Name: differentiation and imaging of brown adipocytes from the stromal vascular fraction of interscapular adipose tissue from newborn mice
Uploaded: 2023-02-03T13:10:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Differentiation and Imaging of Brown Adipocytes from the Stromal Vascular Fraction of Interscapular Adipose Tissue from Newborn Mice at JoVE.com

Funding was provided by FONDECYT (1181214 and 1221146) and Anillos (ACT210039) to VC and doctoral scholarships ANID 21171743 to AMF and ANID 21150665 to FS. We thank Alejandro Munizaga for help in the processing of the samples and technical advice for the transmission electron microscopy. The illustrations were produced using BioRender.

The animal procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Pontificia Universidad Cat&#243;lica de Chile. P0.5 newborn mice of both sexes, derived from a mixed background of C57BL/6J and 129J strains, were used for this study.
1.&#160;Tissue extraction
<ol>
	<li>Clean and disinfect the workbench with a 70% ethanol solution, and use sterile surgical material.</li>
	<li>Euthanize P0.5 newborn pups by decapitation with surgical scissors following ...

<ol>
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W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+methods+of+adipogenic+differentiation+of+mesenchymal+stem+cells.">Current methods of adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells.</a> Stem Cells and Development. 20 (10), 1793-1804 (2011).</li><li>Wilson-Fritch, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+remodeling+in+adipose+tissue+associated+with+obesity+and+treatment+with+rosiglitazone.">Mitochondrial remodeling in adipose tissue associated with obesity and treatment with rosiglitazone.</a> The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 114 (9), 1281-1289 (2004).</li><li>Cannon, B., Nedergaard, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brown+adipose+tissue:+Function+and+physiological+significance.">Brown adipose tissue: Function and physiological significance.</a> Physiological Reviews. 84 (1), 277-359 (2004).</li><li>Ohno, H., Shinoda, K., Spiegelman, B. 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C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hibernoma+development+in+transgenic+mice+identifies+brown+adipose+tissue+as+a+novel+target+of+aldosterone+action.">Hibernoma development in transgenic mice identifies brown adipose tissue as a novel target of aldosterone action.</a> The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 101 (6), 1254-1260 (1998).</li><li>Klaus, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+the+novel+brown+adipocyte+cell+line+HIB+1B.+Adrenergic+pathways+involved+in+regulation+of+uncoupling+protein+gene+expression.">Characterization of the novel brown adipocyte cell line HIB 1B. 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The present protocol is a simple and replicable two-phase differentiation procedure (Figure 2) for generating cells with the molecular and morphological characteristics of mature brown adipocytes. The surgical harvesting of the iBAT is the first critical step because tissue tearing severely limits the viability of the starting material. Tissue processing is also key because a homogeneous cell suspension that is free of debris greatly increases the amount of SVF that can be cultured. In the c...

White and brown adipose tissue differ in their anatomical location, cellular origin, function, morphology, and total mass. White adipose tissue (WAT) is the major physiological energy reservoir of the body and stores large amounts of triacylglycerol (TAG) in highly specialized cells that have a single giant lipid droplet occupying most of their cellular volume1. TAG lipolysis releases free fatty acids, which enter the systemic circulation to meet energy demands during fasting or other states of negative energy balance. Additionally, the WAT secretes protein and lipid products, called adipokines and lipokines, respectively, that have metabolic, immune, and reproductive regulatory functions, thus making the WAT the largest endocrine tissue in the body2.
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a much smaller organ whose main physiological function is non-shivering thermogenesis to prevent hypothermia. In mice and newborn humans, BAT is a well-defined organ located in the interscapular space. Adult humans lack interscapular BAT (iBAT); nevertheless, they develop clusters of brown adipocyte-like cells integrated in depots that otherwise mostly comprise WAT. These &#34;brown-in-white&#34; (brite) adipocytes share morphological and molecular features with classical iBAT adipocytes, but they have a different cellular origin3,4.
In contrast to white adipocytes, brown adipocytes have multiple small lipid droplets and abundant mitochondria5. Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1, also known as thermogenin) is uniquely expressed by brown and brite adipocytes and mediates proton leakage in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM), thus uncoupling electron transport from ATP synthesis and generating heat. Non-shivering thermogenesis in BAT is activated by norepinephrine (NE), which is released from the sympathetic terminals in the BAT in response to cold stimulation6. NE binds to beta-adrenoceptors (mostly beta 3) on the surface of brown adipocytes and triggers an intracellular cAMP-mediated signaling cascade. This results in TAG lipolysis, the beta-oxidation of mitochondrial fatty acids, and heat generation upon UCP1 activation3. The close functional relationship between lipid droplets and mitochondria in brown adipocytes has structural parallels, such as the interaction between these organelles in areas that are large and have very tight physical contact7,8.
iBAT has abundant blood vessels and sympathetic terminals9. These structures, along with the preadipocytes, immune cells, fibroblasts, and extracellular matrix molecules, compose the adipose stromal vascular fraction (SVF)10. Many protocols have been reported to generate mature adipocytes from preadipocytes11,12,13,14,15 (Supplementary Table 1); nevertheless, they display extreme variations in tissue processing and the composition of the differentiation culture media. The protocol described herein allows the efficient and reproducible differentiation of brown adipocytes that (1) express the key adipogenic transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR&#947;) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBP&#945;), (2) express the mature adipocyte markers perilipin1 (PLIN1), and cluster determinant 36 (CD36), (3) accumulate abundant lipid droplets, (4) have high mitochondrial mass and a high abundance of OXPHOS complexes, (5) have thermogenic potential, as determined by high levels of UCP1, and (6) have mitochondrial morphological changes associated with the phenotype of mature brown adipocytes. This methodology is used for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying generalized lipodystrophy15,16,17.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>10x Tris/Glycine Buffer</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>1610734</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16% Paraformaldehyde Aqueous Solution</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35 mm TC-treated Easy-Grip Style Cell Culture Dish</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX)</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>410957</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>40% Acrylamide/Bis Solution, 37.5:1</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>1610148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well plate&#160;</td>
			<td>SPL Life Science&#160;</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 well optical black w/lid cell culture sterile</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>165305</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AccuRuler RGB Plus Pre-stained Protein Ladder&#160;</td>
			<td>Maestrogen</td>
			<td>02102-250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ACK lysing buffer&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>A10492-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium Persulfate&#160;</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>1610700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibiotic-antimycotic</td>
			<td>Gibco&#160;</td>
			<td>15240062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse IgG, HRP-linked Antibody</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>7076</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-rabbit IgG, HRP-linked Antibody&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>7074</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blotting-grade blocker&#160;</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>170-6404</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BODIPY 493/503&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>D3922</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A1470</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C/EBP&#945; antibody</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>2295</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>Calbiochem&#160;</td>
			<td>208291</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD36 antibody</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>PA1-16813</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Strainer 100 &#181;m, nylon</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352360</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Strainer 40 &#181;m, nylon</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase type II</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>17101-015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytation 5 Cell Imaging Multimode Reader</td>
			<td>Biotek</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dexamethasone&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D4902</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F-12, powder</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12500062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EMBed-812 EMBEDDING KIT (Epon)</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>14120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol absolute</td>
			<td>Merck&#160;</td>
			<td>100983&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>16000-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin from cold water fish skin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G7041</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Gibco&#160;</td>
			<td>15023-021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutaraldehyde 25% Aqueous Solution</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>16210</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 594</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A11012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Halt Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail 100X&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>78427</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Halt Protease Inhibitor Cocktail 100X&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>78429</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst 33258</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>H1398</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immun-Blot PVDF Membrane&#160;</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>1620177</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Indomethacin&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>I7378&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>I3536</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Calbiochem&#160;</td>
			<td>529552</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>529568</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KHCO3</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>60339</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lane Marker Reducing Sample Buffer&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>39000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M2643</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MilliQ water sterile&#160;</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mitoprofile Total OXPHOS Rodent WB antibody Cocktail</td>
			<td>Abcam&#160;</td>
			<td>MS604</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Merck&#160;</td>
			<td>1064041000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OmniPur&#160;10x PBS Liquid Concentrate</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>6505-OP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Osmium Tetroxide&#160;</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>19100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Perilipin 1 antibody</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>9349</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PPAR&#947; (81B8) antibody</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>2443</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RIPA buffer lysis&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>89901</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rosiglitazone</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>557366</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium bicarbonate&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S5761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Cacpdylate</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>12300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate&#160;</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>1610301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T3</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T6397</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Talos F200C G2</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TEMED&#160;</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>1610800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TOM20 antibody</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>42406</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris Buffered Saline (TBS-10X)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>12498</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>93443</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA (0,25%)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 20, Molecular Biology Grade</td>
			<td>Promega&#160;</td>
			<td>H5152</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UCP1 antibody</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>14670</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracut R</td>
			<td>Leica&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Uranyl Acetate</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>22400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Westar Sun&#160;</td>
			<td>Cyanagen</td>
			<td>XLS063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Westar Supernova&#160;</td>
			<td>Cyanagen</td>
			<td>XLS3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

differentiation and imaging of brown adipocytes from the stromal vascular fraction of interscapular adipose tissue from newborn mice

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is only present in mammals and has a thermogenic function. Brown adipocytes are characterized by a multilocular cytoplasm with multiple lipid droplets, a central nucleus, a high mitochondrial content, and the expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). BAT has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target for obesity and its associated metabolic disorders due to its ability to dissipate metabolic energy as heat. To investigate BAT function and regulation, brown adipocyte culturing is indispensable. The present protocol optimizes tissue processing and cell differentiation for culturing brown adipocytes from newborn mice. Additionally, procedures for the imaging of differentiated adipocytes with both confocal immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy are shown. In the brown adipocytes differentiated with the techniques described herein, the major defining features of classical BAT are preserved, including high UCP1 levels, increased mitochondrial mass, and very close physical contact between the lipid droplets and mitochondria, making this method a valuable tool for BAT studies.

Adipogenesis is regulated by a network of transcription factors that are responsible for both the expression of key proteins that induce brown adipocyte formation and functioning22, including classical adipogenic regulators such as PPAR&#947; and C/EBP&#945;23,24,25, as well as markers of mature adipocytes26,27. Through testing the different conce...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Differentiation and Imaging of Brown Adipocytes from the Stromal Vascular Fraction of Interscapular Adipose Tissue from Newborn Mice at JoVE.com

Differentiation and Imaging of Brown Adipocytes from the Stromal Vascular Fraction of Interscapular Adipose Tissue from Newborn Mice

Preadipocytes are isolated from the stromal vascular fraction of interscapular brown adipose tissue from newborn mice and differentiated into cells that accumulate lipid droplets, express molecular markers, and show the mitochondrial morphology of mature brown adipocytes. These cells are further analyzed by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy.

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is only present in mammals and has a thermogenic function. Brown adipocytes are characterized by a multilocular cytoplasm with ...

This protocol allows the efficient and reproducible differentiation of brown adipocytes that express key adipogenic transcription factors, mature adipocyte markers, and have thermogenic potential and morphological phenotype of mature brown adipocytes. This is a simple and replicable two-phase differentiation procedure to obtain cells with characteristics of mature brown adipocytes from interscapular brown adipose tissue of newborn mice. This protocol allows studying the activation mechanisms of brown adipose tissue as a target for treating obesity.It has been a model for determining the mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of lipodystrophy. Performing this technique for the first time is expected to be challenging. It is essential to have a detailed protocol and emphasize critical points to have successful results.To begin, place the euthanized mouse in a prone position and make a one centimeter long skin incision at the mid-level of the animal's back using sharp scissors. Remove the skin carefully, surgically detach the iBAT from the carcass using small scissors. Harvest both iBAT lobes using curve tip pliers to remove the lobes independently.Place the two lobes in a plastic tube with 1.5 milliliters of sterile PBS at room temperature. Incubate the iBAT tissues in collagenase type two digestion buffer for 45 minutes at 37 degrees Celsius with continuous gentle shaking at 800 RPM. Mechanically disrupt the tissue suspension in collagenase type two digestion buffer by pipetting up and down using a P1000 micropipette and filter tips.Use a new tip for each sample. Pass the desegregated tissues through individual 100 micrometer cell strainers into new 1.5 milliliter tubes. Add 500 microliters of ACK buffer to the filtered tissue samples.Invert the tubes four to five times and incubate at room temperature for four minutes. Then pass the suspensions through a 40 micrometer cell strainer into new 1.5 milliliter tubes using a P1000 micropipette and filtered tips. Centrifusion resuspend the pellet as described in the text manuscript.Then seed each sample into six wells of a 24 well culture plate by adding one milliliter of the suspension to each well. The undifferentiated preadipocytes presented very low or undetectable levels of ppar-gamma, C/ebp-alpha, perilipin 1 and CD36. In contrast, these markers were significantly higher on day seven of differentiation.The accumulation of multiple lipid droplets in the brown preadipocytes was consistent with the previously published results. A significant increase was observed in the mitochondrial mass marker TOM 20 and the oxidative phosphorylation complex protein levels at day seven of differentiation. UCP1, a bonafide marker of this cell type was not detected in undifferentiated preadipocytes while it was substantially expressed in mature brown adipocytes at day seven of differentiation.The mitochondria evolved from an elongated tubular shape at day zero toward a rounded or bean-like shape at day seven. The mitochondrial inner structure was also modified by adipogenesis, resulting in higher density of the parallel packed crystae. Importantly, the mitochondrial were intimately associated with lipid droplets in the differentiated brown adipocytes, so no discernible distance between the outer membrane of the mitochondria and the surfaces of the lipid droplets could be detected, even with high resolution transmission electron microscopy.The surgical removal of interscapular adipose tissue is critical. An inefficient quantity of tissue limits the availability of cells that will be differentiated. This imaging technique helps characterize the morphology of differentiated brown adipocytes in vitro.It's possible to perform assays for mitochondrial function, beta androgenic activation, and autophagic inhibition.

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Functional Imaging of Brown Fat in Mice with 18F-FDG micro-PET/CT

Functional Imaging of Brown Fat in Mice with 18F-FDG micro-PET/CT

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) differs from white adipose  tissue (WAT) by its discrete location and a brown-red color due to rich  vascularization and high ...

Isolation and Differentiation of Stromal Vascular Cells to Beige/Brite Cells

Brown adipocytes have the ability to uncouple the  respiratory chain in mitochondria and dissipate chemical energy as heat.  Development of UCP1-positive ...

Adipo-Clear: A Tissue Clearing Method for Three-Dimensional Imaging of Adipose Tissue

Adipose tissue plays a central role in energy homeostasis and thermoregulation. It is composed of different types of adipocytes, as well as adipocyte ...

Isolation and Differentiation of Primary White and Brown Preadipocytes from Newborn Mice

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Visualization and Quantification of Brown and Beige Adipose Tissues in Mice using [18F]FDG Micro-PET/MR Imaging

Visualization and Quantification of Brown and Beige Adipose Tissues in Mice using [18F]FDG Micro-PET/MR Imaging

Brown and beige adipocytes are now recognized as potential therapeutic targets for obesity and metabolic syndromes. Non-invasive molecular imaging methods ...

Semi-Automated Isolation of Murine White Adipose Tissue

Semi-Automated Isolation of the Stromal Vascular Fraction from Murine White Adipose Tissue Using a Tissue Dissociator

Author Spotlight: Semi-Automated Isolation of the Stromal Vascular Fraction from Murine White Adipose Tissue Using a Tissue Dissociator  

The in vitro study of white, brown, and beige adipocyte differentiation enables the investigation of cell-autonomous functions of adipocytes and their ...

Culturing Preadipocytes Isolated from Murine Perivascular Adipose Tissue

Isolation, Culture, and Adipogenic Induction of Stromal Vascular Fraction-derived Preadipocytes from Mouse Periaortic Adipose Tissue

Author Spotlight: The Significance of Isolation, Culture, and Adipogenic Induction of SVF-Derived Preadipocytes from Mouse Perivascular Adipose Tissue 

Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is an adipose tissue depot that surrounds blood vessels and exhibits the phenotypes of white, beige, and brown ...

Isolation of Stromal Vascular Fraction (SVF) from Perivascular Adipose Tissue (PVAT)

Dissection and Removal of the Temporal Bone to Collect Auditory Epithelia from Newborn Mice

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of the scBAT in Mice

Dissection, Histological Processing, and Gene Expression Analysis of Murine Supraclavicular Brown Adipose Tissue

Author Spotlight: Optimizing Supraclavicular Brown Adipose Tissue Extraction for Genetic Analysis

Brown adipose tissue (BAT)-mediated thermogenesis plays an important role in the regulation of metabolism, and its morphology and function can be greatly ...