Name: preparation and immunostaining of myelinating organotypic cerebellar slice cultures
Uploaded: 2019-03-20T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and Immunostaining of Myelinating Organotypic Cerebellar Slice Cultures at JoVE.com

We thank Dr. Sean Freeman, Dr. Nathalie Sol-Foulon and Dr. Thomas Roux for valuable comments on the manuscript. This work was funded by INSERM, ICM, ARSEP Grants R13123DD, ANR R17127DD (to A.D.) and FRM fellowship, SPF20110421435 (to A.D.), FDT20170437332 (to M.T.).&#160;We thank the CELIS cell culture facility and the icm.Quant imaging platform.

All work involving animals complied with institutional policies and guidelines established by the UPMC, INSERM and the French and European Community Council Directive 86/609/EEC.
1. Preparation of Culture Medium and Culture Inserts (Hands-on Time &#8776; 10&#8211;15 min)
NOTE: Perform this step in a flow culture hood under sterile conditions
<ol>
	<li>Prepare 40 mL of culture medium, which consists of 50% BME, 25% Hank&#8217;s Balanced Salt Soluti...

<ol>
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Here, we detail a protocol to generate an ex vivo model corresponding to the mouse cerebellar organotypic slice cultures, adapted from previously published methods15,16,19 and the subsequent myelin immunostaining of these preparations. This strategy offers the possibility to visualize myelin components with a high-resolution in both healthy and pathological states.
Cerebellar organotypic slice culture...

Neurons are highly polarized cells, which comprise a somato-dendritic compartment that receives inputs from its environment and an axon that ensures the generation and propagation of electrical impulses to other cells. Rapid propagation and timely delivery of information is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system. In vertebrates, it is facilitated by myelination, which allows increasing axonal conduction velocity1. Myelin is a specialized structure formed by compacted layers of plasma membrane generated by the myelinating glia, namely oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Both in the CNS and the PNS, axoglial interactions drive the formation of specialized axonal domains: the nodes of Ranvier and their surrounding domains, the paranodes, and juxtaparanodes2. The axonal segments insulated by myelin, or internodes, alternate with the nodes of Ranvier, which correspond to small unmyelinated domains enriched in voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav). The high concentration and rapid activation of Nav channels at the nodes of Ranvier allow the regeneration of action potentials, and together with the insulating properties of the myelin sheaths, ensure the efficient and fast saltatory conduction of the nerve impulse along the axon3.
In addition to its role in accelerating the conduction velocity of the nerve impulse, myelinating glia provides metabolic support to the axon, preserving its long-term integrity and participating in its survival4,5. Furthermore, it has become clear in recent years that myelin is dynamically modulated throughout life, thus presumably participating in the regulation and plasticity of various nervous system functions. Adjustments of the distribution, number, length, and thickness of myelin sheaths along axons might thus represent a novel way to finely tune various networks6,7,8. Therefore, the evolutionary acquisition of myelin is a key process for sensory, motor and cognitive functions and the perturbation of the interaction between axons and glia is increasingly considered as contributing to the developmental or acquired neurological diseases9.
Myelin composition has been characterized, with the specific feature of a high proportion of lipids (70%) compared to proteins (30%) in contrast to other cellular membranes10. However, unlike myelin lipids, most of myelin proteins are specific to myelin, including myelin basic protein (MBP), proteolipid protein (PLP), 2&#39;,3&#39;-cyclic nucleotide 3&#39;-phosphodiesterase (CNP), myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), PMP-22 and P010. Various histological methods to stain myelin exist based on its lipid composition, such as Luxol fast blue11, Sudan Black B12, Baker&#39;s acid hematin method13, as well as silver staining14. Nevertheless, these approaches do not always allow for an adequate contrast and resolution to visualize individual fibers. An alternative approach to detect myelin is through immunohistochemistry directed against myelin proteins. Various antibodies target myelin-specific antigens with a high specificity and can be used routinely to detect myelinated structures. The antibody-antigen interaction can be further revealed using a secondary antibody coupled to a fluorophore directed against the primary antibody and visualized with adequate fluorescence microscopy. Here, we describe an immunochemical protocol to stain myelin on ex vivo cerebellar slices, a model which allows for a good preservation of the nervous tissue architecture. In addition, the organization and size of the Purkinje cells (the sole myelinated neuron of the cerebellum) make them a classical model for electrophysiological studies and they are similarly ideal to perform fixed or live-imaging studies.
The cerebellar slices are generated from P9-P10 mice, a time corresponding to the early onset of Purkinje cell myelination, a process that is mostly achieved by one week ex vivo (6-7 days in vitro, DIV)15. Furthermore, this model is adapted to investigate demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS), as an extensive demyelination can be induced in cerebellar slices using the myelinotoxic compound lysophosphatidylcholine (or lysolecithin, LPC), which is followed by a spontaneous remyelination16,17. Endogenous remyelination takes place from two days after LPC removal from the culture medium and is almost complete a week post treatment.
The completion of this protocol takes approximatively 3 weeks, including half a day for cerebellar slice cultures preparation, a week to obtain fully myelinated slices, followed by 2 days to reach the peak of demyelination and another week for their full remyelination. In addition, immunohistochemistry can be completed in 2 days. The protocol described here is adapted to a standard litter of 6 mice pups and needs to be adapted regarding the number of animals used for the planned experiment.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>BME medium</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>41010026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hank&#8217;s Balanced Salt Solution (10X HBSS)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14180046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX (100X)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>35050038</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat-inactivated Horse Serum</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>26050088</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin&#8211;Streptomycin (10.000 IU/mL)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gey&#8217;s Balanced Salt Solution</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G9779-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Glucose Solution (45%)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G8769-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>L4129-100MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15714</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Absolute ethanol (100% ethanol)</td>
			<td>VWR Chemicals</td>
			<td>20821.330</td>
			<td>Cooled at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton&#174; X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>X100-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% Normal Goat Serum (NGS)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>500622</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffer Solution</td>
			<td>EuroMEDEX</td>
			<td>ET330-A</td>
			<td>pH 7.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-GFP Antibody (Polyclonal, Chicken)</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>06-896</td>
			<td>Dilution 1/300</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) Antibody (Polyclonal, Chicken)</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>AB9348</td>
			<td>Dilution 1/150</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) Antibody (Monoclonal, Mouse IgG2b)</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>NE1019</td>
			<td>Dilution 1/200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-PLP Antibody (Rat, Hybridoma)</td>
			<td>Gift from Dr. K. Ikenaka; Okasaki, Japan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dilution 1/5 to 1/10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Sodium Channel, Pan Antibody (Monoclonal, Mouse IgG1, clone K58/35)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S8809</td>
			<td>Dilution 1/150</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Caspr Antibody (Polyclonal, Rabbit)</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab34151</td>
			<td>Dilution 1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat Secondary Antibodies conjugated to Alexa Fluor 488, 594, 647 or 405</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dilution 1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluoromount</td>
			<td>SouthernBiotech</td>
			<td>0100-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue chopper</td>
			<td>McIlwain</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Razor blades</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Large scissors</td>
			<td>F.S.T</td>
			<td>14101-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small scissors</td>
			<td>F.S.T</td>
			<td>91500-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine-straight forceps</td>
			<td>F.S.T</td>
			<td>91150-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved-fine forceps</td>
			<td>F.S.T</td>
			<td>11297-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture dishes (60-mm and 100-mm)</td>
			<td>TPP</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-, 6-well culture plates</td>
			<td>TPP</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millicell culture inserts (0,4 &#181;m, 30-mm diameter)</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>PICM0RG50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture incubator</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>37&#176;C, 5% CO2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine-end pipette tips</td>
			<td>Dutscher</td>
			<td>134000CL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wide-bore pipette tips</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>2079G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile syringe</td>
			<td>Terumo Europe</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>20 or 50 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile syringe filters</td>
			<td>Terumo Europe</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.22 &#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel</td>
			<td>Swann-Morton</td>
			<td>0510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brush</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope slides</td>
			<td>RS France</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>76 x 26 x 1.1 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass coverslips</td>
			<td>RS France</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>22 x 22 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kimtech Sciences Tissue Wipers</td>
			<td>Kimberly-Clark Professional</td>
			<td>5511</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Binocular microscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation and immunostaining of myelinating organotypic cerebellar slice cultures

In the nervous system, myelin is a complex membrane structure generated by myelinating glial cells, which ensheathes axons and facilitates fast electrical conduction. Myelin alteration has been shown to occur in various neurological diseases, where it is associated with functional deficits. Here, we provide a detailed description of an ex vivo model consisting of mouse organotypic cerebellar slices, which can be maintained in culture for several weeks and further be labeled to visualize myelin.

Examples of representative myelin immunostainings in organotypic cerebellar slices obtained from P9-P10 C57black6 wild-type (WT) (Figure 2A), as well as PLP-GFP transgenic mice (Figure 2B), together with Purkinje cells staining. Cerebellar slices myelinate from the white matter tracks region of the slices towards the periphery of the folia and myelination of the Purkinje cells is mostly achieved after 6 to 7 DIV. At 7 DIV, the in...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and Immunostaining of Myelinating Organotypic Cerebellar Slice Cultures at JoVE.com

Preparation and Immunostaining of Myelinating Organotypic Cerebellar Slice Cultures

Here we present a method to prepare organotypic slice cultures from mouse cerebellum and myelin sheath staining by immunohistochemistry suitable for investigating mechanisms of myelination and remyelination in the central nervous system.

In the nervous system, myelin is a complex membrane structure generated by myelinating glial cells, which ensheathes axons and facilitates fast electrical ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

The Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Culture Model for Examining Neuronal Injury

Organotypic hippocampal slice culture is an in vitro method to examine mechanisms of neuronal injury in which the basic architecture and composition of ...

Slice Preparation, Organotypic Tissue Culturing and Luciferase Recording of Clock Gene Activity in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

A central circadian (~24 hr) clock coordinating daily rhythms in physiology and behavior resides in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located in the ...

Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures

The hippocampus, a component of the limbic system, plays important roles in long-term memory and spatial navigation 1. Hippocampal neurons can modify the ...

Organotypic Cerebellar Cultures: Apoptotic Challenges and Detection

Organotypic cultures of neuronal tissue were first introduced by Hogue in 1947 1,2 and have constituted a major breakthrough in the field of neuroscience. ...

Whole Cell Recording from an Organotypic Slice Preparation of Neocortex

We have been studying the expression and functional roles of voltage-gated potassium channels in pyramidal neurons from rat neocortex.  Because of the ...

Derivation of Enriched Oligodendrocyte Cultures and Oligodendrocyte/Neuron Myelinating Co-cultures from Post-natal Murine Tissues

Identifying the molecular mechanisms underlying OL development is not only critical to furthering our knowledge of OL biology, but also has implications ...

Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Ventral Midbrain: A System to Study Dopaminergic Neuronal Development in vitro

Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Ventral Midbrain: A System to Study Dopaminergic Neuronal Development in vitro

The  mouse is an excellent model organism to study mammalian brain development due  to the abundance of molecular and genetic data. However, the ...

The Analysis of Purkinje Cell Dendritic Morphology in Organotypic Slice Cultures

Purkinje cells are an attractive model system for studying dendritic development, because they have an impressive dendritic tree which is strictly ...

Organotypic Slice Cultures to Study Oligodendrocyte Dynamics and Myelination

NG2 expressing cells (polydendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells) are the fourth major glial cell population in the central nervous system. During ...

The Analysis of Neurovascular Remodeling in Entorhino-hippocampal Organotypic Slice Cultures

Ischemic brain injury is among the most common and devastating conditions compromising proper brain function and often leads to persisting functional ...