This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 11772045) and Education and Teaching Reform Project of University of Science and Technology Beijing (grant no. JG2017M58).

1. Experimental setup and procedures
NOTE: Set up the experimental system as shown in Figure 2.
<ol>
	<li>Preparation of the vibration system
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare three 1.0-mm-thickness mirrored circular acrylic plates with diameter of 150 mm, 200 mm and 250 mm respectively. Drill a hole of 3 mm in diameter at the center of each plate. Mark several black points every 5 mm along an arbitrary radius.</li>
		<li>Attach each plate to the actuate bar of the vibrator with a bolt in the middle point. Drive the vibrator with a sine wave using a waveform generator, and default settings will be enough for the resonance experiment. 
		NOTE: The excitation direction of the vibrator is horizontal for the convenience of moving the screen afterwards.</li>
		<li>Acquisition of the resonance frequency
		<ol>
			<li>Place the laser pen to project the laser beam to the vibrating plate perpendicularly such that the beam is reflected to the light screen in the distance. The distances between the laser pen and the plate and the light screen are 120 mm and 500 mm, respectively. 
			NOTE: The farther the distance between the light screen and the vibrating plate, the more obvious the phenomenon appears. It is also noted that the present method can be used to measure either axisymmetric or non-axisymmetric mode shapes. Due to the consideration of simplicity and convenience, the present manuscript only demonstrates the application in determining axisymmetric mode shapes of three circular plates. Then we just need to measure the vibration amplitude along any radial direction to reconstruct the two-dimensional mode shape of the plate.</li>
			<li>Move the laser pen along the direction perpendicular to its length direction to make the incident point scan over a diameter while the signal generator changing its frequency continuously. Do it quickly until the spot length is significantly stretched along the diameter when scanning in a certain frequency range, and some spots with almost no expansion appear. For the plate with a diameter of 150 mm, 200 mm and 250 mm, the frequency ranges swept are 200-400 Hz, 100-300 Hz and 50-250 Hz, respectively.</li>
			<li>Scan this certain frequency range slowly and pick out the frequency at which the spot expands most obviously. It is found that for the plate with a diameter of 150 mm, 200 mm and 250 mm, the resonance frequencies are 346 Hz, 214 Hz and 150 Hz, respectively.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Preparation of the light path and measurement system
	<ol>
		<li>Place the light screen parallel to the vibrating plate. Mark the distance with a meter ruler, and use 500 mm as the starting distance.</li>
		<li>Place the laser pen to project the beam perpendicularly on the plate such that the beam is reflected to the light screen in the distance. Make sure that the mark made before can be scanned while the laser pen is moving. 
		NOTE: The laser beam light must be projected perpendicularly on the plate.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Experimental measurement
	<ol>
		<li>Turn on the signal generator and set the excitation frequency to be the same as the resonance frequency obtained in step 1.1.3.3. The signal intensity should as small as possible once the light spot on the light screen is large enough to be recorded.</li>
		<li>Adjust the laser pen to make the incident point coincide with the first marker, which is the nearest marker to the fixed point of the plate.</li>
		<li>Move the screen from a distance D of 500 mm to 1000 mm and measure the spot length L on the screen every 50 mm. Record data in tabular form.</li>
		<li>Adjust the laser pen to make the incident point adjacent to the next marker in turn and repeat step 1.3.3 until all the markers have been measured. 
		NOTE: Since acrylic plates are easily deformed plastically under excitation, the experimental measurement process of one plate cannot be paused for a long time.</li>
		<li>Replace the former plate with the next one and repeat steps 1.3.1 to 1.3.4.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Data processing
<ol>
	<li>Determine the angle &#952; between the incident and reflected light with relationship: 
	<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/61020/61020equ01.jpg" /> 
	where D is the distance between the rest position of the vibrating plate and the light screen, w is vibrating amplitude of the plate, and L is the length of the light spot on the light screen. Several pairs of D and L are obtained in step 1.3.3.</li>
	<li>Determine the slope <img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/61020/61020equ02v3.jpg" /> of the mode shape by: 
	<img alt="Equation 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/61020/61020equ03.jpg" /> 
	NOTE: The obtained slope is always positive with Eqs.(1) and (2).</li>
	<li>Use a minus sign between two zero points to obtain the true slope distribution. 
	NOTE: It does not matter whether the revision begins from the first or the second zero point.</li>
	<li>Integrate the slope distribution of each plate and determine the integral constant by the nodes to obtain the mode shape with: 
	<img alt="Equation 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/61020/61020equ04.jpg" /> 
	NOTE: Nodes correspond to the largest slope of the mode shape. is a constant determined by the location of the nodal lines of the Chladni pattern shown in Figure 2.</li>
	<li>Compute the uncertainty of the slope12 with: 
	<img alt="Equation 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/61020/61020equ05.jpg" /> 
	NOTE: t0.95(n &#8211; 2) is the t distribution factor with 95% confidence and degrees of freedom n-2, and it is about 2 here. Sr is the standard error of the linear regression with D and L, Um denotes the uncertainty of the measured distance Di, and is 0.5 mm here. The average measured distance is defined by <img alt="Equation 6" src="/files/ftp_upload/61020/61020equ06v3.jpg" />, and n denotes the total number of measured Di.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Waller, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vibrations+of+free+circular+plates.+Part+1:+Normal+modes.">Vibrations of free circular plates. Part 1: Normal modes.</a> Proceedings of the Physical Society. 50 (1), 70-76 (1938).</li><li>Waller, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vibrations+of+free+square+plates:+part+I.+Normal+vibrating+modes.">Vibrations of free square plates: part I. Normal vibrating modes.</a> Proceedings of the Physical Society. 51 (5), 831-844 (1939).</li><li>Waller, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vibrations+of+free+plates:+isosceles+right-angled+triangles.">Vibrations of free plates: isosceles right-angled triangles.</a> Proceedings of the Physical Society. 53 (1), 35-39 (1941).</li><li>Waller, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vibrations+of+Free+Rectangular+Plates.">Vibrations of Free Rectangular Plates.</a> Proceedings of the Physical Society Section B. 62 (5), 277-285 (1949).</li><li>Waller, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vibrations+of+Free+Elliptical+Plates.">Vibrations of Free Elliptical Plates.</a> Proceedings of the Physical Society Section B. 63 (6), 451-455 (1950).</li><li>Tuan, P. H., Wen, C. P., Chiang, P. Y., Yu, Y. T., Liang, H. C., Huang, K. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploring+the+resonant+vibration+of+thin+plates:+Reconstruction+of+Chladni+patterns+and+determination+of+resonant+wave+numbers.">Exploring the resonant vibration of thin plates: Reconstruction of Chladni patterns and determination of resonant wave numbers.</a> The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 137 (4), 2113-2123 (2015).</li><li>Tuan, P. H., Lai, Y. H., Wen, C. P., Huang, K. F., Chen, Y. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Point-driven+modern+Chladni+figures+with+symmetry+breaking.">Point-driven modern Chladni figures with symmetry breaking.</a> Scientific Reports. 8 (1), 10844 (2018).</li><li>Castellini, P., Martarelli, M., Tomasini, E. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser+Doppler+Vibrometry:+Development+of+advanced+solutions+answering+to+technology's+needs.">Laser Doppler Vibrometry: Development of advanced solutions answering to technology's needs.</a> Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing. 20 (6), 1265-1285 (2006).</li><li>Sels, S., Vanlanduit, S., Bogaerts, B., Penne, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+full-field+vibration+measurements+using+a+handheld+single-point+laser+Doppler+vibrometer.">Three-dimensional full-field vibration measurements using a handheld single-point laser Doppler vibrometer.</a> Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing. 126, 427-438 (2019).</li><li>Georgas, P. J., Schajer, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+Measurement+of+Plate+Natural+Frequencies+and+Vibration+Mode+Shapes+Using+ESPI.">Simultaneous Measurement of Plate Natural Frequencies and Vibration Mode Shapes Using ESPI.</a> Experimental Mechanics. 53 (8), 1461-1466 (2013).</li><li>Luo, Y., Feng, R., Li, X. D., Liu, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+approach+to+determine+the+mode+shapes+of+Chladni+plates+based+on+the+optical+lever+method.">A simple approach to determine the mode shapes of Chladni plates based on the optical lever method.</a> European Journal of Physics. 40, 065001 (2019).</li><li>Coleman, H. W., Steele, W. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Experimentation and uncertainty analysis for engineer. , (1999).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

The optical lever method is adopted in this paper to determine the mode shape of a plate, since the Chladni pattern can only show the nodal lines of a vibrating plate. To determine the mode shape of the plate, the relationship between the slope and distance of the light screen and spot length should be obtained in advance. Then through definite integration calculation, the mode shape of the Chladni pattern could be quantitatively determined.
Generally, the whole process of the present approach...

Chladni mode shapes are of great interest in both science and engineering applications. Chladni patterns are reactions of physical waves, and one can illustrate the wave pattern with various methods. It is a well-known method to show the various modes of vibration on an elastic plate by outlining the nodal lines. Small particles are always employed to show the Chladni patterns, since they can stop at the nodes where the relative vibrating amplitude of the plate is zero, and the positions of the nodes vary with resonant mode to form various Chladni patterns.
Many researchers have paid attention to various Chladni patterns, but they only show the nodal lines of the mode shapes, the mode shapes (i.e., vibration amplitude) between the nodal lines are not illustrated. Waller investigated the free vibrations of a circle1, a square2, an isosceles right angled triangles3, a rectangular4, elliptical5 plates, and different Chladni patterns are illustrated therein. Tuan et al. reconstructed different Chladni patterns through both experimental and theoretical approaches, and the inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation is adopted during the theoretical modeling6,7. It is a popular method of using Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV) or Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) to quantitatively measure the mode shapes of the Chladni patterns8,9,10. Although LDV enables femtometer amplitude resolution and very high frequency ranges, unfortunately, the price of LDV is also a little expensive for classroom demonstration and/or college physics education. With this consideration, the present paper proposed a simple approach to quantitatively determine the mode shapes of a Chladni pattern with low cost, since only an extra laser pen and a light screen are needed here.
The present measurement method is illustrated in Figure 111. The vibrating plate has three different positions: the rest position, position 1 and position 2. Position 1 and 2 represent the two maximum vibrating places of the plate. A laser pen projects a straight beam on the surface of the plate, and if the plate locates at the rest position, the laser beam will be directly reflected to the light screen. While the plate locates at position 1 and 2, then the laser beam will be reflected to point A and B on the light screen, respectively. Due to the effect of persistence of vision, there will be a bright straight line on the light screen. The length of the bright light L is related to the distance D between the light screen and the location of the laser point. Different points on the plate have different slopes, which could be determined by the relationship between L and D. After obtaining the slope of the mode shape at different points on the plate, the problem turns into a definite integral. With the help of the boundary vibration amplitude of the plate and the discrete slope data, the mode shape of the vibrating plate can be obtained easily. The whole experimental setup is given in Figure 211.
This paper describes the experimental setup and procedure for the optical lever method to measure the Chladni mode shapes. Some typical experimental results are also illustrated.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Acrylic plates</td><td>Dongguan Jinzhu Lens Products Factory</td><td></td><td>Three 1.0-mm-thickness mirrored circular acrylic plates with diameter of 150 mm, 200 mm and 250 mm respectively. They are easily deformed.</td></tr><tr><td>Laser pen</td><td>Deli Group</td><td>2802</td><td>Red laser is more friendly to the viewer. The finer the laser beam, the better.</td></tr><tr><td>Light screen</td><td>Northern Tempered Glass Custom Taobao Store</td><td></td><td>Several layers of frosted stickers can be placed on the glass to achieve the effect of frosted glass.</td></tr><tr><td>Ruler</td><td>Deli Group</td><td>DL8015</td><td>The length is 1m and the division value is 1mm.</td></tr><tr><td>Signal generator</td><td>Dayang Science Education Taobao Store</td><td>TFG6920A</td><td>Common ones in university laboratories are available.</td></tr><tr><td>Vibrator</td><td>Dayang Science Education Taobao Store</td><td></td><td>The maximum amplitude is 1.5cm.The power is large enough to cause a noticeable phenomenon when the board vibrates. Otherwise, add a power amplifier.</td></tr></tbody></table>

measurement of chladni mode shapes with an optical lever method

Quantitatively determining the Chladni pattern of an elastic plate is of great interest in both physical science and engineering applications. In this paper, a method of measuring mode shapes of a vibrating plate based on an optical lever method is proposed. Three circular acrylic plates were employed in the measurement under different center harmonic excitations. Different from a traditional method, only an ordinary laser pen and a light screen made of ground glass are employed in this novel approach. The approach is as follows: the laser pen projects a beam to the vibrating plate perpendicularly, and then the beam is reflected to the light screen in the distance, on which a line segment made of the reflected spot is formed. Due to the principle of vision persistence, the light spot could be read as a bright straight line. The relationship between the slope of the mode shape, length of the light spot and the distance of the vibrating plate and the light screen can be obtained with algebraic operations. Then the mode shape can be determined by integrating the slope distribution with suitable boundary conditions. The full-field mode shapes of Chladni plate could also be determined further in such a simple way.

The excitation frequency that can excite axisymmetric Chladni pattern is determined through the frequency sweeping test. Three circular acrylic plates with diameters of 150 mm, 200 mm and 250 mm are tested, and results show that the first order axisymmetric resonance frequencies are 346 Hz, 214 Hz and 150 Hz for the three plates respectively. It is concluded that with larger diameter, the plate is more flexible, and the corresponding resonance frequency will be smaller. The Chladni patterns of the acrylic plate with diff...

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Measurement of Chladni Mode Shapes with an Optical Lever Method

A simple method of measuring the Chladni mode shape on an elastic plate by the principle of an optical lever is proposed.

Quantitatively determining the Chladni pattern of an elastic plate is of great interest in both physical science and engineering applications. In this ...

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5.1K Views.  University of Science and Technology Beijing. A simple method of measuring the Chladni mode shape on an elastic plate by the principle of an optical lever is proposed.

Video: Measurement of Chladni Mode Shapes with an Optical Lever Method

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

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A protocol to detect and automate mode locking in a pre-adjusted nonlinear polarization rotation fiber laser is presented. The detection of a sudden change in the output polarization state when mode locking occurs is used to command the alignment of an intra-cavity polarization controller in order to find mode-locking conditions.

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The goal of this paper is to investigate the interaction force between droplets and super-hydrophobic substrates in the air. A measurement system based on ...

Spectral and Angle-Resolved Magneto-Optical Characterization of Photonic Nanostructures

Photonic crystals are periodic nanostructures that can support a variety of confined electromagnetic modes. Such confined modes are usually accompanied by local enhancement of electric field intensity that strengthens light-matter interactions, enabling applications such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and surface plasmon enhanced sensing. In the presence of magneto-optically active materials, the local field enhancement gives rise to anomalous magneto-optical activity. Typically, the confined modes of a given photonic crystal depend strongly on the wavelength and incidence angle of the incident electromagnetic radiation. Thus, spectral and angular-resolved measurements are needed to fully identify them as well as to establish their relationship with the magneto-optical activity of the crystal. In this article, we describe how to use a Fourier-plane (back focal plane) microscope to characterize magneto-optically active samples. As a model system, here we use a plasmonic grating built out of magneto-optically active Au/Co/Au multilayer. In the experiments, we apply a magnetic field on the grating in situ and measure its reciprocal space response, obtaining the magneto-optical response of the grating over a range of wavelengths and incident angles. This information enables us to build a complete map of the plasmonic band structure of the grating and the angle and wavelength dependent magneto-optical activity. These two images allow us to pinpoint the effect that the plasmon resonances have on the magneto-optical response of the grating. The relatively small magnitude of magneto-optical effects requires a careful treatment of the acquired optical signals. To this end, an image processing protocol for obtaining magneto-optical response from the acquired raw data is laid out.

Photonic band structure enables understanding how confined electromagnetic modes propagate within a photonic crystal. In photonic crystals that incorporate magnetic elements, such confined and resonant optical modes are accompanied by enhanced and modified magneto-optical activity. We describe a measurement procedure to extract the magneto-optical band structure by Fourier space microscopy.

Photonic crystals are periodic nanostructures that can support a variety of confined electromagnetic modes. Such confined modes are usually accompanied by ...

Fabrication and Characterization of Thickness Mode Piezoelectric Devices for Atomization and Acoustofluidics

We present a technique to fabricate simple thickness mode piezoelectric devices using lithium niobate (LN). Such devices have been shown to atomize liquid more efficiently, in terms of &#64258;ow rate per power input, than those that rely on Rayleigh waves and other modes of vibration in LN or lead zirconate titanate (PZT). The complete device is composed of a transducer, a transducer holder, and a &#64258;uid supply system. The fundamentals of acoustic liquid atomization are not well known, so techniques to characterize the devices and to study the phenomena are also described. Laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) provides vibration information essential in comparing acoustic transducers and, in this case, indicates whether a device will perform well in thickness vibration. It can also be used to &#64257;nd the resonance frequency of the device, though this information is obtained more quickly via impedance analysis. Continuous &#64258;uid atomization, as an example application, requires careful &#64258;uid flow control, and we present such a method with high-speed imaging and droplet size distribution measurements via laser scattering.

Fabrication of piezoelectric thickness mode transducers via direct current sputtering of plate electrodes on lithium niobate is described. Additionally, reliable operation is achieved with a transducer holder and &#64258;uid supply system and characterization is demonstrated via impedance analysis, laser doppler vibrometry, high-speed imaging, and droplet size distribution using laser scattering.

We present a technique to fabricate simple thickness mode piezoelectric devices using lithium niobate (LN). Such devices have been shown to atomize liquid ...