Name: isolation and differentiation of primary white and brown preadipocytes from newborn mice
Uploaded: 2021-01-25T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Differentiation of Primary White and Brown Preadipocytes from Newborn Mice at JoVE.com

The authors are grateful to Cristina Godio at Centro Nacional de Biotecnolog&#237;a in Madrid, Spain, Mari Gantner at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, and Anastasia Kralli at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, for assistance optimizing this protocol based on the initial work of Kahn et al.18. This work was funded by NIH grants DK114785 and DK121196 to E.S.

This protocol follows all IACUC guidelines of The Scripps Research Institute and the University of Wisconsin &#8211; Madison School of Medicine and Public Health.
1. Collection and digestion of adipose depots (day 1)
<ol>
	<li>Prepare two 1.5 mL tubes for each pup: one for brown adipose tissue (BAT) and one for white adipose tissue (WAT). Add 250 &#181;L of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) + 200 &#181;L of 2x isolation buffer (123 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 1.3 mM CaCl2, 5 mM glucose, 100 ...

<ol>
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Adipose tissue is critical for systemic insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis20. Obesity-linked adipocyte dysfunction is tightly associated with the onset of type 2 diabetes. Therefore, greater understanding of the basic biology and physiology of adipose tissue may enable the design of new treatments for metabolic disorders. As a complement to direct functional and transcriptional analysis of mature adipocytes isolated from fat depots21,22...

Obesity results from a chronic imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. As obesity develops, white adipocytes undergo a massive expansion in cell size that results in hypoxia in the microenvironment, cell death, inflammation, and insulin resistance1. Dysfunctional, hypertrophied adipocytes cannot properly store excess lipids, which accumulate instead in other tissues where they dampen insulin action2,3. Agents that improve adipocyte function and restore normal lipid partitioning amongst tissues are predicted to be beneficial for the treatment of obesity-associated conditions characterized by insulin resistance such as type 2 diabetes. Phenotypic screens in adipocytes using immortalized cell lines, such as 3T3-L1, F442A, and 10T &#189;, have proven useful to identify genetic factors that regulate adipogenesis and to isolate pro-adipogenic molecules with anti-diabetic properties4,5,6,7. These cell lines, however, do not fully reflect the heterogeneity of cell types present in adipose depots, which includes white, brown, beige, and other adipocyte subtypes with unique characteristics, all of which contribute to systemic homeostasis8,9,10. Further, cultured cell lines often show a diminished response to external stimuli.
In contrast, cultures of primary adipocytes recapitulate more accurately the complexity of in vivo adipogenesis, and primary adipocytes show robust functional responses. Primary preadipocytes are typically isolated from the stromal vascular fraction of adipose depots of adult mice11,12,13,14. However, because the adipose depots of adult animals consist primarily of fully mature adipocytes that have a very slow turnover rate15,16,17, this approach yields a limited quantity of preadipocytes with a low proliferation rate. Therefore, isolation of preadipocytes from newborn mice is preferable to obtain large quantities of rapidly growing cells that can be differentiated in vitro. Here, a protocol has been described, inspired by the initial work with primary brown adipocytes of Kahn et al.18 to efficiently isolate both white and brown preadipocytes that can be expanded and differentiated in vitro into fully functional primary adipocytes (Figure 1A). The advantage of isolating primary cells from newborn, as opposed to adult mice, is that the adipose depots are rapidly growing and are thus a rich source of actively proliferating preadipocytes17. Cells isolated using this protocol have high proliferative capacity, enabling rapid scale-up of cultures. In addition, preadipocytes from newborn pups display higher differentiation potential than adult progenitors, which reduces well-to-well variability in the extent of differentiation and thus increases reproducibility.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I7018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well plates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AdipoRed (Nile Red)</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>PT-7009</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antimycin A</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A8674</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BenchMark Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Gemini Bioproducts LLC</td>
			<td>100-106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C4901</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22363549</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase, Type 1&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Worthington Biochemical Corp</td>
			<td>LS004196</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ddH2O</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>6442</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dexamethasone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D4902</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D5030</td>
			<td>For Bioenergetics studies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM, High Glucose, Glutamax</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10569010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS, no calcium, no magnesium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14190144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fatty Acid-Free BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A8806</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FCCP</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C2920</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G1890</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3375</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst 33342</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>H1399</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I6634</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S7653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Norepinephrine</td>
			<td>Cayman Chemical</td>
			<td>16673</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oligomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>75351</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pen/Strep</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rosiglitazone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R2408</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotenone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>557368</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Seahorse XFe96 FluxPak</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>102416-100</td>
			<td>For Bioenergetics studies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical forceps</td>
			<td>ROBOZ Surgical Instrument Co</td>
			<td>RS-5158</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical Scissors</td>
			<td>ROBOZ Surgical Instrument Co</td>
			<td>RS-5880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ThermoMixer</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>T1317</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>triiodothyronine (T3)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>642511</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and differentiation of primary white and brown preadipocytes from newborn mice

The understanding of the mechanisms underlying adipocyte differentiation and function has greatly benefited from the use of immortalized white preadipocyte cell lines. These cultured cell lines, however, have limitations. They do not fully capture the diverse functional spectrum of the heterogenous adipocyte populations that are now known to exist within white adipose depots. To provide a more physiologically relevant model to study the complexity of white adipose tissue, a protocol has been developed and optimized to enable simultaneous isolation of primary white and brown adipocyte progenitors from newborn mice, their rapid expansion in culture, and their differentiation in vitro into mature, fully functional adipocytes. The primary advantage of isolating primary cells from newborn, rather than adult mice, is that the adipose depots are actively developing and are, therefore, a rich source of proliferating preadipocytes. Primary preadipocytes isolated using this protocol differentiate rapidly upon reaching confluence and become fully mature in 4-5 days, a temporal window that accurately reflects the appearance of developed fat pads in newborn mice. Primary cultures prepared using this strategy can be expanded and studied with high reproducibility, making them suitable for genetic and phenotypic screens and enabling the study of the cell-autonomous adipocyte phenotypes of genetic mouse models. This protocol offers a simple, rapid, and inexpensive approach to study the complexity of adipose tissue in vitro.

Section 1 of the protocol will yield a heterogeneous suspension of cells that are visible under a standard light microscope. Filtering of digested tissues with a cell strainer (section 2) will remove undigested tissue. However, some cellular debris, blood cells, and mature adipocytes will pass through (Figure 1C). Gentle washes 1 h after plating will remove non-relevant cells as preadipocytes attach rapidly to the bottom of the well (Figu...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Differentiation of Primary White and Brown Preadipocytes from Newborn Mice at JoVE.com

Isolation and Differentiation of Primary White and Brown Preadipocytes from Newborn Mice

This report describes a protocol for the simultaneous isolation of primary brown and white preadipocytes from newborn mice. Isolated cells can be grown in culture and induced to differentiate into fully mature white and brown adipocytes. The method enables genetic, molecular, and functional characterization of primary fat cells in culture.

The understanding of the mechanisms underlying adipocyte differentiation and function has greatly benefited from the use of immortalized white ...

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