Name: 18f-labeling of radiotracers functionalized with a silicon fluoride acceptor (sifa) for positron emission tomography
Uploaded: 2020-01-11T16:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 18F-Labeling of Radiotracers Functionalized with a Silicon Fluoride Acceptor SiFA for Positron Emission Tomography at JoVE.com

The authors have no acknowledgements.

CAUTION: One must keep in mind that 18F is a radioactive isotope, and therefore it is necessary to carry out all procedures behind adequate shielding. Lead shielding is appropriate for this type of radiation. Be sure to wear radiation detection badges throughout the entirety of this procedure. Additionally, immediately dispose of gloves before touching anything after the synthesis, as they may be contaminated with radioactive activity. Utilize hand-foot monitors as well as pancake Geiger counters to check for ...

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	<li>Wahl, R. L., Buchanan, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Principles and practice of positron emission tomography. , (2002).</li><li>W&#228;ngler, C., Schirrmacher, R., Bartenstein, P., W&#228;ngler, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Click-chemistry+reactions+in+radiopharmaceutical+chemistry:+Fast+&amp;+easy+introduction+of+radiolabels+into+biomolecules+for+in+vivo+imaging.">Click-chemistry reactions in radiopharmaceutical chemistry: Fast &amp; easy introduction of radiolabels into biomolecules for in vivo imaging.</a> Current Medical Chemistry. 17, 1092-1116 (2010).</li><li>Schirrmacher, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=18F-labeling+of+peptides+by+means+of+an+organosilicon-based+fluoride+acceptor.">18F-labeling of peptides by means of an organosilicon-based fluoride acceptor.</a> Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 45, 6047-6050 (2006).</li><li>Kostikov, A. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxalic+acid+supported+Si-18F-radiofluorination:+One-step+radiosynthesis+of+N-succinimidyl+3-(di-tert-butyl[18F]fluorosilyl)benzoate+([18F]SiFB)+for+protein+labeling.">Oxalic acid supported Si-18F-radiofluorination: One-step radiosynthesis of N-succinimidyl 3-(di-tert-butyl[18F]fluorosilyl)benzoate ([18F]SiFB) for protein labeling.</a> Bioconjugate Chemistry. 23 (1), 106-114 (2012).</li><li>Cacace, F., Speranza, M., Wolf, A. P., Macgregor, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nucleophilic+aromatic+substitution;+kinetics+of+fluorine-18+substitution+reactions+in+polyfluorobenzenes.+Isotopic+exchange+between+18F-+and+polyfluorobenzenes+in+dimethylsulfoxide.+A+kinetic+study.">Nucleophilic aromatic substitution; kinetics of fluorine-18 substitution reactions in polyfluorobenzenes. Isotopic exchange between 18F- and polyfluorobenzenes in dimethylsulfoxide. A kinetic study.</a> Journal of Fluorine Chemistry. 21, 145-158 (1982).</li><li>Schirrmacher, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+of+p-(di-tert-butyl[18F]fluorosilyl)benzaldehyde+([18F]SiFA-A)+with+high+specific+activity+by+isotopic+exchange:+A+convenient+labeling+synthon+for+the+18F-labeling+of+N-amino-oxy+derivatized+peptides.">Synthesis of p-(di-tert-butyl[18F]fluorosilyl)benzaldehyde ([18F]SiFA-A) with high specific activity by isotopic exchange: A convenient labeling synthon for the 18F-labeling of N-amino-oxy derivatized peptides.</a> Bioconjugate Chemistry. 18, 2085-2089 (2007).</li><li>Kostikov, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=N-(4-(di-tert-butyl[18F]fluorosilyl)benzyl)-2-hydroxy-N,N-dimethylethylammonium+bromide+([18F]SiFAN+Br-):+A+novel+lead+compound+for+the+development+of+hydrophilic+SiFA-based+prosthetic+groups+for+18F-labeling.">N-(4-(di-tert-butyl[18F]fluorosilyl)benzyl)-2-hydroxy-N,N-dimethylethylammonium bromide ([18F]SiFAN+Br-): A novel lead compound for the development of hydrophilic SiFA-based prosthetic groups for 18F-labeling.</a> Journal of Fluorine Chemistry. 132, 27-34 (2011).</li><li>W&#228;ngler, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kit-like+18F-labeling+of+proteins:+Synthesis+of+4-(di-tert-butyl[18F]fluorosilyl)benzenethiol+(Si[18F]FA-SH)+labeled+rat+serum+albumin+for+blood+pool+imaging+with+PET.">Kit-like 18F-labeling of proteins: Synthesis of 4-(di-tert-butyl[18F]fluorosilyl)benzenethiol (Si[18F]FA-SH) labeled rat serum albumin for blood pool imaging with PET.</a> Bioconjugate Chemistry. 20, 317-321 (2009).</li><li>Iovkova, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=para-Functionalized+aryl-di-tert-butylfluorosilanes+as+potential+labeling+synthons+for+18F+radiopharmaceuticals.">para-Functionalized aryl-di-tert-butylfluorosilanes as potential labeling synthons for 18F radiopharmaceuticals.</a> Chemistry. 15, 2140-2147 (2009).</li><li>W&#228;ngler, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=One-step+18F-labeling+of+carbohydrate-conjugated+octreotate-derivatives+containing+a+silicon-fluoride-acceptor+(SiFA):+In+vitro+and+in+vivo+evaluation+as+tumor+imaging+agents+for+positron+emission+tomography+(PET).">One-step 18F-labeling of carbohydrate-conjugated octreotate-derivatives containing a silicon-fluoride-acceptor (SiFA): In vitro and in vivo evaluation as tumor imaging agents for positron emission tomography (PET).</a> Bioconjugate Chemistry. 21, 2289-2296 (2010).</li><li>Ilhan, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=First-in-human+18F-SiFAlin-TATE+PET/CT+for+NET+imaging+and+theranostics.">First-in-human 18F-SiFAlin-TATE PET/CT for NET imaging and theranostics.</a> European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 46, 2400-2401 (2019).</li></ol>

SiFA labeling chemistry represents one of the first 18F-labeling methods employing an extraordinarily efficient isotopic exchange reaction that can be performed at room temperature. A typical radiochemical reaction relies on the formation of a carbon-fluorine bond via reaction of [18F]fluoride with a fluoride-reactive functionality through an elimination or substitution pathway. These reaction conditions are often harsh, performed at extreme pH or high temperature, and are laden with byproducts or r...

Fluorine-18 (109-minute half-life, 97% positron emission) is among the most important radionuclides for positron emission tomography (PET), a noninvasive imaging method that visualizes and quantifies the bio-distribution of radiolabeled tracers for various diseases1. Peptides and proteins are especially difficult to label with [18F]fluoride because they require building blocks formed by multi-step syntheses2. To reduce the complexity of 18F-radiolabeling, silicon-fluoride acceptor (SiFA) was recently introduced as reliable tools3. The SiFA group consists of a central silicon atom connected to two tertiary butyl groups, a derivatized phenyl moiety, and a non-radioactive fluorine atom. The tertiary butyl groups impart hydrolytic stability to the silicon-fluoride bond, which is a critical feature for in vivo applications of SiFA conjugates as imaging agents.
When attached to a small molecule or biomolecule, the SiFA building blocks bind radioactive [18F]fluoride anions by exchanging fluorine-19 for fluorine-18 at nanomolar concentrations without forming significant amounts of radioactive side products4. Moreover, a high radiochemical yield is quickly achieved by labeling the SiFA moiety in dipolar aprotic solvents at low temperatures. This is in stark contrast to classical isotopic exchange reactions, which produce radiotracers of low specific activity5. In these cases, large amounts of precursor (in the range of milligrams) must be used to obtain reasonable incorporation of [18F]fluoride. Isotopic exchange reactions using SiFAs are far more efficient, as confirmed by kinetic studies and density functional theory calculations6,7. Labeled SiFAs are easily purified by solid-phase extraction since both the labeled and unlabeled SiFA compounds are chemically identical. This differs from traditional radiolabeled tracers, where the precursor molecule and the labeled product are two different chemical species and must be separated after radiolabeling by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Using SiFA building blocks, small-molecules, proteins, and peptides can be successfully labeled with [18F]fluoride by one- and two-step labeling protocols devoid of complicated purification procedures (Figure 1)4,8,9. Moreover, some SiFA-labeled compounds are reliable in vivo imaging agents for blood flow and tumors10. The simplicity of SiFA chemistry enables even untrained investigators to use [18F]fluoride for radiotracer synthesis and development.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>[18F]F-/H2[18O]O</td>
			<td>(Cyclotron produced)</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>[2.2.2]Cryptand</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>291110</td>
			<td>Kryptofix 2.2.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile anhydrous</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>271004</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deionized water</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>JF7623</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol, anhydrous</td>
			<td>Commercial Alcohols</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium carbonate</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>209619</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QMA cartridge</td>
			<td>Waters</td>
			<td>186004540</td>
			<td>QMA SepPak Light (46 mg) cartridge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C-18 cartridge</td>
			<td>Waters</td>
			<td>WAT023501</td>
			<td>C-18 SepPak Light cartridge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C18 column</td>
			<td>Phenomenex</td>
			<td>00G-4041-N0</td>
			<td>HPLC Luna C18 250 x 10 mm, 5 &#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HPLC</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>HPLC 1200 series</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>micro-PET Scanner</td>
			<td>Siemens</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>micro-PET R4 Scanner</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Radio-TLC plate reader</td>
			<td>Raytest</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Radio-TLC Mini Gita</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile filter 0.22&#181;m</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SLGP033RS</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

18f-labeling of radiotracers functionalized with a silicon fluoride acceptor (sifa) for positron emission tomography

The para-substituted di-tert-butylfluorosilylbenzene structural motif known as the silicon-fluoride acceptor (SiFA) is a useful tag in the radiochemist&#39;s toolkit for incorporating radioactive [18F]fluoride into tracers for use in positron emission tomography. In comparison to conventional radiolabeling strategies, isotopic exchange of fluorine-19 from SiFA with [18F]fluoride is carried out at room temperature and requires minimal reaction participants. The formation of by-products is thus negligible, and purification is greatly simplified. However, while the precursor molecule used for labeling and the final radiolabeled product are isotopically discrete, they are chemically identical and are thus inseparable during purification procedures. The SiFA tag is also susceptible to degradation under the basic conditions arising from the processing and drying of [18F]fluoride. The &#39;4 drop method&#39;, wherein only the first 4 drops of eluted [18F]fluoride are used from the solid-phase extraction, reduces the amount of base in the reaction, facilitates lower molar amounts of precursor, and reduces degradation.

The simplistic SiFA isotopic exchange can achieve high a degree of radiochemical incorporation of [18F]fluoride (60&#8722;90%) with a minimum amount of synthetic complexity (Figure 1). Most molecules can be radiolabeled with [18F]fluoride in one step without involving HPLC for purification (Figure 2). Radio-HPLC can be used for quality control purposes, wherein the ultraviolet (UV) absorbance peak of the final product should coincide with i...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 18F-Labeling of Radiotracers Functionalized with a Silicon Fluoride Acceptor SiFA for Positron Emission Tomography at JoVE.com

18F-Labeling of Radiotracers Functionalized with a Silicon Fluoride Acceptor SiFA for Positron Emission Tomography

The synthesis of fluorine-18 (18F) labeled radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography typically requires months of experience. When incorporated into a radiotracer, the silicon-fluoride acceptor (SiFA) motif enables a simple 18F-labeling protocol that is independent of costly equipment and preparatory training, while reducing precursor quantity needed and utilizing milder reaction conditions.

18F-Labeling of Radiotracers Functionalized with a Silicon Fluoride Acceptor (SiFA) for Positron Emission Tomography

The para-substituted di-tert-butylfluorosilylbenzene structural motif known as the silicon-fluoride acceptor (SiFA) is a useful tag in the ...

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