This work was supported by grants from the Stanford University School of Medicine and a Siebel Fellowship awarded to S. C.

1. Stem Cell Maintenance
NOTE: The cell maintenance protocol described below applies to pluipotent stem cells (PSCs) maintained in an adherent monolayer. Media, other reagents, and cell culture plates used prior to DMSO treatment can be adjusted as needed. For all the following protocols in this manuscript, cells should be handled under a biological safety cabinet.
<ol>
	<li>Coat sterile, 6 well, tissue culture-treated plates with a pluripotent stem cell-qualified matrix or substrate prepared per the manufacturer&#8217;s instructions and incubate for at least 1 h in a CO2 incubator (5% CO2, humid atmosphere). Coated plates can be film wrapped and stored at 4 &#176;C for up to one week.</li>
	<li>Thaw the cryopreserved PSCs in a 37 &#176;C water bath. Sterilize vial with ethanol prior to introduction to the biological safety cabinet, then immediately transfer the cells by pipetting to a sterile conical tube containing 5-10 volumes of prewarmed stem cell media.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge the cells at 300 x g for 5 min at room temperature (RT).</li>
	<li>Aspirate the media and gently resuspend the cell pellet in 1 mL of stem cell media supplemented with a 10 &#181;M ROCK inhibitor, such as Y-27632.</li>
	<li>Aspirate the culture matrix from the plate and seed the cells at the desired density, typically 0.5-1 x 106 cells per well in at least 2 mL of stem cell media per well. 
	NOTE: The plating density can vary across different cell lines, and clones and should be optimized accordingly.</li>
	<li>Maintain the cells by replacing with prewarmed stem cell media daily. Split the cells at roughly 70%-80% confluency or when the cell colonies begin to make contact.</li>
	<li>For splitting cells, aspirate the media and wash the cells once with sterile PBS. Incubate the cells with 1 mL of a dissociation enzyme solution per well for 5-10 minutes at 37 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Wash and resuspend the cells with prewarmed stem cell media and transfer to a sterile conical tube with 5-10 volumes of stem cell media. Follow steps 1.3-1.7 to plate the cells.</li>
</ol>
2. DMSO Pretreatment
NOTE: When plating the cells for DMSO pretreatment prior to differentiation, the starting plating cell density should be optimized with consideration of the typical growth rate of the stem cell line as well as the differentiation protocol being used. Validate pluripotency using conventional markers, as necessary. Cells should be passaged at least 1x-2x after initial thawing prior to differentiation.
<ol>
	<li>2D culture differentiation
	<ol>
		<li>When the cells reach an appropriate confluency, prepare coated plates, dissociate the cells, and prepare a single-cell suspension as described above.</li>
		<li>Count the live cells using a hemocytometer or automatic cell counter including trypan blue or another viability marker.</li>
		<li>Plate the cells onto a coated 6 well plate at 0.5-1 x 106 cells per well in stem cell media with the 10 &#181;M ROCK inhibitor. 
		NOTE: For the cell lines tested in our laboratory, these densities typically resulted in 80%-90% confluent cells within the 24 h DMSO pretreatment.</li>
		<li>Allow cells to incubate for 24 h at 37 &#176;C in a CO2 incubator (5% CO2, humid atmosphere).</li>
		<li>Prepare 1%-2% DMSO in prewarmed stem cell media (e.g., 100 &#181;L of DMSO in 10 mL of media = 1% DMSO solution, or 200 &#181;L DMSO in 10 mL of media = 2% DMSO solution).</li>
		<li>After 24 h incubation, aspirate the media from cells and replace it with DMSO solution.</li>
		<li>Allow the cells to incubate for 24 h to 48 h at 37 &#176;C in a CO2 incubator (5% CO2, humid atmosphere) prior to differentiation. 
		NOTE: Typically, a 24 h DMSO treatment is sufficient across a majority of human ESC and iPSC lines. Cell lines with very slow growth rates (long doubling times) can benefit from the 48 h incubation with DMSO. For a 48 h incubation with DMSO, media can be replaced with fresh stem cell media with 1%-2% DMSO after the first 24 h of treatment.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>3D culture differentiation:
	<ol>
		<li>When the cells reach an appropriate confluency, dissociate and collect the cells in a cell suspension as described above.</li>
		<li>Count the live cells using a hemocytometer or automatic cell counter including a viability marker.</li>
		<li>Plate the cells in an uncoated, low-attachment 6 well plate at 0.5-1 x 106 cells per well in stem cell media with 10 &#181;M ROCK inhibitor. 
		NOTE: For the cell lines tested in our laboratory, these densities typically resulted in 3D hPSC sphere formation within 24 h of setting cells.</li>
		<li>Allow cells to incubate for 24 h at 37 &#176;C in a CO2 incubator (5% CO2, humid atmosphere).</li>
		<li>Prepare 1%-2% DMSO in prewarmed stem cell media (e.g., 100 &#181;L of DMSO in 10 mL of media = 1% DMSO solution, or 200 &#181;L of DMSO in 10 mL of media = 2% DMSO solution).</li>
		<li>Replace the media following standard procedures (e.g., tilt the plate at a 30&#176;-45&#176; angle to allow cell spheres to settle at the bottom of the well; transfer cells to a sterile conical tube and allow cell spheres to settle at the bottom of the tube; or gently collect cells in suspension using a 5 or 10 mL pipette into a sterile conical tube and centrifuge cells at 300 x g for 5 min at RT).</li>
		<li>Aspirate the media from cells and replace it with DMSO solution, pipetting gently.</li>
		<li>Allow cells to incubate for 24 h to 48 h at 37 &#176;C in a CO2 incubator (5% CO2, humid atmosphere) prior to differentiation. 
		NOTE: Typically, a 24 h DMSO treatment is sufficient across a majority of human ESC and iPSC lines. Cell lines with very slow growth rates (long doubling times) can benefit from the 48 h incubation with DMSO. For a 48 h incubation with DMSO, media can be replaced with fresh stem cell media with 1%-2% DMSO after the first 24 h of treatment.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. Differentiation to Primary Germ Layers
NOTE: The following describes methods previously shown to be effective in our laboratory for PSCs grown in a monolayer on 6 well plates. Any differentiation protocol of choice should be used after the DMSO treatment to promote differentiation into desired lineages. Remove DMSO solution after a 24-48 h treatment and proceed with differentiation following standard protocols.
<ol>
	<li>Endoderm differentiation (adapted from Kroon et al.30)
	<ol>
		<li>Pretreat cells with DMSO as described above for 2D cultures.</li>
		<li>Prepare Wnt3a and Activin A stock solutions.</li>
		<li>Prepare Day 1 endodermal differentiation media by adding Wnt3a to a final concentration of 20 ng/mL and Activin A to a final concentration of 100 ng/mL to the appropriate volume of prewarmed RPMI media.</li>
		<li>After DMSO pretreatment, aspirate media from the cells and replace it with Day 1 media (e.g., 2 mL per well of a 6 well plate).</li>
		<li>Allow cells to incubate for 24 h at 37 &#176;C in a CO2 incubator (5% CO2, humid atmosphere).</li>
		<li>Prepare Days 2 and 3 endodermal differentiation media by adding Activin A to a final concentration of 100 ng/mL to the appropriate volume of prewarmed RPMI media.</li>
		<li>Aspirate media from the cells and replace it with Day 2 media (e.g., 2 mL per well of a 6 well plate).</li>
		<li>Allow the cells to incubate for 24 h at 37 &#176;C in a CO2 incubator (5% CO2, humid atmosphere).</li>
		<li>Aspirate media from the cells and replace with Day 3 media (e.g., 2 mL per well of a 6 well plate).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Mesoderm differentiation (adapted from Zhang et al.31)
	<ol>
		<li>Pretreat the cells with DMSO as described above for 2D cultures.</li>
		<li>Prepare Wnt3a and Activin A stock solutions.</li>
		<li>Prepare mesodermal differentiation media by adding Wnt3a to a final concentration of 20 ng/mL and Activin A to a final concentration of 100 ng/mL to the appropriate volume of prewarmed advanced RPMI media.</li>
		<li>After DMSO pretreatment, aspirate media from cells and replace with differentiation media (e.g., 2 mL per well of a 6 well plate).</li>
		<li>Allow cells to incubate for 24 h at 37 &#176;C in a CO2 incubator (5% CO2, humid atmosphere).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Ectoderm differentiation (adapted from Chambers et al.32)
	<ol>
		<li>Pretreat the cells with DMSO as described above for 2D cultures.</li>
		<li>Prepare Noggin and SB431542 stock solutions.</li>
		<li>Prepare ectodermal differentiation base media by dissolving knockout serum replacement (KOSR) to a final concentration of 10% in knockout DMEM. 
		NOTE: Prepare enough base media for 3-4 days of media change.</li>
		<li>Prepare ectodermal differentiation media by adding Noggin to a final concentration of 500 ng/mL and SB431542 to a final concentration of 10 &#181;M to the appropriate volume of prewarmed KOSR/knockout DMEM.</li>
		<li>After DMSO pretreatment, aspirate media from cells and replace with differentiation media (e.g., 2 mL per well of a 6 well plate).</li>
		<li>Allow cells to incubate for 3-4 days at 37 &#176;C in a CO2 incubator (5% CO2, humid atmosphere), replacing media daily with freshly added differentiation factors.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
4. Differentiation to Progenitor Cell Types
The following describes methods previously shown to be effective in our laboratory for PSCs grown in a 2D or 3D cultures. Any differentiation protocol of choice should be used after the DMSO treatment to promote differentiation into desired lineages. Remove DMSO solution after a 24-48 h treatment and proceed with differentiation following standard protocols.
<ol>
	<li>Neural progenitor cell differentiation (adapted from Tchieu et al.33)
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare 6 well plates by coating with a pluripotent stem cell-qualified reduced growth factor matrix or substrate, per the manufacturer&#8217;s instructions, for at least 1 h in a CO2 incubator (5% CO2, humid atmosphere). Coated plates can be film wrapped and stored at 4 &#176;C for up to 1 week.</li>
		<li>Plate PSCs as described above at density of 0.5-1 x 106 cells per well in stem cell media containing a ROCK inhibitor.</li>
		<li>Pretreat cells with DMSO as described above for 2D cultures.</li>
		<li>Prepare small chemical inhibitors LDN193189, SB431542, and XAV939 stock solutions.</li>
		<li>Prepare Days 1-3 neuroectoderm differentiation media by supplementing Essential 6 Media with 500 nM LDN193189, 10 &#181;M SB431542, and 2 &#181;M XAV939.</li>
		<li>After DMSO pretreatment, aspirate the media and replace with Days 1-3 neuroectoderm media (e.g., 2 mL per well of a 6 well plate). Change media daily.</li>
		<li>Prepare Days 4-12 neuroectoderm differentiation media by supplementing Essential 6 Media with 500 nM LDN193189 and 10 &#181;M SB431542.</li>
		<li>On day 4 of differentiation, aspirate the media and replace with Days 4-12 neurodectoderm media. Change the media daily.</li>
		<li>After 12 days of differentiation, differentiated cells should express appropriate markers of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). NPCs can be further maintained in neural media containing DMEM/F-12, 2% B-27, 1% N-2, and supplemented with 10 &#181;g/mL basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Passage the NPCs when confluent using a cell detachment solution, plating NPCs at 0.5-1 x 106 cells per well.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation (adapted from Douvaras and Fossati34)
	<ol>
		<li>Plate the PSCs as described above at a density of 1 x 105 per well on coated 6 well plates in stem cell media containing a ROCK inhibitor.</li>
		<li>Pretreat cells with DMSO as described above for 2D cultures.</li>
		<li>Prepare SB431542, LDN193189, all-trans retinoic acid (RA), and smoothened agonist (SAG) stock solutions.</li>
		<li>Prepare Days 0&#8211;8 differentiation media by supplementing DMEM/F-12 with 10 &#956;M SB431542, 250 nM LDN193189, and 100 nM RA.</li>
		<li>After DMSO pretreatment, incubate cells with differentiation media for 8 days, changing media daily with freshly added differentiation factors (e.g., 2 mL per well of a 6 well plate).</li>
		<li>On day 8, replace media with DMEM/F-12 containing 1x MEM non-essential amino acids (NEAA) solution, 1X L-glutamine, 2-mercaptoethanol, penicillin/streptomycin, and 1x N-2 supplemented 100 nM RA and 1 &#181;M SAG. Change the media daily.</li>
		<li>After 12 days of differentiation, differentiated cells should express appropriate markers of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Endocrine progenitor cell differentiation (adapted from Pagliuca et al.35)
	<ol>
		<li>Seed PSCs at 6 x 105 cells/mL in stem cell media plus 10 &#181;M ROCK inhibitor in 500 mL spinner flasks placed on a 9-position stir plate set at rotation rate of 70 rpm in a 37 &#176;C incubator, 5% CO2, and 100% humidity.</li>
		<li>Allow clusters to settle at the bottom of the flask, aspirate the media, then pretreat with 1%-2% DMSO.</li>
		<li>Prepare Activin A, Chir99021, KGF, Sant1, all-trans retinoic acid (RA), LDN193189, PdBU, XXI, Alk51, T3, and Betacelluin stock solutions.</li>
		<li>Prepare differentiation base media based on formulation in Table 3.</li>
		<li>After DMSO pretreatment, aspirate media and replace with S1 media supplemented with 100 ng/mL Activin A and 3 mM Chir99021 (e.g., 500 mL per flask). Allow incubation for 24 h.</li>
		<li>On day 2, replace media with S1 media supplemented with 100 ng/mL Activin A. Allow incubation for 2 days.</li>
		<li>On day 4, replace media with S2 media supplemented with 50 ng/mL KGF. Allow incubation for 3 days, changing media after the first 2 days (Day 6).</li>
		<li>On day 7, replace media with S3 media supplemented with 50 ng/mL KGF, 0.25 mM Sant1, 2 mM RA, and 200 nM LDN193189. Allow incubation for 24 h.</li>
		<li>On day 8, replace media with S3 media supplemented with 50 ng/mL KGF, 0.25 mM Sant1, 2 mM RA, 200 nM LDN193189, and 500 nM PdBU. Allow incubation for 24 h.</li>
		<li>On day 9, replace media with S3 media supplemented with 50 ng/mL KGF, 0.25 mM Sant1, and 100 nM RA. Allow incubation for 5 days, changing media every 2 days (day 11 and 13).</li>
		<li>On days 14 and 16, replace media with S5 media supplemented with 0.25 mM Sant1, 100 nM RA, 1 mM XXI, 10 mM Alk5i II, 1 mM T3, and 20 ng/mL betacellulin (4 days total incubation).</li>
		<li>On days 18 and 20, replace media with S5 media supplemented with 25 nM RA, 1 mM XXI, 10 mM Alk5i II, 1 mM T3, and 20 ng/mL betacellulin.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
5. Immunocytochemical Validation of Differentiation
NOTE: The following methods describes a general immunocytochemical protocol that can be adjusted as needed. Primary antibodies are those that have been previously validated in our laboratory. Other techniques for validation of differentiation can also be used (e.g., flow cytometry, qPCR, RNA sequencing, western blotting, functional assays, etc.).
<ol>
	<li>Immunolabeling cells
	<ol>
		<li>For 3D cultures in suspension, plate whole cell clusters or clusters dispersed into single-cell suspension onto coated plates for 18-24 h prior to fixation.</li>
		<li>Aspirate media from adherent cells and wash briefly with PBS at RT on a shaker.</li>
		<li>For cell fixation, aspirate PBS and incubate cells with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) in PBS for 20 min at RT on shaker. 
		CAUTION: PFA stock should be prepared under a fume hood due to its toxicity. Do not inhale and wear proper personal protective equipment.</li>
		<li>Remove PFA and discard in the proper chemical waste container.</li>
		<li>Wash cells 3x with PBS for at least 5 min per wash at RT on a shaker.</li>
		<li>For cell permeabilization and blocking, incubate cells with 5% donkey serum prepared in 0.3% triton-x 100/PBS for 1 h at RT on a shaker.</li>
		<li>Prepare primary antibody solution in the same solution used for permeabilization/blocking.</li>
		<li>Incubate in primary antibody solution overnight at 4 &#176;C on shaker.</li>
		<li>After overnight incubation, wash cells 3x with PBS for at least 5 min per wash at RT on a shaker.</li>
		<li>Prepare secondary antibody solution in permeabilization/blocking solution.</li>
		<li>Allow to incubate in secondary antibody solution for 1 h at RT on a shaker.</li>
		<li>Aspirate secondary antibody solution and wash cells 3x with PBS for at least 5 min per wash at RT on a shaker.</li>
		<li>Incubate cells with DAPI or another preferred marker for appropriate incubation time, and rinse in PBS.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Image quantification
	<ol>
		<li>Acquire a minimum of three images per condition on a fluorescent microscope and/or with a high content screening platform.</li>
		<li>Quantify the percent of positive cells for each marker by counting the total number of antibody stained cells and total cell numbers (based on DAPI/Hoechst nuclei staining) using unbiased imaging software (e.g., ImageJ) or an automated screening platform for analyses.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

The authors having nothing to disclose.

In summary, this protocol describes a simple and inexpensive tool to enhance the differentiation capacity of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) to all primary germ layers, various types of specialized progenitor cells, and even functional, mature cell types in in vitro and in vivo settings. Illustrated are specific differentiation protocols that have been effectively reproduced in our laboratory as well as others, but any differentiation protocol of choice can be used following the DMSO treatment. As shown in Table 1, a number of laboratories have also demonstrated an enhancement of PSC differentiation after transient DMSO treatment using different paradigms to generate various other terminal cell types. Furthermore, although the methods here describe the use of human PSCs, the DMSO pretreatment can be utilized across species and has been shown to be effective in mouse, rabbit, and primate PSCs.
Although higher doses of DMSO are known to be cytotoxic, the low doses used in this method (1%-2%) for a transient period result in minimal cell death. While overall cell numbers immediately after DMSO treatment may decrease due to DMSO promotion of cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, previous studies show that cells are able to reach the same level of confluency as control cultures after removal of DMSO3.
The percent and duration of DMSO pretreatment should be optimized per cell line. The treatment time should be adjusted with consideration for the cycling/doubling time of the cells. For example, mouse PSCs typically have much shorter cycling times of about 15 h; thus, DMSO treatment for 15 h for these cells is sufficient. Some labs have also found the DMSO treatment to be beneficial when continued during the differentiation protocol or at lower concentrations (see Table 1). It should be noted that some PSC lines are more amendable to differentiation to specific lineages. For example, HUES6 cells have been shown to be less permissive to differentiation and thus had marked improvement with DMSO treatment (Figure 2). Alternatively, HUES8 cells used in Figure 4 and Figure 5 have been shown to have a higher propensity towards endodermal differentiation; thus, fewer differences were shown between control and DMSO for differentiation at the initial stages towards definitive endoderm. Nonetheless, the enhancement of DMSO pretreatment is observed in later stages of differentiation in this cell line (Figure 4B). The DMSO treatment is also versatile in that it is effective in both 2D and 3D cell cultures systems, it can be used with various types of coating material on cell culture plates, and it works in different types of maintenance medium that promote growth and expansion of hPSCs (e.g., mTeSR, E8, MEF conditioned media, etc).
More generally, these results suggest that the starting state of pluripotent stem cells has a strong influence on the propensity for initial differentiation as well as terminal differentiation into functional cell types. We have previously shown that the DMSO treatment functions through Rb in hPSCs3,5. Rb plays an important role in promoting terminal differentiation, cell survival, and the genetic stability of cells41,42,43,44, and it may therefore explain the persistent effects on cells differentiated from DMSO-treated hPSCs. Targeting these early modes of regulation may place hPSCs on a better trajectory for differentiation and ultimately improve their utility for regenerative medicine.

The use of pluripotent stem cells has led to numerous advancements in biomedical research, including the fields of regenerative medicine and stem-cell based therapies, disease modeling, and drug screening. It has also led to the overall prospect of more translatable research and personalized medicine. The advent of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology over 20 years ago has allowed researchers to develop pluripotent stem cells from somatic tissues and differentiate them into functional cell types to study a variety of pathologies, including cardiovascular, neurological, and immunological diseases. Although significant strides have been made in stem cell differentiation technology, challenges in effectively differentiating human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and iPSCs still persist, limiting the widespread use of stem cell technology across different research programs. Inherent variability across different cell lines and clones continues to pose obstacles for differentiating stem cell lines to desired linages1. Furthermore, deriving mature, terminally differentiated functional cells from hPSCs remains a tedious and inefficient process across many lineages. In fact, cells differentiated from hPSCs often fail to terminally differentiate into functional cells2. In further moving stem cell-based therapies to use in patients, there is a need to improve and ensure the efficacy of cells that are generated from hPSCs.
Our lab has established a quick, inexpensive tool to significantly enhance the efficiency of differentiating both iPSCs and ESCs into mature cell types. We found that pretreatment of hiPSCs and hESCs with the commonly used reagent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for 24 h to 48 h prior to directed differentiation results in a marked improvement in stem cell differentiation capacity. Treatment with DMSO increases the proportion of hiPSCs and hESCs in the early G1 phase of the cell cycle and activates the retinoblastoma protein (Rb)3, a critical regulator of cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation4. In more recent work, it has been found that Rb and its family members are required for the pro-differentiation effects of DMSO, such that transient inactivation of Rb suppresses the effects of DMSO, while constitutive activation of Rb in a transient manner enhances DMSO&#8217;s effects5. Analogous to the cell cycle during embryonic development, the cell cycle of ESCs and iPSCs is characterized by an abbreviated G1 phase that promotes self-renewal6,7,8. This abbreviated G1 phase allows for more unrestricted proliferation but limits the potential for differentiation4,9. By promoting growth arrest in G1 and activating checkpoint controls in the cell cycle of hESCs and iPSCs, the DMSO treatment primes cells for cell fate changes following directed differentiation.
To date, DMSO pretreatment has been shown to improve the differentiation capacity to all three germ layers in over 30 control and disease-specific human ESC and iPSC cell lines3,5 as well as the differentiation of stem cells and other cell lines to a variety of other mature cell types in subsequent studies10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28 (Table 1). Furthermore, DMSO treatment has been shown to be effective in enhancing differentiation of non-human primary cells21,23 (e.g., mouse, primate, rabbit), suggesting shared mechanisms across species. Lastly, DMSO pretreatment has also been extended to gene editing technology, with one particular study showing that 24 h DMSO pretreatment of hESCs/iPSCs significantly increased the ability of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein-9 (Cas9)-mediated editing efficiency of non-coding DNA without incorporating unintended mutations29. Provided here is a detailed methodology of the DMSO pretreatment of hESCs and iPSCs for applications in stem cell biology and directed differentiation.

<table><tbody><tr><td>2-mercaptoethanol</td><td>Gibco</td><td>21985023</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6-well Clear Flat Bottom TC-treated Multiwell Cell Culture Plate</td><td>Corning</td><td>353046</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>9-Position stir plate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Chemglass</td><td>CLS-4100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Accutase</td><td>Gibco</td><td>11105-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Activin A</td><td>R&amp;amp;D Systems</td><td>338-AC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Advanced RPMI</td><td>Gibco</td><td>12633012</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alk5i II</td><td>Axxora</td><td>ALX-270-445</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>All-trans retinoic acid&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>R2625</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-Brachyury</td><td>R&amp;amp;D Systems</td><td>AF2085</td><td>No variablity observed across different lot numbers</td></tr><tr><td>anti-C-peptide</td><td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td><td>GN-ID4</td><td>No variablity observed across different lot numbers</td></tr><tr><td>anti-FoxA2</td><td>Millipore</td><td>07-633</td><td>No variablity observed across different lot numbers</td></tr><tr><td>anti-Nkx2.2</td><td>University of Iowa, Developmental Hybridoma Bank</td><td>74.5A5</td><td>No variablity observed across different lot numbers</td></tr><tr><td>anti-Nkx6.1</td><td>University of Iowa, Developmental Hybridoma Bank;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>F55A12-supernatant</td><td>No variablity observed across different lot numbers</td></tr><tr><td>anti-Olig2</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td>MABN50</td><td>No variablity observed across different lot numbers</td></tr><tr><td>anti-Pax-6</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>901301</td><td>No variablity observed across different lot numbers</td></tr><tr><td>anti-Pdx1</td><td>R&amp;amp;D Systems</td><td>AF2419</td><td>No variablity observed across different lot numbers</td></tr><tr><td>anti-SOX1&amp;nbsp;</td><td>R&amp;amp;D Systems</td><td>AF3369</td><td>No variablity observed across different lot numbers</td></tr><tr><td>anti-SOX17</td><td>R&amp;amp;D Systems</td><td>AF1924</td><td>No variablity observed across different lot numbers</td></tr><tr><td>B-27 Supplement, minus Vitamin A</td><td>Gibco</td><td>12587010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Basic fibroblast growth factor</td><td>Gibco</td><td>PHG0264</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Betacellulin</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific&amp;nbsp;</td><td>50932345</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chir99021</td><td>Stemgent</td><td>04-000-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CMRL 1066</td><td>Corning</td><td>99-603-CV</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Countess II FL Automated Cell Counter</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific&amp;nbsp;</td><td>AMQAF1000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>D-(+)-Glucose</td><td>Sigma&amp;nbsp;</td><td>G7528&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DAPI</td><td>Invitrogen&amp;nbsp;</td><td>D1306</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Disposable Spinner Flasks</td><td>Corning, VWR</td><td>89089-814</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM/F-12</td><td>Gibco</td><td>11320033</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMSO&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D2650</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Essential 6 Media</td><td>Gibco</td><td>A1516501</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FAF-BSA</td><td>Proliant&amp;nbsp;</td><td>68700</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FGF7</td><td>PeproTech</td><td>100-19</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Geltrex</td><td>Gibco</td><td>A1413202</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GlutaMAX&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Gibco</td><td>35050061</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heparin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma&amp;nbsp;</td><td>H3149&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Human Ultrasensitive Insulin ELISA</td><td>ALPCO Diagnostics</td><td>80-INSHUU-E01.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ITS-X</td><td>Invitrogen&amp;nbsp;</td><td>51500056</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KGF</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>AF-100-19</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Knockout DMEM</td><td>Gibco</td><td>10829018</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KnockOut Serum Replacement</td><td>Gibco</td><td>10828028</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-3,3&amp;prime;,5-Triiodothyronine (T3)</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td>642245</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LDN193189</td><td>Stemgent</td><td>04-0074</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Matrigel Matrix</td><td>Corning</td><td>354277</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MCDB-131&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Cellgro&amp;nbsp;</td><td>15-100-CV&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MEM NEAA</td><td>Gibco</td><td>11140050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>mTeSR 1</td><td>StemCell Technologies</td><td>5850</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N2 Supplement</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>17502048</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma&amp;nbsp;</td><td>S3817&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Noggin Fc Chimera Protein</td><td>R&amp;amp;D Systems</td><td>3344-NG-050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PdBU</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td>524390</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin/Streptomycin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Mediatech&amp;nbsp;</td><td>30-002-CI</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RPMI</td><td>Gibco</td><td>11875-093</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sant1</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S4572</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SB431542</td><td>Stemgent</td><td>04-0010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Smoothened Agonist, SAG</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td>566660</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>StemPro Accutase</td><td>Gibco</td><td>A1110501&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TrypLE</td><td>Gibco</td><td>12604013</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultra-Low Attachment Microplates</td><td>Corning</td><td>3471</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vitamin C</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A4544&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Wnt3a</td><td>R&amp;amp;D Systems</td><td>5036-WN</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>XAV 939</td><td>Tocris</td><td>3748</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>XXI</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td>565790</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Y-27632</td><td>StemCell Technologies</td><td>72302</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

transient treatment of human pluripotent stem cells with dmso to promote differentiation

Despite the growing use of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), challenges in efficiently differentiating embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (ESCs and iPSCs) across various lineages remain. Numerous differentiation protocols have been developed, yet variability across cell lines and low rates of differentiation impart challenges in successfully implementing these protocols. Described here is an easy and inexpensive means to enhance the differentiation capacity of PSCs. It has been previously shown that treatment of stem cells with a low concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) significantly increases the propensity of a variety of PSCs to differentiate to different cell types following directed differentiation. This technique has now been shown to be effective across different species (e.g., mouse, primate, and human) into multiple lineages, ranging from neurons and cortical spheroids to smooth muscle cells and hepatocytes. The DMSO pretreatment improves PSC differentiation by regulating the cell cycle and priming stem cells to be more responsive to differentiation signals. Provided here is the detailed methodology for using this simple tool as a reproducible and widely applicable means to more efficiently differentiate PSCs to any lineage of choice.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transient Treatment of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells with DMSO to Promote Differentiation at JoVE.com

Transient Treatment of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells with DMSO to Promote Differentiation

Generating differentiated cell types from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) holds great therapeutic promise but remains challenging. PSCs often exhibit an inherent inability to differentiate even when stimulated with a proper set of signals. Described here is a simple tool to enhance multilineage differentiation across a variety of PSC lines.

Despite the growing use of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), challenges in efficiently differentiating embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (ESCs and ...

transient-treatment-human-pluripotent-stem-cells-with-dmso-to-promote

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

14.4K Views.  Stanford University School of Medicine. Generating differentiated cell types from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) holds great therapeutic promise but remains challenging. PSCs often exhibit an inherent inability to differentiate even when stimulated with a proper set of signals. Described here is a simple tool to enhance multilineage differentiation across a variety of PSC lines.

Video: Transient Treatment of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells with DMSO to Promote Differentiation

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Hepatocyte-like Cells for Drug Discovery

The ability to differentiate human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) provides new opportunities to study inborn errors in hepatic metabolism. However, to provide a platform that supports the identification of small molecules that can potentially be used to treat liver disease, the procedure requires a culture format that is compatible with screening thousands of compounds. Here, we describe a protocol using completely defined culture conditions, which allow the reproducible differentiation of human iPSCs to hepatocyte-like cells in 96-well tissue culture plates. We also provide an example of using the platform to screen compounds for their ability to lower Apolipoprotein B (APOB) produced from iPSC-derived hepatocytes generated from a familial hypercholesterolemia patient. The availability of a platform that is compatible with drug discovery should allow researchers to identify novel therapeutics for diseases that affect the liver.

The protocol presented here describes a platform for identifying small molecules for the treatment of liver disease. A step-by-step description is presented detailing how to differentiate iPSCs into cells with hepatocyte characteristics in 96-well plates, and to use the cells to screen for small molecules with potential therapeutic activity.

The ability to differentiate human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) provides new opportunities to study inborn ...

Efficient Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Liver Cells

The liver detoxifies harmful substances, secretes vital proteins, and executes key metabolic activities, thus sustaining life. Consequently, liver failure&#8212;which can be caused by chronic alcohol intake, hepatitis, acute poisoning, or other insults&#8212;is a severe condition that can culminate in bleeding, jaundice, coma, and eventually death. However, approaches to treat liver failure, as well as studies of liver function and disease, have been stymied in part by the lack of a plentiful supply of human liver cells. To this end, this protocol details the efficient differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into hepatocyte-like cells, guided by a developmental roadmap that describes how liver fate is specified across six consecutive differentiation steps. By manipulating developmental signaling pathways to promote liver differentiation and to explicitly suppress the formation of unwanted cell fates, this method efficiently generates populations of human liver bud progenitors and hepatocyte-like cells by days 6 and 18 of PSC differentiation, respectively. This is achieved through the temporally-precise control of developmental signaling pathways, exerted by small molecules and growth factors in a serum-free culture medium. Differentiation in this system occurs in monolayers and yields hepatocyte-like cells that express characteristic hepatocyte enzymes and have the ability to engraft a mouse model of chronic liver failure. The ability to efficiently generate large numbers of human liver cells in vitro has ramifications for treatment of liver failure, for drug screening, and for mechanistic studies of liver disease.

This protocol details a monolayer, serum-free method to efficiently generate hepatocyte-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in 18 days. This entails six steps as hPSCs sequentially differentiate into intermediate cell-types such as the primitive streak, definitive endoderm, posterior foregut and liver bud progenitors before forming hepatocyte-like cells.

The liver detoxifies harmful substances, secretes vital proteins, and executes key metabolic activities, thus sustaining life. Consequently, liver ...

Directed Dopaminergic Neuron Differentiation from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (also known as A9 DA neurons) are the specific cell type that is lost in Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD). There is great interest in deriving A9 DA neurons from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) for regenerative cell replacement therapy for PD. During neural development, A9 DA neurons originate from the floor plate (FP) precursors located at the ventral midline of the central nervous system. Here, we optimized the culture conditions for the stepwise differentiation of hPSCs to A9 DA neurons, which mimics embryonic DA neuron development. In our protocol, we first describe the efficient generation of FP precursor cells from hPSCs using a small molecule method, and then convert the FP cells to A9 DA neurons, which could be maintained in vitro for several months. This efficient, repeatable and controllable protocol works well in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from normal persons and PD patients, in which one could derive A9 DA neurons to perform in vitro disease modeling and drug screening and in vivo cell transplantation therapy for PD.

We, based on knowledge from developmental biology and published research, developed an optimized protocol to efficiently generate A9 midbrain dopaminergic neurons from both human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells, which would be useful for disease modeling and cell replacement therapy for Parkinson&#8217;s disease.

Dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta  (also known as A9 DA neurons) are the specific cell type that is lost in ...

Neuroscience

Efficient Differentiation of Postganglionic Sympathetic Neurons using Human Pluripotent Stem Cells under Feeder-free and Chemically Defined Culture Conditions

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have become a powerful tool for disease modeling and the study of human embryonic development in vitro. We previously presented a differentiation protocol for the derivation of autonomic neurons with sympathetic character that has been applied to patients with autonomic neuropathy. However, the protocol was built on Knock Out Serum Replacement (KSR) and feeder-based culture conditions, and to ensure high differentiation efficiency, cell sorting was necessary. These factors cause high variability, high cost, and low reproducibility. Moreover, mature sympathetic properties, including electrical activity, have not been verified. Here, we present an optimized protocol where PSC culture and differentiation are performed in feeder-free and chemically defined culture conditions. Genetic markers identifying trunk neural crest are identified. Further differentiation into postganglionic sympathetic neurons is achieved after 20 days without the need for cell sorting. Electrophysiological recording further shows the functional neuron identity. Firing detected from our differentiated neurons can be enhanced by nicotine and suppressed by the adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol. Intermediate sympathetic neural progenitors in this protocol can be maintained as neural spheroids for up to 2 weeks, which allows expansion of the cultures. In sum, our updated sympathetic neuron differentiation protocol shows high differentiation efficiency, better reproducibility, more flexibility, and better neural maturation compared to the previous version. This protocol will provide researchers with the cells necessary to study human disorders that affect the autonomic nervous system.

In this protocol, we describe a stable, highly efficient differentiation strategy for the generation of postganglionic sympathetic neurons from human pluripotent stem cells. This model will make neurons available for the use of studies of multiple autonomic disorders.

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have become a powerful tool for disease modeling and the study of human embryonic development in vitro. We previously ...

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation Using an Automated Culture System

An Automated Culture System for Maintaining and Differentiating Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) with infinite self-proliferating ability have been expected to have applications in numerous fields, including the elucidation of rare disease pathologies, the development of new medicines, and regenerative medicine aiming to restore damaged organs. Despite this, the social implementation of hiPSCs is still limited. This is partly because of the difficulty of reproducing differentiation in culture, even with advanced knowledge and sophisticated technical skills, due to the high sensitivity of iPSCs to minute environmental changes. The application of an automated culture system can solve this issue. Experiments with high reproducibility independent of a researcher's skill can be expected according to a shared procedure across various institutes. Although several automated culture systems that can maintain iPSC cultures and induce differentiation have been developed previously, these systems are heavy, large, and costly because they make use of humanized, multi-articulated robotic arms. To improve on the above issues, we developed a new system using a simple x-y-z axis slide rail system, allowing it to be more compact, lighter, and cheaper. Furthermore, the user can easily modify parameters in the new system to develop new handling tasks. Once a task is established, all the user needs to do is prepare the iPSC, supply the reagents and consumables needed for the desired task in advance, select the task number, and specify the time. We confirmed that the system could maintain iPSCs in an undifferentiated state through several passages without feeder cells and differentiate into various cell types, including cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, neural progenitors, and keratinocytes. The system will enable highly reproducible experiments across institutions without the need for skilled researchers and will facilitate the social implementation of hiPSCs in a wider range of research fields by diminishing the obstacles for new entries.

Author Spotlight: Automating iPSC Culture for Enhanced Reproducibility 

Here, we present a protocol for an automated cell culture system. This automated culture system reduces labor and benefits the users, including researchers unfamiliar with handling induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, from the maintenance of iPS cells to differentiation into various types of cells.

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) with infinite self-proliferating ability have been expected to have applications in numerous fields, ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Multiple Mitochondrial Parameters in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Neural and Glial Derivatives

Mitochondria are important in the pathophysiology of many neurodegenerative diseases. Changes in mitochondrial volume, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number are often features of these processes. This report details a novel flow cytometry-based approach to measure multiple mitochondrial parameters in different cell types, including human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and iPSC-derived neural and glial cells. This flow-based strategy uses live cells to measure mitochondrial volume, MMP, and ROS levels, as well as fixed cells to estimate components of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) and mtDNA-associated proteins such as mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM). 
By co-staining with fluorescent reporters, including MitoTracker Green (MTG), tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE), and MitoSox Red, changes in mitochondrial volume, MMP, and mitochondrial ROS can be quantified and related to mitochondrial content. Double staining with antibodies against MRC complex subunits and translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20 (TOMM20) permits the assessment of MRC subunit expression. As the amount of TFAM is proportional to mtDNA copy number, the measurement of TFAM per TOMM20 gives an indirect measurement of mtDNA per mitochondrial volume. The entire protocol can be carried out within 2-3 h. Importantly, these protocols allow the measurement of mitochondrial parameters, both at the total level and the specific level per mitochondrial volume, using flow cytometry.

This study reports a novel approach to measure multiple mitochondrial functional parameters based on flow cytometry and double staining with two fluorescent reporters or antibodies to detect changes in mitochondrial volume, mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species level, mitochondrial respiratory chain composition, and mitochondrial DNA.

Mitochondria are important in the pathophysiology of many neurodegenerative diseases. Changes in mitochondrial volume, mitochondrial membrane potential ...

In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Down syndrome (DS), caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, is a leading cause of intellectual disability. One of the key factors contributing to this intellectual disability is impaired neurogenesis observed from fetal stages onwards. To study these neurodevelopmental abnormalities, human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) generated using cells obtained from DS patients provide a valuable and relevant model. Here, a comprehensive protocol is described for recapitulating DS-impaired neurogenesis observed during DS fetal stages. This protocol utilizes a pair of DS-hiPSCs having three copies of chromosome 21 and its isogenic euploid hiPSCs having two copies of chromosome 21. Importantly, the protocol described here recapitulates DS-impaired neurogenesis and found that biphasic cell cycle defect, i.e., reduced proliferation of DS neural progenitor cells (NPC) during the early phase of the neurogenic stage followed by increased proliferation of DS NPC during the late phase of the neurogenic stage is the cause of DS impaired neurogenesis. Increased proliferation of DS NPC during the late phase of the neurogenic stage leads to delayed exit from the cell cycle, causing reduced generation of post-mitotic neurons from DS NPCs. This protocol includes detailed steps for the maintenance of hiPSCs, their differentiation into neural lineages displaying biphasic cell cycle defect during the neurogenic stage, and the subsequent validation of reduced neural differentiation in DS cells. By following this methodology, researchers can create a robust experimental system that mimics the neurodevelopmental conditions of DS, enabling them to explore the specific alterations in brain development caused by trisomy 21.

This protocol outlines a methodology for recapitulating Down syndrome (DS) impaired neurogenesis using DS human iPSCs. The protocol identified biphasic cell cycle defect as the cause of impaired neurogenesis in Down syndrome. It provides a robust platform for understanding cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the abnormal neurogenesis associated with DS.

Down syndrome (DS), caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, is a leading cause of intellectual disability. One of the key factors contributing to this ...

Characterizing Surface Antigens and Proliferation Ability in hiPSC-Driving MSCs

Comparison of Two Representative Methods for Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are adult pluripotent stem cells which have been widely used in regenerative medicine. As somatic tissue-derived MSCs are restricted by limited donation, quality variations, and biosafety, the past 10 years have seen a great rise in efforts to generate MSCs from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Past and recent efforts in the differentiation of hiPSCs into MSCs have been centered around two culture methodologies: (1) the formation of embryoid bodies (EBs) and (2) the use of monolayer culture. This protocol describes these two representative methods in deriving MSC from hiPSCs. Each method presents its advantages and disadvantages, including time, cost, cell proliferation ability, the expression of MSC markers, and their capability of differentiation in vitro. This protocol demonstrates that both methods can derive mature and functional MSCs from hiPSCs. The monolayer method is characterized by lower cost, simpler operation, and easier osteogenic differentiation, while the EB method is characterized by lower time consumption.

Author Spotlight: Advancements in iPSCs and Genetic Disease Research 

This protocol describes and compares two representative methods for differentiating hiPSCs into mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). The monolayer method is characterized by lower cost, simpler operation, and easier osteogenic differentiation. The embryoid bodies (EBs) method is characterized by lower time consumption.

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are adult pluripotent stem cells which have been widely used in regenerative medicine. As somatic tissue-derived MSCs are ...

Biology

Differentiating Human Embryonic Stem Cells into Oligodendrocytes

Source: Assetta, B., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/61778">Generation of Human Neurons and Oligodendrocytes from Pluripotent Stem Cells for Modeling Neuron-Oligodendrocyte Interactions.</a> J. Vis. Exp (2020).
This video demonstrates the process of generating oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) from human embryonic stem cells, followed by the maturation of OPCs to oligodendrocytes. This process of generating oligodendrocytes opens numerous avenues to improve research and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer&#39;s.

1. Human oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) induction from pluripotent stem cells and oligodendrocyte maturation

	Neural Progenitor Cell (NPC) ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Neuronal Culture Techniques

Advanced Neuronal Models

Generation of Spheroids from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Source: Shaker, M. R., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/63714">Robust and Highly Reproducible Generation of Cortical Brain Organoids for Modelling Brain Neuronal Senescence In Vitro.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2022).
This video demonstrates the transformation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into spherical brain organoids. By using specific inhibitors, the hPSCs are guided to differentiate towards a neuronal lineage, forming neuroectodermal colonies. Special growth factors are then introduced, which encourage the self-organization and proliferation of the colonies, ultimately leading to the formation of spherical brain organoids.

1. Cortical brain organoid generation (Figure 1) 
NOTE: All the steps in this section of the protocol will occur in a Class 2 biosafety hood unless stated ...