frame) enables easy quantification of the protein by inspection of polyacrylamide gels and detection of degradation products retaining the mGFPHis tag. We demonstrate how this feature facilitates detergent screening for membrane protein solubilization. A protocol for the efficient, fast, and reliable isolation of the small-scale plasma membrane preparations of the C-terminally tagged Candida albicans multidrug efflux transporter Cdr1 overexpressed in S. cerevisiae AD&#916;&#916;, is presented. This small-scale plasma membrane isolation protocol generates high-quality plasma membranes within a single working day. The plasma membrane preparations can be used to determine the enzyme activities of Cdr1 and Cdr1 mutant variants.

Small-Scale Plasma Membrane Preparation for the Analysis of Candida albicans Cdr1-mGFPHis

This article presents a small-scale plasma membrane isolation protocol for the characterization of Candida albicans ABC (ATP-binding cassette) protein Cdr1, overexpressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A protease-cleavable C-terminal mGFPHis double tag with a 16-residue linker between Cdr1 and the tag was designed to facilitate the purification and detergent-screening of Cdr1.

The successful biochemical and biophysical characterization of ABC transporters depends heavily on the choice of the heterologous expression system. Over ...

Biochemical and Structural Characterization of the Carbohydrate Transport Substrate-binding-protein SP0092

Summary

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Chapters in this video

Characterization of Glycoproteins with the Immunoglobulin Fold by X-Ray Crystallography and Biophysical Techniques

Spectrophotometric Methods for the Study of Eukaryotic Glycogen Metabolism

The Application of Open Searching-based Approaches for the Identification of Acinetobacter baumannii O-linked Glycopeptides

Concanavalin A-Based Sedimentation Assay to Measure Substrate Binding of Glucan Phosphatases

Engineering Antiviral Agents via Surface Plasmon Resonance

Purification of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Protein Expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Real Time Measurements of Membrane Protein:Receptor Interactions Using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)

Automated Modular High Throughput Exopolysaccharide Screening Platform Coupled with Highly Sensitive Carbohydrate Fingerprint Analysis

Demonstration of Heterologous Complexes formed by Golgi-Resident Type III Membrane Proteins using Split Luciferase Complementation Assay

Small-Scale Plasma Membrane Preparation for the Analysis of Candida albicans Cdr1-mGFPHis