Name: time-resolved, dynamic computed tomography angiography for characterization of aortic endoleaks and treatment guidance via 2d-3d fusion-imaging
Uploaded: 2021-12-09T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Time-Resolved, Dynamic Computed Tomography Angiography for Characterization of Aortic Endoleaks and Treatment Guidance via 2D-3D Fusion-Imaging at JoVE.com

The authors would like to acknowledge Danielle Jones (Clinical education specialist, Siemens Healthineers) and the entire CT technologist team at Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and vascular center to support imaging protocols.

This protocol follows the ethical standards of the national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration. This protocol is approved by Houston Methodist Research Institute.
1. Patient selection and prior image review
NOTE: Dynamic CTA imaging should be considered as a follow-up imaging modality in patients with increasing aneurysm size and endoleak after stent-graft implantation, persistent endoleak after interventions, or in patients wit...

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Dynamic, time-resolved CTA is an additional tool in the aortic imaging armamentarium. This technique can accurately diagnose endoleaks after EVAR, including identification of inflow/target vessels4.
Third-generation CT scanners with bidirectional table movement capability can provide dynamic acquisition mode with better temporal sampling along the time-attenuation curve6. To achieve the highest accuracy in the protocol it is critical to personali...

Endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) has shown superior early mortality results than open aortic repair1. The approach is less invasive but may result in higher mid to long-term re-intervention rates due to endoleaks, graft migration, fracture2. Hence better EVAR surveillance is critical to achieving good mid to long-term results.
Current guidelines suggest the routine use of duplex ultrasound and triphasic CTA3. Dynamic, time-resolved computed tomography angiography (d-CTA) is a relatively new modality used for EVAR surveillance4. During d-CTA, multiple scans are acquired in different time points along the time attenuation curve after contrast injection, hence the term time-resolved imaging. This approach has shown better accuracy in characterizing endoleaks after EVAR than conventional CTA5. An advantage of time-resolved acquisition is the ability to quantitatively analyze the Hounsfield unit changes in a selected region of interest (ROI)6.
The additional benefit of accurately characterizing endoleaks with d-CTA is that the scan can be used for image fusion during interventions, potentially minimizing the need for further diagnostic angiography. Image fusion is a method when previously acquired images are overlaid onto real-time fluoroscopy images to guide endovascular procedures and subsequently reduce contrast agent consumption and radiation exposure7,8. Image fusion in the hybrid operating room (OR) using a 3D dynamic CTA scan can be achieved by two approaches: (1) 3D-3D image fusion: where 3D d-CTA is fused with intraoperatively acquired non-contrast cone-beam CT images, (2) 2D-3D image fusion, where 3D d-CTA is fused with biplanar (anteroposterior and lateral) fluoroscopic images. 2D-3D image fusion approach has been shown to significantly lower the radiation compared with 3D-3D technique9.
This protocol describes the technical and practical aspects of dynamic CTA imaging for endoleak characterization and introduces a 2D-3D image fusion approach with d-CTA for intra-operative image guidance.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Siemens Artis Pheno</td>
			<td>Siemens Healthcare</td>
			<td>https://www.siemens-healthineers.com/en-us/angio/artis-interventional-angiography-systems/artis-pheno</td>
			<td>Other commercially available C-arm systems can provide image fusion too</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SOMATOM Force CT-scanner</td>
			<td>Siemens Healthcare</td>
			<td>https://www.siemens-healthineers.com/computed-tomography/dual-source-ct/somatom-force</td>
			<td>Any commercially available third generation CT-scanner can perform such dynamic imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syngo.via</td>
			<td>Siemens Healthcare</td>
			<td>https://www.siemens-healthineers.com/en-us/medical-imaging-it/advanced-visualization-solutions/syngovia</td>
			<td>Any DICOM file viewer with 4D processing capabilities can review the acquired time-resolved images, TAC are software dependent.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Visipaque (Iodixanol)</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>#00407222317</td>
			<td>Contrast material</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

time-resolved, dynamic computed tomography angiography for characterization of aortic endoleaks and treatment guidance via 2d-3d fusion-imaging

In the United States, more than 80% of all abdominal aortic aneurysms are treated by endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR). The endovascular approach warrants good early results, but adequate follow-up imaging after EVAR is imperative to maintain long-term positive outcomes. Potential graft-related complications are graft migration, infection, fraction, and endoleaks, with the last one being the most common. The most frequently used imaging after EVAR is computed tomography angiography (CTA) and duplex ultrasound. Dynamic, time-resolved computed tomography angiography (d-CTA) is a reasonably new technique to characterize the endoleaks. Multiple scans are done sequentially around the endograft during acquisition that grants good visualization of the contrast passage and graft-related complications. This high diagnostic accuracy of d-CTA can be implemented into therapy via image fusion and reduce additional radiation and contrast material exposure.
This protocol describes the technical aspects of this modality: patient selection, preliminary image review, d-CTA scan acquisition, image processing, qualitative and quantitative endoleak characterization. The steps of integrating dynamic CTA into intra-operative fluoroscopy using 2D-3D fusion-imaging to facilitate targeted embolization are also demonstrated. In conclusion, time-resolved, dynamic CTA is an ideal modality for endoleak characterization with additional quantitative analysis. It can reduce radiation and iodinated contrast material exposure during endoleak treatment by guiding interventions.

The dynamic imaging workflow in two patients is illustrated here.
Patient I 
An 82-year-old male patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hypertension had a previous infrarenal EVAR (2016). In 2020 the patient was referred from an outside hospital for a possible type I or type II endoleak based on conventional CTA. and an adjunctive endoanchor placement in 2020 for type Ia endoleak. Dynamic CTA was performed that diagnosed a type Ia endoleak, and the patient...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Time-Resolved, Dynamic Computed Tomography Angiography for Characterization of Aortic Endoleaks and Treatment Guidance via 2D-3D Fusion-Imaging at JoVE.com

Time-Resolved, Dynamic Computed Tomography Angiography for Characterization of Aortic Endoleaks and Treatment Guidance via 2D-3D Fusion-Imaging

Dynamic computed tomography angiography (CTA) imaging provides additional diagnostic value in characterizing aortic endoleaks. This protocol describes a qualitative and quantitative approach using time-attenuation curve analysis to characterize endoleaks. The technique of integrating dynamic CTA imaging with fluoroscopy using 2D-3D image fusion is illustrated for better image guidance during treatment.

Time-Resolved, Dynamic Computed Tomography Angiography for Characterization of Aortic Endoleaks and Treatment Guidance via 2D-3D Fusion-Imaging

In the United States, more than 80% of all abdominal aortic aneurysms are treated by endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR). The endovascular approach ...

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