Name: production of near-infrared sensitive, core-shell vaccine delivery platform
Uploaded: 2020-10-20T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Production of Near-Infrared Sensitive, Core-Shell Vaccine Delivery Platform at JoVE.com

We would like to thank Dr. Bryan E. Tomlin affiliated with the elemental analysis lab within the department of chemistry at TAMU who assisted with the neutron activation analysis (NAA).

1. Polycaprolacyone triacrylate (PCLTA) synthesis
<ol>
	<li>Dry 3.2 mL of 400 Da polycaprolacyone (PCL) triol overnight at 50 &#176;C in an open 200 mL round bottom flask and K2CO3 in a glass vial at 90 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Mix the triol with 6.4 mL of dichloromethane (DCM) and 4.246 g of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) under argon.</li>
	<li>Mix 2.72 mL of acryloyl chloride in 27.2 mL of DCM and add dropwise to the reaction mixture in the flask over 5 min.</li>
	<li>Cover the reac...

<ol>
	<li>. Global Immunization: Worldwide Disease Incidence Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.chop.edu/centers-programs/vaccine-education-center/global-immunization/diseases-and-vaccines-world-view">https://www.chop.edu/centers-programs/vaccine-education-center/global-immunization/diseases-and-vaccines-world-view</a> (2018)</li><li>Paul, A., Bera, M., Gupta, P., Singh, N. D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=o-Hydroxycinnamate+for+sequential+photouncaging+of+two+different+functional+groups+and+its+application+in+releasing+cosmeceuticals.">o-Hydroxycinnamate for sequential photouncaging of two different functional groups and its application in releasing cosmeceuticals.</a> Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry. 17 (33), 7689-7693 (2019).</li><li>Kumari, A., Yadav, S. K., Yadav, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biodegradable+polymeric+nanoparticles+based+drug+delivery+systems.">Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles based drug delivery systems.</a> Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 75 (1), 1-18 (2010).</li><li>Dai, C., Wang, B., Zhao, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microencapsulation+peptide+and+protein+drugs+delivery+system.">Microencapsulation peptide and protein drugs delivery system.</a> Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 41 (2-3), 117-120 (2005).</li><li>Souery, W. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlling+and+quantifying+the+stability+of+amino+acid-based+cargo+within+polymeric+delivery+systems.">Controlling and quantifying the stability of amino acid-based cargo within polymeric delivery systems.</a> Journal of Control Release. 300, 102-113 (2019).</li><li>Wang, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advanced+protein+formulations.">Advanced protein formulations.</a> Protein Science. 24 (7), 1031-1039 (2015).</li><li>Lee, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+ultraviolet-curable,+core-shell+vaccine+formed+via+phase+separation.">An ultraviolet-curable, core-shell vaccine formed via phase separation.</a> Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A. , (2019).</li><li>Kittler, S., Hickey, S. G., Wolff, T., Eychm&#252;ller, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Easy+and+Fast+Phase+Transfer+of+CTAB+Stabilised+Gold+Nanoparticles+from+Water+to+Organic+Phase.">Easy and Fast Phase Transfer of CTAB Stabilised Gold Nanoparticles from Water to Organic Phase.</a> Zeitschrift f&#252;r Physikalische Chemie. 229, 235 (2015).</li><li>Soliman, M. G., Pelaz, B., Parak, W. J., del Pino, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phase+Transfer+and+Polymer+Coating+Methods+toward+Improving+the+Stability+of+Metallic+Nanoparticles+for+Biological+Applications.">Phase Transfer and Polymer Coating Methods toward Improving the Stability of Metallic Nanoparticles for Biological Applications.</a> Chemistry of Materials. 27 (3), 990-997 (2015).</li><li>Arun Kumar, S., Good, J., Hendrix, D., Yoo, E., Kim, D., Deo, K. A., Jhan, Y. Y., Gaharwar, A. K., Bishop, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanoengineered+Light-Activatable+Polybubbles+for+On?Demand+Therapeutic+Delivery.">Nanoengineered Light-Activatable Polybubbles for On?Demand Therapeutic Delivery.</a> Adv. Funct. Mater. , 2003579 (2020).</li><li>Wuthrich, P., Ng, S. Y., Fritzinger, B. K., Roskos, K. V., Heller, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pulsatile+and+delayed+release+of+lysozyme+from+ointment-like+poly(ortho+esters).">Pulsatile and delayed release of lysozyme from ointment-like poly(ortho esters).</a> Journal of Controlled Release. 21 (1), 191-200 (1992).</li><li>Wang, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Instability,+stabilization,+and+formulation+of+liquid+protein+pharmaceuticals.">Instability, stabilization, and formulation of liquid protein pharmaceuticals.</a> International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 185 (2), 129-188 (1999).</li><li>Wong, D. Y., Hollister, S. J., Krebsbach, P. H., Nosrat, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Poly(epsilon-caprolactone)+and+poly+(L-lactic-co-glycolic+acid)+degradable+polymer+sponges+attenuate+astrocyte+response+and+lesion+growth+in+acute+traumatic+brain+injury.">Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) and poly (L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) degradable polymer sponges attenuate astrocyte response and lesion growth in acute traumatic brain injury.</a> Tissue Engineering. 13 (10), 2515-2523 (2007).</li><li>Davoodi, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drug+delivery+systems+for+programmed+and+on-demand+release.">Drug delivery systems for programmed and on-demand release.</a> Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 132, 104-138 (2018).</li><li>Huang, Y. C., Lei, K. F., Liaw, J. W., Tsai, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+laser+intensity+activated+plasmonic+gold+nanoparticle-generated+photothermal+effects+on+cellular+morphology+and+viability:+a+real-time,+long-term+tracking+and+monitoring+system.">The influence of laser intensity activated plasmonic gold nanoparticle-generated photothermal effects on cellular morphology and viability: a real-time, long-term tracking and monitoring system.</a> Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences. 18 (6), 1419-1429 (2019).</li><li>Link, S., Burda, C., Nikoobakht, B., El-Sayed, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser-Induced+Shape+Changes+of+Colloidal+Gold+Nanorods+Using+Femtosecond+and+Nanosecond+Laser+Pulses.">Laser-Induced Shape Changes of Colloidal Gold Nanorods Using Femtosecond and Nanosecond Laser Pulses.</a> The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 104 (26), 6152-6163 (2000).</li><li>. Chlorine Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/chlorine.pdf">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/chlorine.pdf</a> (2000)</li></ol>

Current technologies and challenges 
Emulsion-based micro- and nanoparticles have been commonly used as drug delivery carriers. Although release kinetics of the cargo from these devices have been extensively studied, controlling burst release kinetics has been a major challenge11. Cargo versatility and functionality is also limited in emulsion-based systems owing to the exposure of cargo to excess aqueous and organic solvents. Protein-based cargo are often not compatible with...

Limited immunization coverage results in the death of 3 million people specifically caused by vaccine-preventable diseases1. Inadequate storage and transportation conditions lead to wastage of functional vaccines and thus contribute to reduced global immunization. In addition, incomplete vaccination due to not adhering to the required vaccine schedules also causes limited vaccine coverage, specifically in developing countries2. Multiple visits to medical personnel are required within the recommended period for receiving booster shots, thus limiting the percentage of population with complete vaccination. Hence, there is a need for developing novel strategies for controlled vaccine delivery to circumvent these challenges.
Current efforts towards developing vaccine delivery technologies include emulsion-based polymeric systems3,4. However, cargo is often exposed to greater quantity of organic solvent that can potentially cause aggregation and denaturation, specifically in the context of protein-based cargo5,6. We have developed a novel vaccine delivery platform, &#34;polybubbles&#34;, that can potentially house multiple cargo compartments while minimizing the volume of cargo that is exposed to solvent7. For example, in our polybubble core-shell platform, one cargo pocket of diameter 0.38 mm (SEM) is injected in the center of a 1 mm polybubble. In this case, surface area of cargo exposed to organic solvent would be approximately 0.453 mm2. After considering the packing density of spheres (microparticles) within a sphere (cargo depot), the actual volume of microparticles (10 &#181;m in diameter) that could fit in the depot is 0.17 mm3. The volume of one microparticle is 5.24x10-8 mm3 and thus number of particles microparticles that can fit the depot is ~3.2x106 particles. If each microparticle has 20 cargo pockets (as a result of double-emulsion) of 0.25 &#181;m diameter, then the surface area of cargo exposed to organic solvent is 1274 mm2. Cargo depot within the polybubble thus would have ~2800-fold less surface area exposed to organic solvent compared to that of organic solvent-exposed cargo in microparticles. Our polyester-based platform can thus potentially reduce the quantity of cargo exposed to organic solvent which can otherwise cause cargo aggregation and instability.
Polybubbles are formed based on phase-separation principle where the polyester in organic phase is injected into an aqueous solution resulting in a spherical bubble. Cargo in the aqueous phase can then be injected in the center of the polybubble. Another cargo compartment can potentially be achieved within the polybubble by mixing a different cargo with the polymer shell. The polybubble at this stage will be malleable and will then be cured to result in a solid polybubble structure with cargo in the middle. Spherical polybubbles were chosen over other geometrical shapes to increase the cargo capacity within the polybubble while minimizing the overall size of the polybubble. Polybubbles with cargo in the center were chosen to demonstrate delayed burst release. Polybubbles were also incorporated with near infrared (NIR)- sensitive (i.e., theranostic-enabling) agent, namely gold nanorods (AuNR), to cause increase in temperature of the polybubbles. This effect could potentially facilitate faster degradation and could be used for controlling kinetics in future applications. In this paper, we describe our approach to form and characterize polybubbles, to achieve delayed burst release from the polybubbles, and to incorporate AuNR within the polybubbles to cause NIR-activation.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1-Step Ultra Tetramethylbezidine (TMB)-Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Substrate Solution</td>
			<td>Thermo scientific</td>
			<td>34028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone</td>
			<td>TCI AMERICA</td>
			<td>H0991</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>450 nm Stop Solution for TMB Substrate</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab17152</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acryloyl chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A24109-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acriflavine</td>
			<td>Chem-Impex International</td>
			<td>22916</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anhydrous ethyl ether</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>E138-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-HIV1 gp120 antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Fisher BioReagents</td>
			<td>BP9700100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA-CF488 dye conjugates</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A13100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bromosalicylic acid</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>AC162142500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>80502-040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrimonium bromide (CTAB)</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>ICN19400480</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>C2984</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coating buffer</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab210899</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dichloromethane (DCM)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>270997-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diethyl ether</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>E1384</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dodeacyl Amine</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>AC117665000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Doxorubicin hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Fisher BioReagents</td>
			<td>BP251610</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-ascorbic acid</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>A61 100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Legato 100 Syringe Pump</td>
			<td>KD Scientific</td>
			<td>14 831 212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mPEG thiol</td>
			<td>Laysan Bio</td>
			<td>NC0702454</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nonfat dry milk</td>
			<td>Andwin Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9022655</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium carbonate</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>AC424081000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate saline buffer</td>
			<td>Fisher BioReagents</td>
			<td>BP3991</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(Poly(caprolactone)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>440744-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(Poly(caprolactone) triol</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>AC190730250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) diacrylate</td>
			<td>CMTec</td>
			<td>280050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium carbonate</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>AC424081000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant HIV1 gp120 + gp41 protein</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab49054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silver nitrate</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>S181 25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium borohydride</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>S678 10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetrachloroauric acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>G54 1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trehalose</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>NC9022655</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triethyl amine</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>AC157910010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

production of near-infrared sensitive, core-shell vaccine delivery platform

Vaccine delivery strategies that can limit the exposure of cargo to organic solvent while enabling novel release profiles are crucial for improving immunization coverage worldwide. Here, a novel injectable, ultraviolet- curable and delayed burst release- enabling vaccine delivery platform called polybubbles is introduced. Cargo was injected into polyester-based polybubbles that were formed in 10% carboxymethycellulose -based aqueous solution. This paper includes protocols to maintain spherical shape of the polybubbles and optimize cargo placement and retention to maximize the amount of cargo within the polybubbles. To ensure safety, chlorinated solvent content within the polybubbles were analyzed using neutron activation analysis. Release studies were conducted with small molecules as cargo within the polybubble to confirm delayed burst release. To further show the potential for on-demand delivery of the cargo, gold nanorods were mixed within the polymer shell to enable near-infrared laser activation.

Polybubbles were extensively characterized using SEM and NAA. Cargo was successfully centered to result in a delayed burst release. Polybubbles were also successfully laser-activated because of the presence of AuNRs within the polybubbles.
Polybubble characterization 
Polybubbles injected in an aqueous solution without CMC resulted in a flattened polybubble due to their contact with the bottom of the glass ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Production of Near-Infrared Sensitive, Core-Shell Vaccine Delivery Platform at JoVE.com

Production of Near-Infrared Sensitive, Core-Shell Vaccine Delivery Platform

This article describes the protocols used to produce a novel vaccine delivery platform, &#34;polybubbles,&#34; to enable delayed burst release. Polyesters including poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) and polycaprolactone were used to form the polybubbles and small molecules and antigen were used as cargo.

Vaccine delivery strategies that can limit the exposure of cargo to organic solvent while enabling novel release profiles are crucial for improving ...

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