This research is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFA0206801, 2018YFA0208600), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,&#160;and National Natural Science Foundation of China (91645116). L.X is the Zhong-Wu Specially Appointed Professor of the Jiangsu University of Technology. The authors acknowledge the suggestions from Dr. Hao Hu and Dr. Mingjun Yang.

1. Building model
<ol>
	<li>Build porphycene structure: Open GaussView software by double-click the mouse. Then click Element Fragment button in the menu of the GaussView to choose the needed elements. Construct porphycene. Then click File button to save as the pdb file.</li>
	<li>Solvate the model: Solvate porphycene in a cubic TIP3P21 water box with an edge length of 38 &#197;...

<ol>
	<li>Waluk, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ground-+and+excited-state+tautomerism+in+porphycenes.">Ground- and excited-state tautomerism in porphycenes.</a> Accounts of Chemical Research. 39 (12), 945-952 (2006).</li><li>Waluk, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectroscopy+and+tautomerization+studies+of+porphycenes.">Spectroscopy and tautomerization studies of porphycenes.</a> Chemical Reviews. 117 (4), 2447-2480 (2017).</li><li>Kozlowski, P. M., Zgierski, M. Z., Baker, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+inner-hydrogen+migration+and+ground-state+structure+of+porphycene.">The inner-hydrogen migration and ground-state structure of porphycene.</a> The Journal of Chemical Physics. 109 (14), 5905-5913 (1998).</li><li>Yoshikawa, T., Sugawara, S., Takayanagi, T., Shiga, M., Tachikawa, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Theoretical+study+on+the+mechanism+of+double+proton+transfer+in+porphycene+by+path-integral+molecular+dynamics+simulations.">Theoretical study on the mechanism of double proton transfer in porphycene by path-integral molecular dynamics simulations.</a> Chemical Physics Letters. 496 (1-3), 14-19 (2010).</li><li>Smedarchina, Z., Shibl, M. F., K&#252;hn, O., Fern&#225;ndez-Ramos, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+tautomerization+dynamics+of+porphycene+and+its+isotopomers+-+concerted+versus+stepwise+mechanisms.">The tautomerization dynamics of porphycene and its isotopomers - concerted versus stepwise mechanisms.</a> Chemical Physics Letters. 436 (4-6), 314-321 (2007).</li><li>Wolfsberg, M., Hook, W. A., Paneth, P., Rebelo, L. P. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isotope+effects.">Isotope effects.</a> The Chemical, Geological, and Bio Sciences. , (2009).</li><li>Pietrzak, M., Shibl, M. F., Br&#246;ring, M., K&#252;hn, O., Limbach, H. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=1H/2H+NMR+studies+of+geometric+H/D+isotope+effects+on+the+coupled+hydrogen+bonds+in+porphycene+derivatives.">1H/2H NMR studies of geometric H/D isotope effects on the coupled hydrogen bonds in porphycene derivatives.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 129 (2), 296-304 (2007).</li><li>Yoshikawa, T., Sugawara, S., Takayanagi, T., Shiga, M., Tachikawa, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantum+tautomerization+in+porphycene+and+its+isotopomers:+Path-integral+molecular+dynamics+simulations.">Quantum tautomerization in porphycene and its isotopomers: Path-integral molecular dynamics simulations.</a> Chemical Physics. 394 (1), 46-51 (2012).</li><li>Ladenthin, J. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Force-induced+tautomerization+in+a+single+molecule.">Force-induced tautomerization in a single molecule.</a> Nature Chemistry. 8 (10), 935-940 (2016).</li><li>Dellago, C., Bolhuis, P. G., Csajka, F. S., Chandler, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transition+path+sampling+and+the+calculation+of+rate+constants.">Transition path sampling and the calculation of rate constants.</a> The Journal of Chemical Physics. 108 (5), 1964-1977 (1998).</li><li>Bolhuis, P. G., Chandler, D., Dellago, C., Geissler, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transition+path+sampling:+Throwing+ropes+over+rough+mountain+passes,+in+the+dark.">Transition path sampling: Throwing ropes over rough mountain passes, in the dark.</a> Annual Review of Physical Chemistry. 53 (1), 291-318 (2002).</li><li>Torrie, G. M., Valleau, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonphysical+sampling+distributions+in+monte+carlo+free-energy+estimation:+Umbrella+sampling.">Nonphysical sampling distributions in monte carlo free-energy estimation: Umbrella sampling.</a> Journal of Computational Physics. 23 (2), 187-199 (1977).</li><li>K&#228;stner, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Umbrella+sampling.">Umbrella sampling.</a> Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Molecular Science. 1 (6), 932-942 (2011).</li><li>Gao, Y. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+integrate-over-temperature+approach+for+enhanced+sampling.">An integrate-over-temperature approach for enhanced sampling.</a> Journal of Chemical Physics. 128 (6), 064105 (2008).</li><li>Yang, L., Gao, Y. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+selective+integrated+tempering+method.">A selective integrated tempering method.</a> Journal of Chemical Physics. 131 (21), 214109 (2009).</li><li>Yang, M., Yang, L., Gao, Y., Hu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combine+umbrella+sampling+with+integrated+tempering+method+for+efficient+and+accurate+calculation+of+free+energy+changes+of+complex+energy+surface.">Combine umbrella sampling with integrated tempering method for efficient and accurate calculation of free energy changes of complex energy surface.</a> The Journal of Chemical Physics. 141 (4), 044108 (2014).</li><li>Yang, Y. I., Zhang, J., Che, X., Yang, L., Gao, Y. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+sampling+over+rough+energy+landscapes+with+high+barriers:+A+combination+of+metadynamics+with+integrated+tempering+sampling.">Efficient sampling over rough energy landscapes with high barriers: A combination of metadynamics with integrated tempering sampling.</a> The Journal of Chemical Physics. 144 (9), 094105 (2016).</li><li>Xie, L., Shen, L., Chen, Z. N., Yang, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+free+energy+calculations+by+combining+two+complementary+tempering+sampling+methods.">Efficient free energy calculations by combining two complementary tempering sampling methods.</a> The Journal of Chemical Physics. 146 (2), 024103 (2017).</li><li>Xie, L., Cheng, H., Fang, D., Chen, Z. N., Yang, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+QM/MM+sampling+for+free+energy+calculation+of+chemical+reactions:+A+case+study+of+double+proton+transfer.">Enhanced QM/MM sampling for free energy calculation of chemical reactions: A case study of double proton transfer.</a> The Journal of Chemical Physics. 150 (4), 044111 (2019).</li><li>Hu, X., Hu, H., Yang, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> QM4D: an integrated and versatile quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical simulation package (http://www.qm4d.info/). , (2016).</li><li>Jorgensen, W. L., Chandrasekhar, J., Madura, J. D., Impey, R. W., Klein, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+simple+potential+functions+for+simulating+liquid+water.">Comparison of simple potential functions for simulating liquid water.</a> The Journal of Chemical Physics. 79 (2), 926-935 (1983).</li><li>Walewski, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scc-dftb+energy+barriers+for+single+and+double+proton+transfer+processes+in+the+model+molecular+systems+malonaldehyde+and+porphycene.">Scc-dftb energy barriers for single and double proton transfer processes in the model molecular systems malonaldehyde and porphycene.</a> International Journal of Quantum Chemistry. 106 (3), 636-640 (2006).</li><li>Bakowies, D., Thiel, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hybrid+models+for+combined+quantum+mechanical+and+molecular+mechanical+approaches.">Hybrid models for combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical approaches.</a> The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 100 (25), 10580-10594 (1996).</li><li>Hu, H., Yang, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+application+of+ab+initio+QM/MM+methods+for+mechanistic+simulation+of+reactions+in+solution+and+in+enzymes.">Development and application of ab initio QM/MM methods for mechanistic simulation of reactions in solution and in enzymes.</a> Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM. 898 (1-3), 17-30 (2009).</li><li>Xie, L., Yang, M., Chen, Z. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+the+entropic+effect+in+chorismate+mutase+reaction+catalyzed+by+isochorismate-pyruvate+lyase+from+pseudomonas+aeruginosa+(PchB).">Understanding the entropic effect in chorismate mutase reaction catalyzed by isochorismate-pyruvate lyase from pseudomonas aeruginosa (PchB).</a> Catalysis Science, Technology. 9 (4), 957-965 (2019).</li><li>Shibl, M. F., Pietrzak, M., Limbach, H. H., K&#252;hn, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Geometric+H/D+isotope+effects+and+cooperativity+of+the+hydrogen+bonds+in+porphycene.">Geometric H/D isotope effects and cooperativity of the hydrogen bonds in porphycene.</a> ChemPhysChem. 8 (2), 315-321 (2007).</li></ol>

The structure of porphycene was shown in Figure 1. The electrostatic embedding QM/MM hybrid potential with SITS method was used to describe the chemical reactions in water23,24. The proton transfer occurs within porphycene3 and thus porphycene is set as QM region and the reminding water is set as MM region. Herein we adopted DFTB/MIO as our QM method to treat the porphycene by balancing the efficiency and accu...

The proton transfer process in porphycenes holds potential applications in developing molecular switches, transistors and information storage devices1,2. In particular, tautomerization in porphycenes through double proton transfer process has attracted wide interest in the fields of spectroscopy and photophysics2. The inner hydrogen atoms of porphycene can migrate from one trans isomer to the other equivalent trans isomer through double proton transfer process as shown in Figure 1. Two mechanisms have been proposed for the double proton transfer process: the concerted and the stepwise mechanism3,4. In the concerted double proton transfer process, both proton atoms move to the transition state synchronously in a symmetric way, whereas one proton completes the transfer before the other proton in a stepwise process. Two hydrogen atoms can transfer simultaneously or stepwise depending on the correlation strength between two hydrogen atoms5.
Isotopic substitution has been used to detect the structural properties of molecules and rate constants of reaction kinetics6. Single deuterium substitution in the inner hydrogen of porphycene leads to an asymmetric shape of the molecule. The hydrogen bond may expand or contract because of mass difference between the hydrogen and deuterium atoms. The isotopic substitution introduces a perturbation in the scaffold of porphycene. The question arises that whether asymmetric structure would affect the proton transfer process. Limbach and coworkers reported that the replacement of hydrogen with deuterium will compress both hydrogen bonds, and the cooperative coupling of two hydrogen bonds in porphycene may favor concerted mechanism7, whereas Yoshikawa stated the deuteration would make the stepwise mechanism contribute more than the concerted mechanism8. Experimental techniques, such as force spectroscopy, have been developed to capture tautomerization details in a single porphycene9. However, it is still challenging to determine the atomic details of proton transfer experimentally because of its transient nature.
Theoretical calculations and simulations can act as complementary tools in elucidating the reaction mechanisms of proton transfer. Among different theoretical methods, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations can monitor dynamic motions of each atom, and has been widely used to reveal complex mechanisms in chemical and enzymatic reactions. However, regular MD simulations tend to suffer from insufficient sampling issue, especially when high energy barrier exists in the process of interest. Therefore, enhanced sampling methods have been developed, which include transition path sampling10,11, umbrella sampling (US)12,13, and integrated tempering sampling (ITS)14,15. Combination of different enhanced sampling methods can further increase sampling efficiency16,17,18. To harness the enhanced sampling algorithms in simulating chemical reactions, we have implemented the selective integrated tempering sampling (SITS) method with quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) potentials recently19. The proposed SITS-QM/MM method combines the advantages from both methods: the SITS method accelerates the sampling and can explore all possible reaction channels without prior knowledge of the reaction mechanism, and QM/MM provides more accurate description of the bond forming and bond breaking process, which cannot be simulated by MM methods solely. The implemented SITS-QM/MM approach has successfully uncovered concerted double proton transfer, uncorrelated and correlated stepwise double proton transfer mechanism in different systems, without pre-defining reaction coordinates19. For porphycene, the stepwise but correlated proton transfer character has been reported19. The hybrid SITS-QM/MM method was used to investigate the isotopic effect in porphycene in our study, and below are the detailed descriptions of the algorithm and protocol of our method.
We have implemented SITS method with hybrid QM/MM potentials. The effective potential of SITS was defined to include the potential energy at different temperatures with the weighting factors nk to cover wider temperature ranges,
<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/60040/60040equ01.jpg" />
where, N is the number of canonical terms, &#946;k is the inverse temperature, and nk is the corresponding weighting factor for each canonical component. UE(R) and&#160;UN(R) represent the enhanced and non-enhanced terms in SITS and are defined as,
<img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/60040/60040equ02.jpg" />
Us, Use and Ue are the potential energy of sub-system, the interaction between sub-system and the environment, and the potential energy of environment. QM/MM potential is expressed as a hybrid summation of three components,
<img alt="Equation 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/60040/60040equ03.jpg" />
where Uqm, Uqm/mm, and&#160;Umm are the internal energy term of the QM subsystem, the interaction energy between the QM and MM regions, and the interaction energy within the MM subsystem, respectively. The&#160;Uqm/mm term can be further divided into three components, which include the electrostatic, van der Waals, and covalent interaction energy terms between the QM and MM atoms,
<img alt="Equation 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/60040/60040equ04.jpg" />
We assign <img alt="Equation 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/60040/60040equ05.jpg" />, and <img alt="Equation 6" src="/files/ftp_upload/60040/60040equ06.jpg" /> into one&#160;Us term in SITS,
<img alt="Equation 7" src="/files/ftp_upload/60040/60040equ07.jpg" />
The full potential of the system was then decomposed into the energy of subsystem Us, the interaction energy between the subsystem and the environment Use, and the energy of environment Ue. For instance, in the system of the present work, the subsystem is the porphycence, and the environment the water.
The PMF profile along a collective variable&#160;&#964;(R) is derived as,
<img alt="Equation 8" src="/files/ftp_upload/60040/60040equ08.jpg" />
The generally used reaction coordinates for each hydrogen transfer of N1&#8722;H1&#183;&#183;&#183; N2 are q1 = (r1&#8722;r2)/2 and q2 = r1 + r2, where r1 is the distance of N1-H1 and r2 is the distance of H1-N2.
The method has been implemented in the QM/MM MD simulation package QM4D20. The complete source code and documentation can be found here: http://www.qm4d.info/.
Generally, the SITS-QM/MM MD simulations involve four steps: pre-equilibrium (pre-sits); optimization nk (opt-sits); production simulation and data analysis.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>operating system</td>
			<td>CentOS Linux release 6.0</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QM4D software</td>
			<td>http://www.qm4d.info/</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>in-house program</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Computer desktop</td>
			<td>HP</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isotopic effect in double proton transfer process of porphycene investigated by enhanced qm/mm method

The single deuterium substitution in porphycene leads to an asymmetric molecular geometry, which may affect the double proton transfer process in the porphycene molecule. In this study, we applied an enhanced QM/MM method called SITS-QM/MM to investigate hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) isotope effects on the double proton transfer in porphycene. Distance changes in SITS-QM/MM molecular dynamics simulations suggested that the deuterium substituted porphycene adopted the stepwise double proton transfer mechanism. The structural analysis and the free energy shifts of double proton transfer process indicated that the asymmetric isotopic substitution subtly compressed the covalent hydrogen bonds and may alter the original transition state location.

The single deuterium substitution effect on double proton transfer process in porphycene was examined in the current protocol (Figure 1). The potential energy of QM sub-system and the water during pre-equilibrium and optimization step were checked to make sure the energy has been broadened to a wider energy range (Figure 2). The representative distance and angle changes (Figure 3 and Figure 4), and the ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isotopic Effect in Double Proton Transfer Process of Porphycene Investigated by Enhanced QM/MM Method at JoVE.com

Isotopic Effect in Double Proton Transfer Process of Porphycene Investigated by Enhanced QM/MM Method

A protocol that uses enhanced QM/MM method to investigate the isotopic effect on the double proton transfer process in porphycene is presented here.

The single deuterium substitution in porphycene leads to an asymmetric molecular geometry, which may affect the double proton transfer process in the ...

A Enhanced QM/MM Method overcomes simple issues in normal QM/MM simulation. The Six QM/MM Method accelerates select assembly for the QM region, and can capture the chemical reaction pathways result in defining reaction coordinate. With this protocol, we successfully captured a chemical reaction pathways of double proton transfer and a reveal a deuterium substitution effect on a transfer mechanism of provency in water.The protocol can be used to explore halogen or our deuterium substitution in heat identification in drug discovery. The main advantage of Six QM/MM Method is that, we don't need it to define brine reaction coordinate or introduce an device for chemical reaction pathway when exploring reaction mechanism. enable us to identify possible reaction pathways that in from react.The method that can be used and extended to a high level QM Method and it could become a important tool to investigate the reaction mechanism for chemical reaction in solution. To begin this procedure, initiate the presets by setting runtype as 100, temp0 as 300, templow as 260, temphigh as 1300, and step as 120, 000 in the input file. Then, issue the appropriate command as shown here.During the preset stage, monitor the energy of each term to calculate the mean values. Use the grep Linux commands to extract the energy. To modify the average energies in the md-input file, calculate the average energies based on the output of the previous command line, and to modify the v-shift line in the input file with the newly generated averages.Initiate offsets in the QM4D program by typing the command to start the optimization step. Next, plug the energy propagation with the grace program, and make sure the energy fluctuation can cover the lowest and the highest ends of the temperature range. After optimization, save the final nk values of the offset step into a new file which is named nk.dat in this protocol. To prepare the md-input file, set the runtype as one in the new input file to start the production simulations step. Specify the file name with the stored nk file as nkfile nk.dat in the input file. The number of time steps was set as 6, 400, 000 in the present systems. The simulation counter is system dependent so change the simulation stat based on your specific demand.Select a proper number of time step to use for marginal transition between different states for your own system. Initial the production in these simulation, by issuing the appropriate command to start MD Simulations. To monitor the bond forming and breaking process during the production phase, use the grep command to check the distance changes of H1N1 and H1N2 along the simulation time.The same operation can be conducted for H2N3 and H2N4. Then, plug the distance propagation using the accumulated distance value during the production's simulations. Extract the reaction coordinates, and the energy terms from the production output file generated by QM4D by grep command.Organize the data in four columns, and write them into the data file at each timeframe. Calculate the free energy by issuing the appropriate command. Finally, to project the free energy on the two-dimensional landscape, type the appropriate command.The single deuterium substitution effect on double proton transfer process in porphycene was examined in the current protocol. The potential energy of the QM subsystem, and the water during the pre-equilibrium and optimization steps were checked to make sure the energy of the QM region had been broadened to a wider energy range, without effecting the energy of the environment. The representative distance and angle changes, and the projected free energy changes were used to characterize the deuterium substitution effect on the geometry and proton transfer process of porphycene.The Six QM/MM Method achieves enhanced assembly in the energy space. The specified merger range should achieve broadened energy distribution. This method not only capture the top of reaction channel you got can transfer, but it also has a potential of identifying reaction products from norm reaction states result from reaction mechanism.This protocol acts as a starting point to investigate the chemical reaction mechanisms in a condensed environment. Higher level QM methods can be readily combined with the Six QM/MM Method to explore more complex systems in the future.

isotopic-effect-double-proton-transfer-process-porphycene

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

6.1K Views.  Chinese Academy of Sciences. A Enhanced QM/MM Method overcomes simple issues in normal QM/MM simulation. The Six QM/MM Method accelerates select assembly for the QM region, and can capture the chemical reaction pathways result in defining reaction coordinate. With this protocol, we successfully captured a chemical reaction pathways of double proton transfer and a reveal a deuterium substitution effect on a transfer mechanism of provency in water.The protocol can be used to explore halogen or our deuterium substitu...

Video: Isotopic Effect in Double Proton Transfer Process of Porphycene Investigated by Enhanced QM/MM Method

A protocol that uses enhanced QM/MM method to investigate the isotopic effect on the double proton transfer process in porphycene is presented...

proton transfer and protein conformation dynamics in photosensitive proteins by time-resolved step-scan fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

Proton Transfer and Protein Conformation Dynamics in Photosensitive Proteins by Time-resolved Step-scan Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Key steps of protein function, in particular backbone conformational changes and proton transfer reactions, often take place in the microsecond to millisecond time scale. These dynamical processes can be studied by time-resolved step-scan Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, in particular for proteins whose function is triggered by...

enhanced sample multiplexing of tissues using combined precursor isotopic labeling and isobaric tagging (cpilot)

Enhanced Sample Multiplexing of Tissues Using Combined Precursor Isotopic Labeling and Isobaric Tagging cPILOT

Combined precursor isotopic labeling and isobaric tagging (cPILOT) is a quantitative proteomics strategy that enhances sample multiplexing capabilities of isobaric tags. This protocol describes the application of cPILOT to tissues from an Alzheimer's disease mouse model and wild-type controls.

Enhanced Sample Multiplexing of Tissues Using Combined Precursor Isotopic Labeling and Isobaric Tagging (cPILOT)

double-staining method to detect pectin in plant-fungus interaction

Double-Staining Method to Detect Pectin in Plant-Fungus Interaction

This protocol describes a microscopical method to detect pectin in coffee-fungus...

automated sample multiplexing by using combined precursor isotopic labeling and isobaric tagging (cpilot)

Automated Sample Multiplexing by using Combined Precursor Isotopic Labeling and Isobaric Tagging cPILOT

Combined precursor isotopic labeling and isobaric tagging (cPILOT) is an enhanced sample multiplexing strategy that is capable of increasing the number of samples that can be analyzed simultaneously with available isobaric tags. Incorporation of a robotic platform has greatly increased experimental throughput, reproducibility, and quantitative...

Automated Sample Multiplexing by using Combined Precursor Isotopic Labeling and Isobaric Tagging (cPILOT)

assessment of respiratory function in conscious mice by double-chamber plethysmography

Assessment of Respiratory Function in Conscious Mice by Double-chamber Plethysmography

The objective of the present article is to provide a detailed description of the recommended procedures to evaluate respiratory function in conscious mice by double-chamber...

stable isotopic profiling of intermediary metabolic flux in developing and adult stage caenorhabditis elegans

Stable Isotopic Profiling of Intermediary Metabolic Flux in Developing and Adult Stage Caenorhabditis elegans

Stable isotopic profiling by gas chromatography mass spectrometric analysis of intermediary metabolic flux is described in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans.  Methods are detailed for assessing isotopic enrichment in carbon dioxide, organic acids, and amino acids following isotope exposure either during development on agar plates or during adulthood in liquid...

Stable Isotopic Profiling of Intermediary Metabolic Flux in Developing and Adult Stage Caenorhabditis elegans

proton therapy delivery and its clinical application in select solid tumor malignancies

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies

The fundamentals of radiation planning and delivery for proton therapy using prostate cancer as a model are presented. The application of these principles to other selected disease sites highlights how proton radiotherapy may enhance clinical outcomes for cancer...

high precision zinc isotopic measurements applied to mouse organs

High Precision Zinc Isotopic Measurements Applied to Mouse Organs

We present the technique to measure with high precision zinc isotope ratios in mouse...

evaluation of fertilization state by tracing sperm nuclear morphology in arabidopsis double fertilization

Evaluation of Fertilization State by Tracing Sperm Nuclear Morphology in Arabidopsis Double Fertilization

We demonstrate a method to determine successful or failed fertilization on the basis of sperm nuclear morphology in Arabidopsis double fertilization using an epifluorescence...

Evaluation of Fertilization State by Tracing Sperm Nuclear Morphology in Arabidopsis Double Fertilization

enhanced photoluminescence of curcuma longa extracts via chitosan-mediated energy transfer for textile authentication applications

Author Spotlight: Eco-friendly Photoluminescent Textile Authentication with Curcumin

Photoluminescence is one of the most effective authentication mechanisms being used today. Utilizing and enhancing naturally sourced materials with inherent photoluminescent properties and incorporating them into fabric substrates can lead to development of green, sustainable, and functional textiles for smart applications.

Enhanced Photoluminescence of Curcuma longa Extracts via Chitosan-Mediated Energy Transfer for Textile Authentication Applications

automated, high-resolution mobile collection system for the nitrogen isotopic analysis of nox

Automated, High-resolution Mobile Collection System for the Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis of NOx

Previous work suggests that the nitrogen isotopic composition of atmospheric nitrogen oxides might distinguish the influence of different sources in the environment. We report on an automated, mobile, field-based method for the high collection efficiency of atmospheric NOx for N isotopic analysis at an hourly time...

Automated, High-resolution Mobile Collection System for the Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis of NOx

fertilization of xenopus oocytes using the host transfer method

Fertilization of Xenopus oocytes using the Host Transfer Method

Procedure for fertilizing Xenopus oocytes by the host transfer...

Fertilization of Xenopus oocytes using the Host Transfer Method

in vivo imaging of optic nerve fiber integrity by contrast-enhanced mri in mice

In vivo Imaging of Optic Nerve Fiber Integrity by Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Mice

This video illustrates a method, using a clinical 3 T scanner, for contrast-enhanced MR imaging of the na&#239;ve mouse visual projection and for repetitive and longitudinal in vivo studies of optic nerve degeneration associated with acute optic nerve crush injury and chronic optic nerve degeneration in knock-out mice...

In vivo Imaging of Optic Nerve Fiber Integrity by Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Mice

integration of light trapping silver nanostructures in hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon solar cells by transfer printing

Integration of Light Trapping Silver Nanostructures in Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells by Transfer Printing

A viable transfer printing-based methodology to introduce plasmonic metal nanostructures in solar cells is described.  Using nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamps, an Ag-based ordered nanodisk array was integrated with standard hydrogenated microcrystalline Si solar cells, which led to improved device performances due to plasmonic light...

culture of embryonic mouse cochlear explants and gene transfer by electroporation

Culture of Embryonic Mouse Cochlear Explants and Gene Transfer by Electroporation

We present a method that describes isolation and culture of cochlear explants from embryonic mouse inner ear.  We also demonstrate a method for gene transfer into cochlear explants via square-wave electroporation. The in vitro explant culture coupled with gene transfer technique enables researchers to study the effects of altering gene expression during development.

characterization, quantification and compound-specific isotopic analysis of pyrogenic carbon using benzene polycarboxylic acids (bpca)

Characterization, Quantification and Compound-specific Isotopic Analysis of Pyrogenic Carbon Using Benzene Polycarboxylic Acids BPCA

We present the benzene polycarboxylic acid (BPCA) method for assessing pyrogenic carbon (PyC) in the environment. The compound-specific approach uniquely provides simultaneous information about the characteristics, quantity and isotopic composition (13C and 14C) of PyC.

Characterization, Quantification and Compound-specific Isotopic Analysis of Pyrogenic Carbon Using Benzene Polycarboxylic Acids (BPCA)

detection of horizontal gene transfer mediated by natural conjugative plasmids in e. coli

Detection of Horizontal Gene Transfer Mediated by Natural Conjugative Plasmids in E. coli

Conjugation mediates horizontal gene transfer by mobilizing plasmid DNA across two different cells, facilitating the spread of beneficial genes. This work describes a widely-used method for the efficient detection of conjugative plasmid transfer, based on the use of differential markers in the conjugative plasmid, donor, and recipient to detect...

Detection of Horizontal Gene Transfer Mediated by Natural Conjugative Plasmids in E. coli

plga nanoparticles formed by single- or double-emulsion with vitamin e-tpgs

PLGA Nanoparticles Formed by Single- or Double-emulsion with Vitamin E-TPGS

We describe the production and characterization of nanoparticles and microparticles composed of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) using vitamin E-TPGS as an emulsifier. By varying formulation parameters such as the concentration of emulsifier, it is possible to produce nanoparticles with mean diameters ranging from 220 nm to&#160;1.98...

in vivo gene transfer to schwann cells in the rodent sciatic nerve by electroporation

In Vivo Gene Transfer to Schwann Cells in the Rodent Sciatic Nerve by Electroporation

Here, we present an in vivo technique for gene transfer to Schwann cells (SCs) in the rodent sciatic nerve. This simple technique is useful for investigating signaling mechanisms involved in the development and maintenance of myelinating...

In Vivo Gene Transfer to Schwann Cells in the Rodent Sciatic Nerve by Electroporation

We present a procedure to measure with high precision zinc isotope ratios in mouse organs. Zinc is composed of 5 stable isotopes (64Zn, 66Zn, 67Zn, 68Zn and 70Zn) which are naturally fractionated between mouse organs. We first show how to dissolve the different organs in order to free the Zn atoms; this step is realized by a mixture of HNO3 and H2O2. We then purify the zinc atoms from all the other elements, in particular from isobaric interferences (e.g., Ni), by anion-exchange chromatography in a dilute HBr/HNO3 medium. These first two steps are performed in a clean laboratory using high purity chemicals. Finally, the isotope ratios are measured by using a multi-collector inductively-coupled-plasma mass-spectrometer, in low resolution. The samples are injected using a spray chamber and the isotopic fractionation induced by the mass-spectrometer is corrected by comparing the ratio of the samples to the ratio of a standard (standard bracketing technique).&#160;This full typical&#160;procedure produces an isotope ratio with a 50 ppm (2 s.d.) reproducibility.

We present the technique to measure with high precision zinc isotope ratios in mouse organs.

We present a procedure to measure with high precision zinc isotope ratios in mouse organs. Zinc is composed of 5 stable isotopes (64Zn, 66Zn, 67Zn, 68Zn ...

Layer-by-layer Synthesis and Transfer of Freestanding Conjugated Microporous Polymer Nanomembranes

CMP as large surface area materials have attracted growing interest recently, due to their high variability in the incorporation of functional groups in combination with their outstanding thermal and chemical stability, and low densities. However, their insoluble nature causes problems in their processing since usually applied techniques such as spin coating are not available. Especially for membrane applications, where the processing of CMP as thin films is desirable, the processing problems have hindered their commercial application.
Here we describe the interfacial synthesis of CMP thin films on functionalized substrates via molecular layer-by-layer (l-b-l) synthesis. This process allows the preparation of films with desired thickness and composition and even desired composition gradients.
The use of sacrificial supports allows the preparation of freestanding membranes by dissolution of the support after the synthesis. To handle such ultra-thin freestanding membranes the protection with sacrificial coatings showed great promise, to avoid rupture of the nanomembranes. To transfer the nanomembranes to the desired substrate, the coated membranes are upfloated at the air-liquid interface and then transferred via dip coating.

In this paper we describe the interfacial synthesis of conjugated microporous polymers (CMP) on sacrificial substrates, and the dissolution of the substrate for the preparation of freestanding CMP nanomembranes. In addition, we will describe how the fragile nanomembranes can be transferred to other substrates.

CMP as large surface area materials have attracted growing interest recently, due to their high variability in the incorporation of functional groups in ...

Synthesis and Exfoliation of Discotic Zirconium Phosphates to Obtain Colloidal Liquid Crystals

Due to their abundance in natural clay and potential applications in advanced materials, discotic nanoparticles are of interest to scientists and engineers. Growth of such anisotropic nanocrystals through a simple chemical method is a challenging task. In this study, we fabricate discotic nanodisks of zirconium phosphate [Zr(HPO4)2&#183;H2O] as a model material using hydrothermal, reflux and microwave-assisted methods. Growth of crystals is controlled by duration time, temperature, and concentration of reacting species. The novelty of the adopted methods is that discotic crystals of size ranging from hundred nanometers to few micrometers can be obtained while keeping the polydispersity well within control. The layered discotic crystals are converted to monolayers by exfoliation with tetra-(n)-butyl ammonium hydroxide [(C4H9)4NOH, TBAOH]. Exfoliated disks show isotropic and nematic liquid crystal phases. Size and polydispersity of disk suspensions is highly important in deciding their phase behavior.

A two dimensional model material of discotic zirconium phosphate was developed. The inorganic crystal with lamellar structure was synthesized by hydrothermal, reflux, and microwave-assisted methods. On exfoliation with organic molecules, layered crystals can be converted to monolayers, and nematic liquid crystal phase was formed at sufficient concentration of monolayers.

Due to their abundance in natural clay and potential applications in advanced materials, discotic nanoparticles are of interest to scientists and ...

Radiolabeling and Quantification of Cellular Levels of Phosphoinositides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-coupled Flow Scintillation

Phosphoinositides (PtdInsPs) are essential signaling lipids responsible for recruiting specific effectors and conferring organelles with molecular identity and function. Each of the seven PtdInsPs varies in their distribution and abundance, which are tightly regulated by specific kinases and phosphatases. The abundance of PtdInsPs can change abruptly in response to various signaling events or disturbance of the regulatory machinery. To understand how these events lead to changes in the amount of PtdInsPs and their resulting impact, it is important to quantify PtdInsP levels before and after a signaling event or between control and abnormal conditions. However, due to their low abundance and similarity, quantifying the relative amounts of each PtdInsP can be challenging. This article describes a method for quantifying PtdInsP levels by metabolically labeling cells with 3H-myo-inositol, which is incorporated into PtdInsPs. Phospholipids are then precipitated and deacylated. The resulting soluble 3H-glycero-inositides are further extracted, separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and detected by flow scintillation. The labeling and processing of yeast samples is described in detail, as well as the instrumental setup for the HPLC and flow scintillator. Despite losing structural information regarding acyl chain content, this method is sensitive and can be optimized to concurrently quantify all seven PtdInsPs in cells.

Phosphoinositides are signaling lipids whose relative abundance rapidly changes in response to various stimuli. This article describes a method to measure the abundance of phosphoinositides by metabolically labeling cells with 3H-myo-inositol, followed by extraction and deacylation. Extracted glycero-inositides are then separated by high-performance liquid chromatography and quantified by flow scintillation.

Phosphoinositides (PtdInsPs) are essential signaling lipids responsible for recruiting specific effectors and conferring organelles with molecular ...

Fire-derived, pyrogenic carbon (PyC), sometimes called black carbon (BC), is the carbonaceous solid residue of biomass and fossil fuel combustion, such as char and soot. PyC is ubiquitous in the environment due to its long persistence, and its abundance might even increase with the projected increase in global wildfire activity and the continued burning of fossil fuel. PyC is also increasingly produced from the industrial pyrolysis of organic wastes, which yields charred soil amendments (biochar). Moreover, the emergence of nanotechnology may also result in the release of PyC-like compounds to the environment. It is thus a high priority to reliably detect, characterize and quantify these charred materials in order to investigate their environmental properties and to understand their role in the carbon cycle.
Here, we present the benzene polycarboxylic acid (BPCA) method, which allows the simultaneous assessment of PyC&#39;s characteristics, quantity and isotopic composition (13C and 14C) on a molecular level. The method is applicable to a very wide range of environmental sample materials and detects PyC over a broad range of the combustion continuum, i.e., it is sensitive to slightly charred biomass as well as high temperature chars and soot. The BPCA protocol presented here is simple to employ, highly reproducible, as well as easily extendable and modifiable to specific requirements. It thus provides a versatile tool for the investigation of PyC in various disciplines, ranging from archeology and environmental forensics to biochar and carbon cycling research.

We present the benzene polycarboxylic acid (BPCA) method for assessing pyrogenic carbon (PyC) in the environment. The compound-specific approach uniquely provides simultaneous information about the characteristics, quantity and isotopic composition (13C and 14C) of PyC.

Fire-derived, pyrogenic carbon (PyC), sometimes called black carbon (BC), is the carbonaceous solid residue of biomass and fossil fuel combustion, such as ...

Determination of Carbonyl Functional Groups in Bio-oils by Potentiometric Titration: The Faix Method

Carbonyl compounds present in bio-oils are known to be responsible for bio-oil property changes upon storage and during upgrading. Specifically, carbonyls cause an increase in viscosity (often referred to as &#39;aging&#39;) during storage of bio-oils. As such, carbonyl content has previously been used as a method of tracking bio-oil aging and condensation reactions with less variability than viscosity measurements. Additionally, carbonyls are also responsible for coke formation in bio-oil upgrading processes. Given the importance of carbonyls in bio-oils, accurate analytical methods for their quantification are very important for the bio-oil community. Potentiometric titration methods based on carbonyl oximation have long been used for the determination of carbonyl content in pyrolysis bio-oils. Here, we present a modification of the traditional carbonyl oximation procedures that results in less reaction time, smaller sample size, higher precision, and more accurate carbonyl determinations. While traditional carbonyl oximation methods occur at room temperature, the Faix method presented here occurs at an elevated temperature of 80 &#176;C.

Here we present a potentiometric titration technique for accurately quantifying carbonyl compounds in pyrolysis bio-oils.

Carbonyl compounds present in bio-oils are known to be responsible for bio-oil property changes upon storage and during upgrading. Specifically, carbonyls ...

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F&#8722;

Anion photoelectron imaging is a very efficient method for the study of energy states of bound negative ions, neutral species and interactions of unbound electrons with neutral molecules/atoms. State-of-the-art in vacuo anion generation techniques allow application to a broad range of atomic, molecular, and cluster anion systems. These are separated and selected using time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Electrons are removed by linearly polarized photons (photo detachment) using table-top laser sources which provide ready access to excitation energies from the infra-red to the near ultraviolet. Detecting the photoelectrons with a velocity mapped imaging lens and position sensitive detector means that, in principle, every photoelectron reaches the detector and the detection efficiency is uniform for all kinetic energies. Photoelectron spectra extracted from the images via mathematical reconstruction using an inverse Abel transformation reveal details of the anion internal energy state distribution and the resultant neutral energy states. At low electron kinetic energy, typical resolution is sufficient to reveal energy level differences on the order of a few millielectron-volts, i.e., different vibrational levels for molecular species or spin-orbit splitting in atoms. Photoelectron angular distributions extracted from the inverse Abel transformation represent the signatures of the bound electron orbital, allowing more detailed probing of electronic structure. The spectra and angular distributions also encode details of the interactions between the outgoing electron and the residual neutral species subsequent to excitation. The technique is illustrated by the application to an atomic anion (F&#8722;), but it can also be applied to the measurement of molecular anion spectroscopy, the study of low lying anion resonances (as an alternative to scattering experiments) and femtosecond (fs) time resolved studies of the dynamic evolution of anions.

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8722;&lt;/sup&gt;

Here, we present a protocol for photoelectron imaging of anionic species. Anions generated in vacuo and separated by mass spectrometry are probed using velocity mapped photoelectron imaging, providing details of anion and neutral energy levels, anion and neutral structure and the nature of the anion electronic state.

Anion photoelectron imaging is a very efficient method for the study of energy states of bound negative ions, neutral species and interactions of unbound ...

Synthesis of Soft Polysiloxane-urea Elastomers for Intraocular Lens Application

This study discusses a synthesis route for soft polysiloxane-based urea (PSU) elastomers for their applications as accommodating intraocular lenses (a-IOLs). Aminopropyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) were previously prepared via the ring-chain equilibration of the cyclic siloxane octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and 1,3-bis(3-aminopropyl)-tetramethyldisiloxane (APTMDS). Phenyl groups were introduced into the siloxane backbone via the copolymerization of D4 and 2,4,6,8-tetramethyl-2,4,6,8-tetraphenyl-cyclotetrasiloxane (D4Me,Ph). These polydimethyl-methyl-phenyl-siloxane-block copolymers were synthesized for increasing the refractive indices of polysiloxanes. For applications as an a-IOL, the refractive index of the polysiloxanes must be equivalent to that of a young human eye lens. The polysiloxane molecular weight is controlled by the ratio of the cyclic siloxane to the endblocker APTMDS. The transparency of the PSU elastomers is examined by the transmittance measurement of films between 200 and 750 nm, using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Transmittance values at 750 nm (upper end of the visible spectrum) are plotted against the PDMS molecular weight, and &#62; 90% of the transmittance is observed until a molecular weight of 18,000 g&#183;mol&#8722;1. Mechanical properties of the PSU elastomers are investigated using stress-strain tests on die-cut dog-bone-shaped specimens. For evaluating mechanical stability, mechanical hysteresis is measured by repeatedly stretching (10x) the specimens to 5% and 100% elongation. Hysteresis considerably decreases with the increase in the PDMS molecular weight. In vitro cytotoxicity of some selected PSU elastomers is evaluated using an MTS cell viability assay. The methods described herein permit the synthesis of a soft, transparent, and noncytotoxic PSU elastomer with a refractive index approximately equal to that of a young human eye lens.

This study describes synthetic routes for aminopropyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxanes and polydimethyl-methyl-phenyl-siloxane-block copolymers and for soft polysiloxane-based urea (PSU) elastomers. It presents the application of PSUs as accommodating an intraocular lens. An evaluation method for in vitro cytotoxicity is also described.

This study discusses a synthesis route for soft polysiloxane-based urea (PSU) elastomers for their applications as accommodating intraocular lenses ...

Niobium Oxide Films Deposited by Reactive Sputtering: Effect of Oxygen Flow Rate

Reactive sputtering is a versatile technique used to form compact films with excellent homogeneity. In addition, it allows easy control over deposition parameters such as gas flow rate that results in changes on composition and thus in the film required properties. In this report, reactive sputtering is used to deposit niobium oxide films. A niobium target is used as metal source and different oxygen flow rates to deposit niobium oxide films. The oxygen flow rate was changed from 3 to 10 sccm. The films deposited under low oxygen flow rates show higher electrical conductivity and provide better perovskite solar cells when used as electron transport layer.

Here, we present a protocol for niobium oxide films deposition by reactive sputtering with different oxygen flow rates for use as an electron transport layer in perovskite solar cells.

Reactive sputtering is a versatile technique used to form compact films with excellent homogeneity. In addition, it allows easy control over deposition ...

We have introduced a high throughput quantitative proteomics workflow, combined precursor isotopic labeling and isobaric tagging (cPILOT) capable of multiplexing up to 22 or 24 samples with tandem mass tags or isobaric N,N-dimethyl leucine isobaric tags, respectively, in a single experiment. This enhanced sample multiplexing considerably reduces mass spectrometry acquisition times and increases the utility of the expensive commercial isobaric reagents. However, the manual process of sample handling and pipetting steps in the strategy can be labor intensive, time consuming, and introduce sample loss and quantitative error. These limitations can be overcome through the incorporation of automation. Here we transferred the manual cPILOT protocol to an automated liquid handling device that can prepare large sample numbers (i.e., 96 samples) in parallel. Overall, automation increases feasibility and reproducibility of cPILOT and allows for broad usage by other researchers with comparable automation devices.

Combined precursor isotopic labeling and isobaric tagging (cPILOT) is an enhanced sample multiplexing strategy that is capable of increasing the number of samples that can be analyzed simultaneously with available isobaric tags. Incorporation of a robotic platform has greatly increased experimental throughput, reproducibility, and quantitative accuracy.

We have introduced a high throughput quantitative proteomics workflow, combined precursor isotopic labeling and isobaric tagging (cPILOT) capable of ...