Name: bedside ultrasound for guiding fluid removal in patients with pulmonary edema: the reverse-falls protocol
Uploaded: 2018-07-28T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bedside Ultrasound for Guiding Fluid Removal in Patients with Pulmonary Edema: The Reverse-FALLS Protocol at JoVE.com

The authors wish to acknowledge Dr. Paul Zamudio, a specialist in Nephrology and Critical Care, for his contributions to this manuscript.

1. Assess Extravascular Compartment Before Diuresis: Chest Ultrasound
<ol>
	<li>Use a low-frequency, phased array probe.</li>
	<li>Select the appropriate machine setting (abdomen or lung) with the screen marker operator-left.</li>
	<li>Adjust the depth to 8-12 cm.</li>
	<li>Place the patient in supine or semi-recumbent position and expose the anterior chest. Place the transducer at a 90&#176; angle to the patient&#39;s anterior chest with the probe marker facing cephalad.
	<ol>
		<li>Perform this protocol at the midcla...

<ol>
	<li>Zoccali, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pulmonary+congestion+predicts+cardiac+events+and+mortality+in+ESRD.">Pulmonary congestion predicts cardiac events and mortality in ESRD.</a> Journal of the Amerian Society of Nephrology. 24, 639-646 (2013).</li><li>Vitturi, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lung+ultrasound+during+hemodialysis,+the+role+in+the+assessment+of+volume+status.">Lung ultrasound during hemodialysis, the role in the assessment of volume status.</a> International Urology and Nephrology. 46, 169-174 (2014).</li><li>Noble, V. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasound+assessment+for+extravascular+lung+water+in+patients+undergoing+hemodialysis.+Time+course+for+resolution.">Ultrasound assessment for extravascular lung water in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Time course for resolution.</a> Chest. 135, 1433-1439 (2009).</li><li>Lang, R. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recommendations+for+Cardiac+Chamber+Quantification+by+Echocardiography+in+Adults:+An+Update+from+the+American+Society+of+Echocardiography+and+the+European+Association+of+Cardiovascular+Imaging.">Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging.</a> Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 28, 1-39 (2015).</li><li>Barbier, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Respiratory+changes+in+inferior+vena+cava+diameter+are+helpful+in+predicting+fluid+responsiveness+in+ventilated+septic+patients.">Respiratory changes in inferior vena cava diameter are helpful in predicting fluid responsiveness in ventilated septic patients.</a> Intensive Care Medicine. 30, 1740-1746 (2004).</li><li>Feissel, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+respiratory+variation+in+inferior+vena+cava+diameter+as+a+guide+to+fluid+therapy.">The respiratory variation in inferior vena cava diameter as a guide to fluid therapy.</a> Intensive Care Medicine. 30, 1834-1837 (2004).</li><li>Lichtenstein, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lung+ultrasound+in+the+critically+ill.">Lung ultrasound in the critically ill.</a> Annals of Intensive Care. 4, 1 (2014).</li><li>Lichtenstein, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BLUE-Protocol+and+FALLS-Protocol:+Two+Applications+of+Lung+Ultrasound+in+the+Critically+Ill.">BLUE-Protocol and FALLS-Protocol: Two Applications of Lung Ultrasound in the Critically Ill.</a> Chest. 147, 1659-1670 (2015).</li><li>Moore, C. L., Copel, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Point-of-care+ultrasonography.">Point-of-care ultrasonography.</a> New England Journal of Medicine. 364, 749-757 (2011).</li><li>Lichtenstein, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A-lines+and+B-lines:+lung+ultrasound+as+a+bedside+tool+for+predicting+pulmonary+artery+occlusion+pressure+in+the+critically+ill.">A-lines and B-lines: lung ultrasound as a bedside tool for predicting pulmonary artery occlusion pressure in the critically ill.</a> Chest. 136, (2009).</li><li>Trezzi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lung+ultrasonography+for+the+assessment+of+rapid+extravascular+water+variation,+evidence+from+hemodialysis+patients.">Lung ultrasonography for the assessment of rapid extravascular water variation, evidence from hemodialysis patients.</a> Internal and Emergency Medicine. 8, 409-415 (2013).</li><li>Lyon, M., Blaivas, M., Brannam, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sonographic+measurement+of+the+inferior+vena+cava+as+a+marker+of+blood+loss.">Sonographic measurement of the inferior vena cava as a marker of blood loss.</a> American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 23, 45-50 (2005).</li><li>Katzarski, K. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+critical+evaluation+of+ultrasound+measurement+of+inferior+vena+cava+diameter+in+assessing+dry+weight+in+normotensive+and+hypertensive+hemodialysis+patients.">A critical evaluation of ultrasound measurement of inferior vena cava diameter in assessing dry weight in normotensive and hypertensive hemodialysis patients.</a> American Journal of Kidney Disease. 30, 459-465 (1997).</li><li>Goyfman, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combined+aquaretic+and+diuretic+therapy+in+acute+heart+failure.">Combined aquaretic and diuretic therapy in acute heart failure.</a> International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease. 10, 129-134 (2017).</li></ol>

Many studies have demonstrated that bedside US is a reliable diagnostic tool that can be used to guide the management of various disease states such as shock and dyspnea5. The correlation of B-lines with extravascular lung water has good sensitivity and specificity in evaluating for pulmonary edema, and studies have shown that lung US can reliably detect even modest variations in extravascular lung water2,10. Similarly, studies have shown ...

Fluid retention is the most common modifiable risk factor for mortality and cardiovascular events in volume overloaded patients1. Fluid retention leads to poorly controlled hypertension, cardiac dysfunction and pulmonary edema, and has been associated with excess mortality in this population. The clinical estimation of a patient's volume status by combining the patient's symptoms, blood pressure, and weight changes represent a clinical assessment that is prone to imprecision2. This article proposes a protocol that utilizes bedside ultrasound (US) techniques to guide the effective management of pulmonary edema. Chest and inferior vena cava (IVC) US form the cornerstone of this proposed clinical protocol for fluid removal. Both Chest and IVC US have a long track record in the literature for a spectrum of applications including the management of acute respiratory failure, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and circulatory shock. 
Chest US has been shown to provide objective data for the assessment of pulmonary edema in ESRD patients, and accurately reflects the decreasing severity of pulmonary edema as dialysis goes on3. Similarly, US of the inferior vena cava (IVC) has long been utilized for various clinical applications. IVC US is recommend as a routine component of transthoracic echocardiographic examination and serves several purposes, including for the estimation of right atrial pressure (RAP) that is a mark of volume status and pre- load to the heart4. Several studies have elucidated a correlation between IVC caliber and fluid responsivity in shock states5,6. Also notable in the management of shock states, chest ultrasound has been used to detect the onset of new pulmonary edema during fluid resuscitation in circulatory shock, commonly by way of a bedside US application referred to as the Fluid Administration Limited by Lung Sonography (FALLS) protocol7,8. The protocol proposed here, named the Reverse-FALLS protocol, combines well-documented features of chest and IVC ultrasound for the safe and effective management of pulmonary edema. 
Portable, or bedside, US is an imaging modality that offers immediate and reliable data that reduces exposure to radiation, eliminates the need for patient transport, and reduces resource utilization. Due to its availability and the essential absence of associated adverse effects, bedside US can be repeated to monitor and tailor diuretic therapy. Finally, bedside US is easy for clinicians to perform and interpret in real-time9. 
Chest US is a widely-accepted technique that detects specific artifact patterns that represent various pleural and parenchymal pathologies. For instance, "A-lines" are horizontal hyperechoic (bright) reverberation artifacts of the pleural surface and they indicate normal parenchyma that is free of fluid. Alternatively, "B-lines" are hyperechoic vertical artifacts that begin at the inferior aspect of the pleural line and extend to the end of the screen, moving synchronously with respiration. The presence of B-lines in the setting of suspected volume overload indicates extravascular lung water. These B-lines characteristically dissipate during diuresis in a manner that corresponds to volume removal leading to the re-emergence of the dry A-line artifact pattern3. Studies indicate that these US findings are closely associated with elevated pulmonary filling pressures, as assessed by invasive methods10. 
US may also be used to measure the IVC vessel diameter and collapsibility index, which is the percentage of diameter reduction during spontaneous breathing. Several studies have shown a correlation between IVC measurements and volume changes during diuresis, demonstrating the feasibility and applicability of this tool for patients with pulmonary edema11. 
Here, we propose a sample US protocol, the Reverse-FALLS protocol, which integrates both lung and IVC US to guide fluid removal therapy in patients with pulmonary edema.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Portable Ultrasound machine&#160;</td>
			<td>Shown in video: FUGIFILM/Sonosite</td>
			<td>Shown in video:&#160; M- Turbo</td>
			<td>Any portable ultrasound machine with the following capabilities 
			&#8226;&#160; B- Mode 
			&#8226;&#160; M- Mode 
			&#8226;&#160; Caliper measurement tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transducer</td>
			<td>Shown in video: FUGIFILM/Sonosite</td>
			<td>Shown in video:&#160; P21</td>
			<td>Any ultrasound transducer probe with the following capabilities: 
			&#8226;&#160; Phased Array 
			&#8226;&#160; Low frequency (1-5MHz)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

bedside ultrasound for guiding fluid removal in patients with pulmonary edema: the reverse-falls protocol

Fluid retention is the most common risk factor for mortality and cardiovascular complications in patients with volume-overloaded disease states. The extent of diuresis or fluid removal is frequently determined by physical examination which is subject to inaccuracies.
Bedside ultrasound (US) is a portable tool that brings real-time diagnostic imaging to the patient's bedside. This versatile modality makes it possible for the clinician to investigate patients' extravascular and intravascular volume states. The extravascular volume, particularly in the case of pulmonary edema, can be quantitatively assessed by US of the anterior chest. Intravascular volume is estimated by visualizing the inferior vena cava (IVC) caliber. Taken together, the degree of extravascular lung water and the IVC caliber provide objective data that can guide the clinician to determine the level of diuresis needed to effectively yet safely treat pulmonary edema. 
The objective of this article is threefold: 1) to summarize the findings of previous studies on the efficacy of portable US to guide fluid management, 2) to describe a proposed ultrasound protocol to help guide fluid management, and 3) to elucidate techniques that address the measurement of intravascular and extravascular volumes using portable US.

Lung ultrasound estimates the amount of fluid in the extravascular compartment by visualizing A-line or B-line artifacts, as illustrated in Figure 1. The quantity of B-lines on lung ultrasound helps determine the amount of fluid removal required as illustrated in Figure 2. A mixed A-line and B-line pattern, or an A-line predominant pattern suggests lung parenchyma that is relatively free from extra fluid. Mild diuresis may be nec...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bedside Ultrasound for Guiding Fluid Removal in Patients with Pulmonary Edema: The Reverse-FALLS Protocol at JoVE.com

Bedside Ultrasound for Guiding Fluid Removal in Patients with Pulmonary Edema: The Reverse-FALLS Protocol

We describe an imaging protocol that enables the clinician to visualize, in real-time, the patient&#39;s intravascular and extravascular space volumes and set diuresis and fluid removal parameters accordingly for the safe and efficient treatment of pulmonary edema.

Fluid retention is the most common risk factor for mortality and cardiovascular complications in patients with volume-overloaded disease states. The ...

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