Name: single-cell transcriptomic analyses of mouse pancreatic endocrine cells
Uploaded: 2018-09-30T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Single-cell Transcriptomic Analyses of Mouse Pancreatic Endocrine Cells at JoVE.com

We thank the National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing (Peking University) and the Peking-Tsinghua Center for the Life Science Computing Platform. This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2015CB942800), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31521004, 31471358, and 31522036), and funding from Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences to C.-R.X.

All methods described here have been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Peking University.
1. Pancreas Isolation
<ol>
	<li>For E17.5 (embryonic day 17.5) embryos:
	<ol>
		<li>Estimate embryonic day 0.5 based on the time point when the vaginal plug appears.</li>
		<li>Sacrifice the pregnant mice by CO2 administration. Spray the abdominal fur with 70% alcohol.</li>
		<li>Make a V-shaped incision with scissors from the genital area...

<ol>
	<li>Gu, G., Dubauskaite, J., Melton, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+evidence+for+the+pancreatic+lineage:+NGN3++cells+are+islet+progenitors+and+are+distinct+from+duct+progenitors.">Direct evidence for the pancreatic lineage: NGN3+ cells are islet progenitors and are distinct from duct progenitors.</a> Development. 129 (10), 2447-2457 (2002).</li><li>Oliver-Krasinski, J. M., Stoffers, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+origin+of+the+beta+cell.">On the origin of the beta cell.</a> Genes &amp; Development. 22 (15), 1998-2021 (1998).</li><li>Dor, Y., Brown, J., Martinez, O. I., Melton, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adult+pancreatic+beta-cells+are+formed+by+self-duplication+rather+than+stem-cell+differentiation.">Adult pancreatic beta-cells are formed by self-duplication rather than stem-cell differentiation.</a> Nature. 429 (6987), 41-46 (2004).</li><li>Smukler, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+adult+mouse+and+human+pancreas+contain+rare+multipotent+stem+cells+that+express+insulin.">The adult mouse and human pancreas contain rare multipotent stem cells that express insulin.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 8 (3), 281-293 (2011).</li><li>Dorrell, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+islets+contain+four+distinct+subtypes+of+beta+cells.">Human islets contain four distinct subtypes of beta cells.</a> Nature Communications. 7, 11756 (2016).</li><li>Bader, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+proliferative+and+mature+beta-cells+in+the+islets+of+Langerhans.">Identification of proliferative and mature beta-cells in the islets of Langerhans.</a> Nature. 535 (7612), 430-434 (2016).</li><li>Saliba, A. E., Westermann, A. J., Gorski, S. A., Vogel, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-cell+RNA-seq:+Advances+and+future+challenges.">Single-cell RNA-seq: Advances and future challenges.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 42 (14), 8845-8860 (2014).</li><li>Qiu, W. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deciphering+pancreatic+islet+beta+cell+and+alpha+cell+maturation+pathways+and+characteristic+features+at+the+single-cell+level.">Deciphering pancreatic islet beta cell and alpha cell maturation pathways and characteristic features at the single-cell level.</a> Cell Metabolism. 25 (5), 1194-1205 (2017).</li><li>Picelli, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Smart-seq2+for+sensitive+full-length+transcriptome+profiling+in+single+cells.">Smart-seq2 for sensitive full-length transcriptome profiling in single cells.</a> Nature Methods. 10 (11), 1096-1098 (2013).</li><li>Picelli, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Full-length+RNA-seq+from+single+cells+using+Smart-seq2.">Full-length RNA-seq from single cells using Smart-seq2.</a> Nature Protocols. 9 (1), 171-181 (2014).</li><li>Piccand, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pak3+promotes+cell+cycle+exit+and+differentiation+of+beta-cells+in+the+embryonic+pancreas+and+is+necessary+to+maintain+glucose+homeostasis+in+adult+mice.">Pak3 promotes cell cycle exit and differentiation of beta-cells in the embryonic pancreas and is necessary to maintain glucose homeostasis in adult mice.</a> Diabetes. 63 (1), 203-215 (2014).</li><li>Veite-Schmahl, M. J., Regan, D. P., Rivers, A. C., Nowatzke, J. F., Kennedy, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissection+of+the+mouse+pancreas+for+histological+analysis+and+metabolic+profiling.">Dissection of the mouse pancreas for histological analysis and metabolic profiling.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (126), (2017).</li><li>Hu, P., Zhang, W., Xin, H., Deng, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+cell+isolation+and+analysis.">Single cell isolation and analysis.</a> Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 4, 116 (2016).</li><li>Haque, A., Engel, J., Teichmann, S. A., Lonnberg, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+practical+guide+to+single-cell+RNA-sequencing+for+biomedical+research+and+clinical+applications.">A practical guide to single-cell RNA-sequencing for biomedical research and clinical applications.</a> Genome Medicine. 9 (1), 75 (2017).</li><li>. FastQC: A quality control tool for high throughput sequence data Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc/">https://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc/</a> (2010)</li><li>Langmead, B., Salzberg, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast+gapped-read+alignment+with+Bowtie+2.">Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2.</a> Nature Methods. 9 (4), 357-359 (2012).</li><li>Kim, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TopHat2:+accurate+alignment+of+transcriptomes+in+the+presence+of+insertions,+deletions+and+gene+fusions.">TopHat2: accurate alignment of transcriptomes in the presence of insertions, deletions and gene fusions.</a> Genome Biology. 14 (4), (2013).</li><li>Anders, S., Pyl, P. T., Huber, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HTSeq--a+Python+framework+to+work+with+high-throughput+sequencing+data.">HTSeq--a Python framework to work with high-throughput sequencing data.</a> Bioinformatics. 31 (2), 166-169 (2015).</li><li>Wagner, G. P., Kin, K., Lynch, V. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+mRNA+abundance+using+RNA-seq+data:+RPKM+measure+is+inconsistent+among+samples.">Measurement of mRNA abundance using RNA-seq data: RPKM measure is inconsistent among samples.</a> Theory in Biosciences. 131 (4), 281-285 (2012).</li><li>Brennecke, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accounting+for+technical+noise+in+single-cell+RNA-seq+experiments.">Accounting for technical noise in single-cell RNA-seq experiments.</a> Nature Methods. 10 (11), 1093-1095 (2013).</li><li>Le, S., Josse, J., Husson, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FactoMineR:+An+R+package+for+multivariate+analysis.">FactoMineR: An R package for multivariate analysis.</a> Journal of Statistical Software. 25 (1), (2008).</li><li>Hadley, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> ggplot2: Elegant graphics for data analysis. , (2009).</li><li>. gplots: Various R Programming Tools for Plotting Data Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://cran.r-project.org/package=gplots">https://cran.r-project.org/package=gplots</a> (2016)</li><li>Marcheva, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disruption+of+the+clock+components+CLOCK+and+BMAL1+leads+to+hypoinsulinaemia+and+diabetes.">Disruption of the clock components CLOCK and BMAL1 leads to hypoinsulinaemia and diabetes.</a> Nature. 466 (7306), 627-631 (2010).</li><li>Li, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-cell+RNA-seq+analysis+maps+development+of+human+germline+cells+and+gonadal+niche+interactions.">Single-cell RNA-seq analysis maps development of human germline cells and gonadal niche interactions.</a> Cell Stem Cell. , (2017).</li><li>Qi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+pancreatic+islet+isolation:+Part+I:+Digestion+and+collection+of+pancreatic+tissue.">Human pancreatic islet isolation: Part I: Digestion and collection of pancreatic tissue.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (27), (2009).</li><li>Qi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+pancreatic+islet+isolation:+Part+II:+Purification+and+culture+of+human+islets.">Human pancreatic islet isolation: Part II: Purification and culture of human islets.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (27), (2009).</li><li>Teo, A. K. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-cell+analyses+of+human+islet+cells+reveal+de-differentiation+signatures.">Single-cell analyses of human islet cells reveal de-differentiation signatures.</a> Cell Death Discovery. 4 (14), (2018).</li></ol>

In this protocol, we demonstrated an effective and easy-to-use method for studying the single-cell expression profiles of pancreatic &#946; cells. This method could be used to isolate endocrine cells from embryonic, neonatal and postnatal pancreases and to perform single-cell transcriptomic analyses.
The most critical step is the isolation of single &#946; cells in good condition. Fully perfused pancreases respond better to subsequent digestion. Insufficient perfusion, which usually occurs in ...

The pancreas is a vital metabolic organ in mammals. The pancreas is comprised of endocrine and exocrine compartments. Pancreatic endocrine cells, including insulin-producing &#946; cells and glucagon-producing &#945; cells, cluster together in the islets of Langerhans and coordinately regulate systemic glucose homeostasis. Dysfunction of the endocrine cells results in diabetes mellitus, which has become a major public health issue worldwide.
Pancreatic endocrine cells are derived from Ngn3+ progenitors during embryogenesis1. Later, during the perinatal period, the endocrine cells proliferate to form immature islets. These immature cells continue to develop and gradually become mature islets, which become richly vascularized to regulate blood glucose homeostasis in adults2.
Although a group of transcriptional factors has been identified that regulate &#946; cell differentiation, the precise maturation pathway of &#946; cells is still unclear. Moreover, the &#946; cell maturation process also involves the regulation of cell number expansion3,4 and the generation of cellular heterogeneity5,6. However, the regulatory mechanisms of these processes have not been well studied.
Single-cell RNA-sequencing is a powerful approach that can profile cell subpopulations and trace cell lineage developmental pathways7. Taking advantage of this technology, the key events that occur during pancreatic islet development can be deciphered at the single-cell level8. Among the single-cell RNA-sequencing protocols, Smart-seq2 allows the generation of full-length cDNA with improved sensitivity and accuracy, and the use of standard reagents at lower cost9. Smart-seq2 takes approximately two days to construct a cDNA library for sequencing10.
Here, we propose a method for the isolation of fluorescence-labeled &#946; cells from the pancreases of fetal to adult Ins1-RFP transgenic mice11, using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and the performance of transcriptomic analyses at the single-cell level, using Smart-seq2 technology (Figure 1).This protocol can be extended to analyze the transcriptomes of all pancreatic endocrine cell types in normal, pathological and aging states.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase P</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11213873001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.25 %), phenol red</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>25200114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30071.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #4 Forceps</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-4904</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #5 Forceps</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-5058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30 G BD Needle 1/2&#34; Length</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>305106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereo Microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Stemi DV4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereo Fluorescence microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Stereo Lumar V12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5810R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5424R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polystyrene Round-Bottom Tube with Cell-Strainer Cap</td>
			<td>BD-Falcon</td>
			<td>352235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-Well PCR Microplate</td>
			<td>Axygen</td>
			<td>PCR-96-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone Sealing Mat</td>
			<td>Axygen</td>
			<td>AM-96-PCR-RD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thin Well PCR Tube</td>
			<td>Extragene</td>
			<td>P-02X8-CF</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell sorter</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>BD FACSAria</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Capillary pipette</td>
			<td>Sutter</td>
			<td>B100-58-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNaseZap</td>
			<td>Ambion</td>
			<td>AM9780</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ERCC RNA Spike-In Mix</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>4456740</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Distilled water</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10977</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T9284</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dNTP mix</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>N0447</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant RNase Inhibitor</td>
			<td>Takara</td>
			<td>2313</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superscript II reverse transcriptase</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>18064-014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>First-strand buffer (5x)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>18064-014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DTT</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>18064-014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Betaine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>107-43-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>7786-30-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nuclease-free water</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>AM9932</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KAPA HiFi HotStart ReadyMix (2x)</td>
			<td>KAPA Biosystems</td>
			<td>KK2601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VAHTS DNA Clean Beads XP beads</td>
			<td>Vazyme</td>
			<td>N411-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qubit dsDNA HS Assay Kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>Q32854</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AceQ qPCR SYBR Green Master Mix</td>
			<td>Vazyme</td>
			<td>Q121-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TruePrep DNA Library Prep Kit V2 for Illumina</td>
			<td>Vazyme</td>
			<td>TD502</td>
			<td>Include 5x TTBL, 5x TTE, 5x TS, 5x TAB, TAE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TruePrep Index Kit V3 for Illumina</td>
			<td>Vazyme</td>
			<td>TD203</td>
			<td>Include 16 N6XX and 24 N8XX</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High Sensitivity NGS Fragment Analysis Kit</td>
			<td>Advanced Analytical Technologies</td>
			<td>DNF-474</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1x HBSS without Ca2+ and Mg2+</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>138 mM NaCl; 5.34 mM KCl 
			4.17 mM NaHCO3; 0.34 mM Na2HPO4 
			0.44 mM KH2PO4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isolation buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1 &#215; HBSS containing 10 mM HEPES, 1 mM MgCl2, 5 mM Glucose, pH 7.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1 &#215; HBSS containing 15 mM HEPES, 5.6 mM Glucose, 1% FBS, pH 7.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5886</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9541</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S6297</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2HPO4</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5655</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-(+)-Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G5767</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H4034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M2393</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oligo-dT30VN primer</td>
			<td>5&#39;-AAGCAGTGGTATCAACGCAGAGTACT30VN-3&#39;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TSO</td>
			<td>5&#39;-AAGCAGTGGTATCAACGCAGAGTACATrGrG+G-3&#39;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ISPCR primers</td>
			<td>5&#39;-AAGCAGTGGTATCAACGCAGAGT-3&#39;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gapdh Forward primer</td>
			<td>5&#39;-ATGGTGAAGGTCGGTGTGAAC-3&#39;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gapdh Reverse primer</td>
			<td>5&#39;-GCCTTGACTGTGCCGTTGAAT-3&#39;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ins2 Forward primer</td>
			<td>5&#39;-TGGCTTCTTCTACACACCCA-3&#39;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ins2 Reverse primer</td>
			<td>5&#39;-TCTAGTTGCAGTAGTTCTCCA-3&#39;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

single-cell transcriptomic analyses of mouse pancreatic endocrine cells

Pancreatic endocrine cells, which are clustered in islets, regulate blood glucose stability and energy metabolism. The distinct cell types in islets, including insulin-secreting &#946; cells, are differentiated from common endocrine progenitors during the embryonic stage. Immature endocrine cells expand via cell proliferation and mature during a long postnatal developmental period. However, the mechanisms underlying these processes are not clearly defined. Single-cell RNA-sequencing is a promising approach for the characterization of distinct cell populations and tracing cell lineage differentiation pathways. Here, we describe a method for the single-cell RNA-sequencing of isolated pancreatic &#946; cells from embryonic, neonatal and postnatal pancreases.

Pancreases were dissected from embryonic, neonatal and postnatal mice (Figure 2A and 2B). For mice older than postnatal day 18, the digestive effect depends on the degree of perfusion; therefore, the injection is the most important step for islet isolation (Figure 2C-2E and Table 6). As much collagenase was injected as was possible to fill the pancreas during thi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Single-cell Transcriptomic Analyses of Mouse Pancreatic Endocrine Cells at JoVE.com

Single-cell Transcriptomic Analyses of Mouse Pancreatic Endocrine Cells

We describe a method for the isolation of endocrine cells from embryonic, neonatal and postnatal pancreases followed by single-cell RNA sequencing. This method allows analyses of pancreatic endocrine lineage development, cell heterogeneity and transcriptomic dynamics.

Pancreatic endocrine cells, which are clustered in islets, regulate blood glucose stability and energy metabolism. The distinct cell types in islets, ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Efficient Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells to NKX6-1+ Pancreatic Progenitors

Efficient Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells to NKX6-1+ Pancreatic Progenitors

Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to self renew and differentiate to multiple lineages, making them an attractive source for the generation of ...

Single-cell Photoconversion in Living Intact Zebrafish

Animal and plant tissue is composed of distinct populations of cells. These cells interact over time to build and maintain the tissue and can cause ...

Generation of Scaffold-free, Three-dimensional Insulin Expressing Pancreatoids from Mouse Pancreatic Progenitors In Vitro

Generation of Scaffold-free, Three-dimensional Insulin Expressing Pancreatoids from Mouse Pancreatic Progenitors In Vitro

The pancreas is a complex organ composed of many different cell types that work together to regulate blood glucose homeostasis and digestion. These cell ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give ...

Methods to Test Endocrine Disruption in Drosophila melanogaster

Methods to Test Endocrine Disruption in Drosophila melanogaster

In recent years there has been growing evidence that all organisms and the environment are exposed to hormone-like chemicals, known as endocrine disruptor ...

Assessment of Oxidative Damage in the Primary Mouse Ocular Surface Cells/Stem Cells in Response to Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) Damage

Assessment of Oxidative Damage in the Primary Mouse Ocular Surface Cells/Stem Cells in Response to Ultraviolet-C UV-C Damage

The ocular surface is subjected to regular wear and tear due to various environmental factors. Exposure to UV-C radiation constitutes an occupational ...

Efficient Neural Differentiation using Single-Cell Culture of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

In vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has transformed the ability to study human development on both biological and molecular ...

Multiplexed Single Cell mRNA Sequencing Analysis of Mouse Embryonic Cells

Single cell mRNA sequencing has made significant progress in the last several years and has become an important tool in the field of developmental ...

Preparation of Small RNA Libraries for Sequencing from Early Mouse Embryos

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important for the complex regulation of cell fate decisions and developmental timing. In vivo studies of the contribution of miRNAs ...