Thanks to the funding provided by the New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE) within the &#34;High Performance Sensors&#34; program.

1. Preparing analytical solutions
<ol>
	<li>Preparing 0.1 M EDOT in an organic solution
	<ol>
		<li>Weigh out 0.213 g of LiClO4 and transfer it into a 20 mL volumetric flask.</li>
		<li>Use a measuring cylinder to take 20 mL of PC from the bottle.</li>
		<li>Add PC to the 20 mL volumetric flask containing LiClO4. Mix the solution by placing the flask in an ultrasonic bath for 30 min. Transfer the solution to a 20 mL glass vial.</li>
		<li>Cover the vial with aluminum foil and insert a long needle attached to a nitrogen pipe into the solution to degas for 10 min. Then, remove the aluminum foil and cap the vial tightly. 
		NOTE: Prepare LiClO4 fresh on the day of the experiment.</li>
		<li>Before the electrochemical test, transfer 1 mL of the prepared LiClO4 solution (0.1 M) into an electrochemical cell (see the Table of Materials).</li>
		<li>Use a micropipette (10-100 &#181;L) to add 10.68 &#181;L of EDOT monomer (density: 1.331 g/mL) to the electrochemical cell containing the prepared LiClO4 solution.</li>
		<li>Run the CV method (see section 3.4 for CV parameters) to start electropolymerization of EDOT on the bare Au microelectrode surface after inserting all electrode setups in the solution. Use this modified electrode to characterize the surface by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).</li>
		<li>To use this modified electrode for sensing purposes, first acclimatize its surface to an aqueous solution by running CV scans in the sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) solution (see section 3.4 for CV parameters).</li>
		<li>Use this organically PEDOT-modified and acclimatized microelectrode (from 1.1.8) to run CV (see section 3.4 for its CV parameters) of a phosphate buffer solution to be used as a background scan. 
		NOTE: Rinse the electrode after each step.</li>
		<li>Finally, take out the electrode from the buffer solution without rinsing, and immediately insert it into uric acid solutions or milk samples for running CV scans (see section 3.4 for CV parameters).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Preparing 0.01 M EDOT in an aqueous solution
	<ol>
		<li>Use a micropipette to take 10.68 &#181;L of EDOT and add to 1 mL of ACN in a glass vial.</li>
		<li>Add 9 mL of deionized water (18.2 M&#937;/cm at 25 &#176;C) to the vial to prepare 10 mL of 0.01 M EDOT solution.</li>
		<li>Add 0.11 g of LiClO4 powder&#160;to the prepared EDOT solution to obtain 0.1 M LiClO4 solution, and mix gently. 
		NOTE: Prepare the electrolyte solutions freshly on the day of the experiment.</li>
		<li>Transfer the prepared solution to the electrochemical cell and start electropolymerization of 0.01 M EDOT on the electrode surface by the CV method (see section 3.4 for CV parameters) after inserting the electrode in the aqueous/ACN solution.</li>
		<li>Characterize the surface of this modified electrode by SEM.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Preparing 0.1 M sodium perchlorate solution
	<ol>
		<li>Weigh out 0.245 g of NaClO4 and transfer it to a glass vial containing 20 mL of deionized water (18.2 M&#937;/cm at 25 &#176;C).</li>
		<li>Use this solution to acclimatize the surface of the organically made PEDOT-modified Au microelectrode to an aqueous solution and to remove excess EDOT. For this purpose, rinse the electrode and insert it into the NaClO4 solution; then run CV for 10 cycles (see section 3.4 for CV parameters).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Preparing buffer solution
	<ol>
		<li>Weigh out 13.8 g of sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4. 1H2O) in a weighing boat. Transfer it to a 500 mL volumetric flask (i.e., the required final volume) and top it up to the line with deionized water (18.2 M&#937;/cm at 25 &#176;C).</li>
		<li>Place the flask in an ultrasonic bath until the powder dissolves completely in the water, resulting in a 0.2 M solution.</li>
		<li>In a new weighing boat, weigh out 17.8 g of disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4. 2H2O) and transfer it to another 500 mL volumetric flask. Top it up with deionized water to obtain a 0.2 M solution. Place the flask in an ultrasonic bath to dissolve properly.</li>
		<li>Mix 62.5 mL of sodium dihydrogen phosphate solution with 37.5 mL of disodium hydrogen phosphate solution in a measuring cylinder and transfer the mixture to a 250 mL glass bottle (see the Table of Materials). Top it up with another 100 mL of deionized water to obtain 200 mL of 0.1 M of phosphate buffer solution, pH 6.6. Refrigerate the phosphate buffer for long-term use. 
		NOTE: Bring the buffer to room temperature before each experiment.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Preparing target analyte solutions
	<ol>
		<li>Weigh out 0.0084 g of uric acid (UA) in a weighing boat, and dissolve it in 50 mL of phosphate buffer (pH 6.6) in a volumetric flask to obtain a 1 mM UA solution.</li>
		<li>Degas the solution by nitrogen purging for 10 min. 
		NOTE: It is advisable to prepare the UA solution fresh on the day of the experiment.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Preparing milk samples for analysis
	<ol>
		<li>Obtain a whole milk sample and some milk samples with different flavors (e.g., Espresso milk, Caramel/white chocolate milk, and Belgian chocolate milk) from a local supermarket for electroanalysis. Do not pretreat or dilute the milk samples.</li>
		<li>Use a 5 mL micropipette to take 5 mL of each milk sample from the freshly opened bottles.</li>
		<li>First, run CV of phosphate buffer, pH 6.6, as a background signal. Then, add the 5 mL milk sample into the electrochemical cell, and insert freshly and organically made, PEDOT-modified Au microelectrode and other electrodes into the milk samples and run CV. See section 4 of the protocol for how to analyze the collected data.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Preparing electrode pretreatment solutions
	<ol>
		<li>Weigh out 0.2 g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) powder and transfer it to a 50 mL volumetric flask to prepare a 0.1 M solution.</li>
		<li>Use the 0.1 M NaOH solution to remove the residue of PEDOT formed on the microelectrode surface after each run.</li>
		<li>Use a glass pipette to withdraw 27.2 mL from a 98% sulfuric acid (H2SO4) bottle. Add it very slowly to a 1 L volumetric flask half-filled with deionized water.</li>
		<li>Top up the flask to the line with deionized water to prepare 1 L of a 0.5 M H2SO4 solution. 
		&#8203;NOTE: Prepare H2SO4 solution under a fume hood for safety. Use the H2SO4 solution in the final electrochemical cleaning step of the microelectrode.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Pretreatment of the gold microelectrode
<ol>
	<li>Polish the Au microelectrode (10 &#181;m diameter, 3.5 mm width x 7 cm long) on an alumina polishing pad placed on a glass polishing plate (dimensions: 3&#34; x 3&#34; squares) using an alumina slurry for 30 s with circular and eight-shaped hand motions during polishing.</li>
	<li>Rinse the Au microelectrode with deionized water, insert it in a glass vial containing 15 mL of absolute ethanol (LR grade), and ultrasonicate for 2 min.</li>
	<li>Rinse the Au microelectrode with ethanol and water and again ultrasonicate it for 4 min in deionized water to remove excess alumina from the electrode surface.</li>
	<li>Finally, remove additional impurities by cycling in 0.5 M H2SO4 for 20 segments between 0.4 and 1.6 V potentials (vs. Ag/AgCl) at a 50 mV/s scan rate. Ensure there are two clear peaks due to the formation and reduction of gold oxide at consistent anodic and cathodic potentials each time the electrode is cleaned in H2SO4.</li>
</ol>
3. Cyclic voltammetry technique
<ol>
	<li>Use a suitable potentiostat to run CV as the electrochemical technique of interest.</li>
	<li>Turn on the potentiostat and the computer attached to it. Make sure the system is connected.</li>
	<li>To test the communication between the computer and the instrument, start the software and switch on the instrument. Use the Hardware Test command under the Setup menu. If a Link Failed error appears, check the connection and port settings.</li>
	<li>Open the potentiostat software on the computer, and in the Setup&#160;menu, choose Technique. From the opening window, choose the cyclic voltammetry (CV). Again, go back to the&#160;Setup menu and&#160;click on Parameters to&#160;enter the experimental parameters for the CV run.
	<ol>
		<li>Use the following CV parameters to run PEDOT electropolymerization in an organic electrolyte on the bare Au microelectrode: initial potential: -0.3 V, final potential: -0.3 V, high potential: 1.2 V, number of segments: 8, scan rates: 100 mV/s, direction: positive.</li>
		<li>Use the following CV parameters to run PEDOT electropolymerization in an aqueous/ACN electrolyte on the bare Au microelectrode: initial potential: -0.3 V, final potential: -0.3 V, high potential: 1.2 V, number of segments: 20, scan rates: 100 mV/s, direction: positive.</li>
		<li>Use the following CV parameters to run the acclimatization step of the organically made PEDOT-modified Au microelectrode: initial potential: -0.2 V, final potential: -0.2 V, high potential: 0.8 V, number of segments: 20, scan rates: 100 mV/s, direction: positive.</li>
		<li>Use the following CV parameters for UA standard solutions and phosphate buffer (pH 6.6) with the bare Au microelectrode: initial potential: 0 V, final potential: 0 V, high potential: 1 V, number of segments: 2, scan rates: 100 mV/s, and direction: positive.</li>
		<li>Use the following CV parameters for UA standard solutions and phosphate buffer (pH 6.6) on the organically made, PEDOT-modified Au microelectrode: initial potential: 0 V, final potential: 0 V, high potential: 0.6 V, number of segments: 2, scan rates: 100 mV/s, and direction: positive.</li>
		<li>Use the following CV parameters for the milk samples and phosphate buffer (pH 6.6) on the organically made, PEDOT-modified Au microelectrode: initial potential: 0 V, final potential: 0 V, high potential: 0.8 V, number of segments: 2, scan rates: 100 mV/s, direction: positive.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Prepare three electrode setups in a glass electrochemical cell including a working electrode (Au microelectrode (10 &#181;m diameter)), a reference electrode (e.g., silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) in 3 M sodium chloride (NaCl), and a platinum wire counter electrode.</li>
	<li>Pass these clean and dried electrodes through the holes of an electrode holder attached to a stand. Then, place the holder above the electrochemical cell to insert the electrodes in the target solution or sample.</li>
	<li>Ensure that there are no bubbles on the electrode surfaces.
	<ol>
		<li>If there are bubbles, remove the electrodes, rinse with deionized water again and pat dry with a tissue. Place the electrodes back into the stand holder and in the solution.</li>
		<li>If there are bubbles around the reference electrode, tap the tip gently.</li>
		<li>If there are bubbles around the counter electrode after it starts running, clean the counter electrode. If the CV scan becomes noisy, clean the electrode surface and check the system connections, wires, and clips.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Ensure that all the three wire connections for reference, working, and counter electrodes are correctly connected, and then start the experiment by clicking on Run at the bottom.</li>
	<li>Run all experiments at room temperature. For milk samples, let the temperature of the milk samples reach the ambient temperature before running CV.</li>
</ol>
4. Data collection and analysis
<ol>
	<li>After running CV, save the data in the desired format (CSV or Bin) in a folder, and then use a USB memory stick to collect it. Analyze the data using appropriate software. Convert CSV files to spreadsheets for easier analysis. 
	NOTE: If data are saved in the format of a Binary file, convert it to the format of Text Comma before data collection in a USB memory stick.</li>
	<li>To analyze the CV of milk samples, subtract the CV of milk from the background CV (i.e., CV of phosphate buffer (pH 6.6) taken before running each milk sample) to produce curves due to milk profile oxidation.</li>
</ol>
5. Techniques to characterize PEDOT
<ol>
	<li>Use a specific type of high-performance SEM to characterize the PEDOT layers made in different electrolytes. 
	NOTE: Here, FEI Quanta 200 ESEM FEG was used; it is equipped with a Schottky field emission gun (FEG) for better spatial resolution. This instrument provides different working modes such as high vacuum, low vacuum, and environmental SEM modes and is equipped with a SiLi (Lithium drifted) Super Ultra-Thin Window EDS detector.</li>
	<li>Check the surface morphology of both bare and PEDOT-modified Au (PEDOT-Au) microelectrodes by SEM after PEDOT electropolymerization in organic and aqueous solutions. Perform the PEDOT electropolymerization on bare Au microelectrodes in aqueous/ACN and organic solutions immediately before checking them by SEM.</li>
	<li>Place the freshly prepared electrodes (a bare Au microelectrode and two of the PEDOT-Au microelectrodes) on the SEM stage horizontally, with their head above the stage at a certain angle.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Guimard, N. K., Gomez, N., Schmidt, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conducting+polymers+in+biomedical+engineering.">Conducting polymers in biomedical engineering.</a> Progress in Polymer Science. 32 (8), 876-921 (2007).</li><li>Cui, X., Martin, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrochemical+deposition+and+characterization+of+poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)+on+neural+microelectrode+arrays.">Electrochemical deposition and characterization of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) on neural microelectrode arrays.</a> Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 89 (1), 92-102 (2003).</li><li>Hong, S. Y., Marynick, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+the+conformational+stability+and+electronic+structures+of+modified+polymers+based+on+polythiophene.">Understanding the conformational stability and electronic structures of modified polymers based on polythiophene.</a> Macromolecules. 25 (18), 4652-4657 (1992).</li><li>Kundu, K., Giri, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+of+the+electronic+structure+of+cyclic+polythiophene+upon+bipolaron+doping.">Evolution of the electronic structure of cyclic polythiophene upon bipolaron doping.</a> Journal of Chemical Physics. 105 (24), 11075-11080 (1996).</li><li>Thomas, C. A., Zong, K., Schottland, P., Reynolds, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Poly(3,4-alkylenedioxypyrrole)s+as+highly+stable+aqueous-compatible+conducting+polymers+with+biomedical+implications.">Poly(3,4-alkylenedioxypyrrole)s as highly stable aqueous-compatible conducting polymers with biomedical implications.</a> Advanced Materials. 12 (3), 222-225 (2000).</li><li>Yamato, H., Ohwa, M., Wernet, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stability+of+polypyrrole+and+poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)+for+biosensor+application.">Stability of polypyrrole and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) for biosensor application.</a> Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 397 (1-2), 163-170 (1995).</li><li>Latonen, R. -. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)+based+enzyme-electrode+configuration+for+enhanced+direct+electron+transfer+type+biocatalysis+of+oxygen+reduction.">Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) based enzyme-electrode configuration for enhanced direct electron transfer type biocatalysis of oxygen reduction.</a> Electrochimica Acta. 68, 25-31 (2012).</li><li>Liu, K., Xue, R., Hu, Z., Zhang, J., Zhu, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrochemical+synthesis+of+acetonitrile-soluble+poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)+in+ionic+liquids+and+its+characterizations.">Electrochemical synthesis of acetonitrile-soluble poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) in ionic liquids and its characterizations.</a> Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 9 (4), 2364-2367 (2009).</li><li>Cui, X., Martin, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fuzzy+gold+electrodes+for+lowering+impedance+and+improving+adhesion+with+electrodeposited+conducting+polymer+films.">Fuzzy gold electrodes for lowering impedance and improving adhesion with electrodeposited conducting polymer films.</a> Sensors and Actuators A: Physical. 103 (3), 384-394 (2003).</li><li>Wilks, S. J., Richardson-Burn, S. M., Hendricks, J. L., Martin, D., Otto, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Poly(3,4-ethylene+dioxythiophene)+(PEDOT)+as+a+micro-neural+interface+material+for+electrostimulation.">Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as a micro-neural interface material for electrostimulation.</a> Frontiers in Neuroengineering. 2, 7 (2009).</li><li>Pranti, A. S., Schander, A., B&#246;decker, A., Lang, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+stable+PEDOT:PSS+coating+on+gold+microelectrodes+with+improved+charge+injection+capacity+for+chronic+neural+stimulation.">Highly stable PEDOT:PSS coating on gold microelectrodes with improved charge injection capacity for chronic neural stimulation.</a> Proceedings. 1 (4), 492 (2017).</li><li>&#352;tul&#237;k, K., Amatore, C., Holub, K., Marecek, V., Kutner, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microelectrodes:+Definitions,+characterization,+and+applications+(Technical+report).">Microelectrodes: Definitions, characterization, and applications (Technical report).</a> Pure and Applied Chemistry. 72 (8), 1483-1492 (2000).</li><li>&#352;tul&#237;k, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+solid+electrodes.">Activation of solid electrodes.</a> Electroanalysis. 4 (9), 829-834 (1992).</li><li>Motshakeri, M., Travas-Sejdic, J., Phillips, A. R. J., Kilmartin, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+electroanalysis+of+uric+acid+and+ascorbic+acid+using+a+poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-modified+sensor+with+application+to+milk.">Rapid electroanalysis of uric acid and ascorbic acid using a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-modified sensor with application to milk.</a> Electrochimica Acta. 265, 184-193 (2018).</li><li>Motshakeri, M., Phillips, A. R. J., Travas-Sejdic, J., Kilmartin, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrochemical+study+of+gold+microelectrodes+modified+with+PEDOT+to+quantify+uric+acid+in+milk+samples.">Electrochemical study of gold microelectrodes modified with PEDOT to quantify uric acid in milk samples.</a> Electroanalysis. 32 (9), 2101-2111 (2020).</li><li>Motshakeri, M., Phillips, A. R. J., Kilmartin, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+cyclic+voltammetry+to+analyse+uric+acid+and+reducing+agents+in+commercial+milks.">Application of cyclic voltammetry to analyse uric acid and reducing agents in commercial milks.</a> Food Chemistry. 293, 23-31 (2019).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

The CV method allows for fast and simple measurement of different analytes in foods, wine and beverages, plant extracts, and even biological samples. This technique produces a wide variety of data, including oxidation/reduction peak potentials, peak current values of the target analyte (proportional to concentration), and all other current and potential values after each CV run. Although using CV is relatively easy, the collected data sometimes need to be converted from Binary files to Text Comma format, depending on the...

Electrically conducting polymers are organic materials widely used in bioelectronic devices to improve interfaces. Similar to conventional polymers, conducting polymers are easy to synthesize and are flexible during processing1. Conducting polymers can be synthesized using chemical and electrochemical methods; however, electrochemical synthesis approaches are particularly favorable. This is mainly due to their ability to form thin films, allow simultaneous doping, capture molecules in the conducting polymer, and most importantly, the simplicity of the synthesis process1. In addition, conducting polymers form uniform, fibrous, and bumpy nanostructures, firmly adherent to the electrode surface, which increases the active surface area of the electrode2.
In the 1980s, certain polyheterocycles, such as polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene, and PEDOT, were developed that showed good conductivity, ease of synthesis, and stability3,4. Although polypyrrole is better understood than other polymers (e.g., polythiophene derivatives), it is prone to irreversible oxidation5. Thus, PEDOT has certain advantages over the rest as it has a much more stable oxidative state and retains 89% of its conductivity compared to polypyrrole under similar conditions6. In addition, PEDOT is known for high electroconductivity (~500 S/cm) and a moderate band gap (i.e., band gaps or energy gaps are regions with no charge and refer to the energy difference between the top of a valence band and the bottom of a conduction band)7.
Furthermore, PEDOT has electrochemical properties, needs lower potentials to be oxidized, and is more stable over time than polypyrrole after being synthesized7. It also has good optical transparency, which means its optical absorption coefficient, especially in the form of PEDOT-polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT-PSS), is in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum at 400-700 nm7. In the formation of PEDOT electrochemically, EDOT monomers oxidize at the working electrode to form radical cations, which react with other radical cations or monomers to create PEDOT chains that deposit on the electrode surface1.
Different controlling factors are involved in the electrochemical formation of PEDOT films, such as electrolyte, electrolyte type, electrode setup, deposition time, dopant type, and solvent temperature1 PEDOT can be generated electrochemically by passing current through an appropriate electrolyte solution. Different electrolytes such as aqueous (e.g., PEDOT-PSS), organic (e.g., PC, acetonitrile), and ionic liquids (e.g., 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIMBF4)) can be used8.
One of the advantages of PEDOT coatings is that it can significantly decrease the impedance of a Au electrode in the 1 kHz frequency range by two or three orders of magnitude, which makes it helpful to increase the sensitivity of direct electrochemical detection of neural activity9. Moreover, the charge storage capacity of the PEDOT-modified electrodes increases and results in faster and lower potential responses when stimulation charge is transferred through PEDOT10. In addition, when polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) is used as a dopant for PEDOT formation on Au microelectrode arrays, it creates a rough, porous surface with a high active surface area, lower interface impedance, and higher charge injection capacity11. For the electropolymerization step, EDOT-PSS usually makes a dispersion in an aqueous electrolyte.
However, EDOT is soluble in chloroform, acetone, ACN, and other organic solvents such as PC. Therefore, in this study, a mixture of water was used with a small volume of ACN in a 10:1 ratio to make a soluble EDOT solution before electropolymerization starts. The purpose of using this aqueous electrolyte is to omit the acclimatization step in the preparation of PEDOT-modified microelectrode and shorten the steps. The other organic electrolyte used to compare with the aqueous/ACN electrolyte is PC. Both electrolytes contain LiClO4 as a dopant to help in oxidizing the EDOT monomer and forming the PEDOT polymer.
Microelectrodes are voltammetric working electrodes with smaller diameters than macroelectrodes, approximately tens of micrometers or less in dimension. Their advantages over macroelectrodes include enhanced mass transport from the solution toward the electrode surface, generating a steady-state signal, a lower ohmic potential drop, a lower double-layer capacitance, and an increased signal-to-noise ratio12. Similar to all solid electrodes, microelectrodes need to be conditioned before analysis. The appropriate pretreatment or activation technique is mechanical polishing to obtain a smooth surface, followed by an electrochemical or chemical conditioning step, such as potential cycling over a particular range in a suitable electrolyte13.
CV is very commonly used in the electrochemical polymerization of PEDOT by inserting electrodes in a monomer solution that involves a suitable solvent and dopant electrolyte. This electrochemical technique is beneficial in providing direction information such as the reversibility of conducting polymer doping processes and the number of transferred electrons, diffusion coefficients of analytes, and the formation of reaction products. This paper describes how two different electrolytes used for the electropolymerization of PEDOT can generate thin nanostructure films with a potential sensing application that depends on the morphology and other intrinsic properties.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile</td>
			<td>Baker Analyzed HPLC Ultra Gradient Solvent</td>
			<td>75-05-8</td>
			<td>HPLC grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alumina polishing pad</td>
			<td>BASi, USA</td>
			<td>MF-1040</td>
			<td>tan/velvet color</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Belgian chocolate milk</td>
			<td>Puhoi Valley dairy company, Auckland, NZ</td>
			<td>_</td>
			<td>Buy from local supermarket</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Caramel/white chocolate milk</td>
			<td>Puhoi Valley dairy company, Auckland, NZ</td>
			<td>_</td>
			<td>Buy from local supermarket</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CH instrument</td>
			<td>CH instruments, Inc. USA</td>
			<td>_</td>
			<td>Model CHI660E</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Counter electrode</td>
			<td>BASi, USA</td>
			<td>MW-1032</td>
			<td>7.5 cm long platinum wire (0.5 mm diameter) auxiliary/counter electrode, 99.95% purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4, 2H2O)</td>
			<td>Scharlau Chemie SA, Barcelona, Spain</td>
			<td>10028-24-7</td>
			<td>Weigh 17.8 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DURAN bottle</td>
			<td>University of Auckland</td>
			<td>_</td>
			<td>The glasswares were made locally at the University of Auckland</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrochemical cell</td>
			<td>BASi, USA</td>
			<td>MF-1208</td>
			<td>&#160;5-15 mL volume, glass</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrode Polishing Alumina Suspension</td>
			<td>BASi, USA</td>
			<td>CF-1050</td>
			<td>7 mL of 0.05 &#181;m particle size alumina polish</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Espresso milk</td>
			<td>Puhoi Valley dairy company, Auckland, NZ</td>
			<td>_</td>
			<td>Buy from local supermarket</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), 97%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>126213-50-1</td>
			<td>Take 10.68 &#956;L from bottle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FEI ESEM Quanta 200 FEG</td>
			<td>USA</td>
			<td>_</td>
			<td>SEM equipped with a Schottky field emission gun (FEG) for optimal spatial resolution. The instrument can be used in high vacuum mode (HV), low-vacuum mode (LV) and the so called ESEM (Environmental SEM) mode.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gold microelectrode</td>
			<td>BASi, USA</td>
			<td>MF-2006</td>
			<td>Working electrode (10 &#956;m diameter)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lithium perchlorate, ACS reagent, &#8805;95%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>7791-03-9</td>
			<td>Make 0.1 M solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipettes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>_</td>
			<td>10-100 &#956;L and 100-1000 volumes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MilliQ water</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific, USA</td>
			<td>_</td>
			<td>18.2 M&#937;/cm at 25&#176;C, Barnstead Nanopure Diamond Water Purification System</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propylene carbonate, Anhydrous, 99.7%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>108-32-7</td>
			<td>Take 20 mL from bottle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reference electrode</td>
			<td>BASi, USA</td>
			<td>MF-2052</td>
			<td>Silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrode to be kept in 3 M sodium chloride</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Replacement glass polishing plate</td>
			<td>BASi, USA</td>
			<td>MF-2128</td>
			<td>Glass plate as a stand to attach the polishing pad on it</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium dihydrogen phosphate&#160; (NaH2PO4, 1H2O)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>10049-21-5</td>
			<td>Weigh 13.8 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide pearls, AR</td>
			<td>ECP-Analytical Reagent</td>
			<td>1310-73-2</td>
			<td>Make 0.1 M solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium perchlorate, ACS reagent, &#8805;98%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>7601-89-0</td>
			<td>Make 0.1 M solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sulfuric acid (98%)</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>7664-93-9</td>
			<td>Make 0.5 M solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Uric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>69-93-2</td>
			<td>Make 1 mM solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whole milk</td>
			<td>Anchor dairy company, Auckland, NZ</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Blue cap milk, buy from local supermarket</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

electrochemical preparation of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) layers on gold microelectrodes for uric acid-sensing applications

Two different methods for the synthesis of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) on gold electrodes are described, using electropolymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) monomer in an aqueous and an organic solution. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used in the synthesis of PEDOT thin layers. Lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) was used as a dopant in both aqueous (aqueous/acetonitrile (ACN)) and organic (propylene carbonate (PC)) solvent systems. After the PEDOT layer was created in the organic system, the electrode surface was acclimatized by successive cycling in an aqueous solution for use as a sensor for aqueous samples. 
The use of an aqueous-based electropolymerization method has the potential benefit of removing the acclimatization step to have a shorter sensor preparation time. Although the aqueous method is more economical and environmentally friendly than the organic solvent method, superior PEDOT formation is obtained in the organic solution. The resulting PEDOT electrode surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which showed the constant growth of PEDOT during electropolymerization from the organic PC solution, with rapid fractal-type growth on gold (Au) microelectrodes.

Cyclic voltammetry is an easy technique to form a thin PEDOT layer on a Au microelectrode surface to increase the electrode conductivity and sensitivity during electrochemical sensing of target analytes. This protocol demonstrates the method of electropolymerization of 0.1 M EDOT from an organic solution compared to 0.01 M EDOT from an aqueous electrolyte solution. Running 10 cycles in aqueous/ACN solution results in a moderate growth of PEDOT comparable to that observed with the 4 cycles in LiClO4/PC solution...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrochemical Preparation of Poly3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene Layers on Gold Microelectrodes for Uric Acid-Sensing Applications at JoVE.com

Electrochemical Preparation of Poly3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene Layers on Gold Microelectrodes for Uric Acid-Sensing Applications

We describe aqueous and organic solvent systems for the electropolymerization of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) to create thin layers on the surface of gold microelectrodes, which are used for sensing low molecular weight analytes.

Electrochemical Preparation of Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) Layers on Gold Microelectrodes for Uric Acid-Sensing Applications

Two different methods for the synthesis of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) on gold electrodes are described, using electropolymerization of ...

electrochemical-preparation-poly-34-ethylenedioxythiophene-layers-on

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

3.7K Views.  The University of Auckland. We describe aqueous and organic solvent systems for the electropolymerization of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) to create thin layers on the surface of gold microelectrodes, which are used for sensing low molecular weight analytes.

Video: Electrochemical Preparation of Poly3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene Layers on Gold Microelectrodes for Uric Acid-Sensing Applications

Preparation of Hydrophobic Metal-Organic Frameworks via Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Perfluoroalkanes for the Removal of Ammonia

Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of perfluoroalkanes has long been studied for tuning the wetting properties of surfaces. For high surface area microporous materials, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), unique challenges present themselves for PECVD treatments. Herein the protocol for development of a MOF that was previously unstable to humid conditions is presented. The protocol describes the synthesis of Cu-BTC (also known as HKUST-1), the treatment of Cu-BTC with PECVD of perfluoroalkanes, the aging of materials under humid conditions, and the subsequent ammonia microbreakthrough experiments on milligram quantities of microporous materials. Cu-BTC has an extremely high surface area (~1,800 m2/g) when compared to most materials or surfaces that have been previously treated by PECVD methods. Parameters such as chamber pressure and treatment time are extremely important to ensure the perfluoroalkane plasma penetrates to and reacts with the inner MOF surfaces. Furthermore, the protocol for ammonia microbreakthrough experiments set forth here can be utilized for a variety of test gases and microporous materials.

Herein the procedures for plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition of perfluoroalkanes on microporous materials such as metal-organic frameworks to enhance their stability and hydrophobicity are described. Furthermore, breakthrough testing of milligram quantities of samples is described in detail.

Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of perfluoroalkanes has long been studied for tuning the wetting properties of surfaces. For high ...

Dynamic Electrochemical Measurement of Chloride Ions

This protocol describes the dynamic measurement of chloride ions using the transition time of a silver silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrode. Silver silver chloride electrode is used extensively for potentiometric measurement of chloride ions concentration in electrolyte. In this measurement, long-term and continuous monitoring is limited due to the inherent drift and the requirement of a stable reference electrode. We utilized the chronopotentiometric approach to minimize drift and avoid the use of a conventional reference electrode. A galvanostatic pulse is applied to an Ag/AgCl electrode which initiates a faradic reaction depleting the Cl&#713; ions near the electrode surface. The transition time, which is the time to completely deplete the ions near the electrode surface, is a function of the ion concentration, given by the Nernst equation. The square root of the transition time is in linear relation to the chloride ion concentration. Drift of the response over two weeks is negligible (59 &#181;M/day) when measuring 1 mM [Cl&#713;]using a current pulse of 10 Am-2. This is a dynamic measurement where the moment of transition time determines the response and thus is independent of the absolute potential. Any metal wire can be used as a pseudo-reference electrode, making this approach feasible for long-term measurement inside concrete structures.

Dynamic measurement of chloride ions is presented. Transition time of an Ag/AgCl electrode, during a chronopotentiometric technique, can give the concentration of chloride ions in electrolyte. This method does not require a stable conventional reference electrode.

This protocol describes the dynamic measurement of chloride ions using the transition time of a silver silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrode. Silver silver ...

Hydroquinone Based Synthesis of Gold Nanorods

Gold nanorods are an important kind of nanoparticles characterized by peculiar plasmonic properties. Despite their widespread use in nanotechnology, the synthetic methods for the preparation of gold nanorods are still not fully optimized. In this paper we describe a new, highly efficient, two-step protocol based on the use of hydroquinone as a mild reducing agent. Our approach allows the preparation of nanorods with a good control of size and aspect ratio (AR) simply by varying the amount of hexadecyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and silver ions (Ag+) present in the "growth solution". By using this method, it is possible to markedly reduce the amount of CTAB, an expensive and cytotoxic reagent, necessary to obtain the elongated shape. Gold nanorods with an aspect ratio of about 3 can be obtained in the presence of just 50 mM of CTAB (versus 100 mM used in the standard protocol based on the use of ascorbic acid), while shorter gold nanorods are obtained using a concentration as low as 10 mM.

This paper describes a protocol for the synthesis of gold nanorods, based on the use of hydroquinone as reducing agent, plus the different mechanisms for controlling their size and aspect ratio.

Gold nanorods are an important kind of nanoparticles characterized by peculiar plasmonic properties. Despite their widespread use in nanotechnology, the ...

Simple Methods for the Preparation of Non-noble Metal Bulk-electrodes for Electrocatalytic Applications

The rock material pentlandite with the composition Fe4.5Ni4.5S8 was synthesized via high temperature synthesis from the elements. The structure and composition of the material was characterized via powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), M&#246;ssbauer spectroscopy (MB), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Two preparation methods of pentlandite bulk electrodes are presented. In the first approach a piece of synthetic pentlandite rock is directly contacted via a wire ferrule. The second approach utilizes pentlandite pellets, pressed from finely ground powder, which is immobilized in a Teflon casing. Both electrodes, whilst being prepared by an additive-free method, reveal high durability during electrocatalytic conversions in comparison to common drop-coating methods. We herein showcase the striking performance of such electrodes to accomplish the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and present a standardized method to evaluate the electrocatalytic performance by electrochemical and gas chromatographic methods. Furthermore, we report stability tests via potentiostatic methods at an overpotential of 0.6 V to explore the material limitations of the electrodes during electrolysis under industrial relevant conditions.

A facile preparation method of electrodes using the bulk material Fe4.5Ni4.5S8 is presented. This method provides an alternative technique to conventional electrode fabrication and describes prerequisites for unconventional electrode materials including a straightforward electrocatalytic testing method.

The rock material pentlandite with the composition Fe4.5Ni4.5S8 was synthesized via high temperature synthesis from the elements. The structure and ...

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Tool for Electrochemical Rate Constant Estimation

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used for advanced characterization of organic electroactive compounds along with cyclic voltammetry (CV). In the case of fast reversible electrochemical processes, current is predominantly affected by the rate of diffusion, which is the slowest and limiting stage. EIS is a powerful technique that allows separate analysis of stages of charge transfer that have different AC frequency response. The capability of the method was used to extract the value of charge transfer resistance, which characterizes the rate of charge exchange on the electrode-solution interface. The application of this technique is broad, from biochemistry up to organic electronics. In this work, we are presenting the method of analysis of organic compounds for optoelectronic applications.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of species that undergo reversible oxidation or reduction in solution was used for determination of rate constants of oxidation or reduction.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used for advanced characterization of organic electroactive compounds along with cyclic voltammetry (CV). ...

Gold Nanoparticle Modified Carbon Fiber Microelectrodes for Enhanced Neurochemical Detection

For over 30 years, carbon-fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) have been the standard for neurotransmitter detection. Generally, carbon fibers are aspirated into glass capillaries, pulled to a fine taper, and then sealed using an epoxy to create electrode materials that are used for fast scan cyclic voltammetry testing. The use of bare CFMEs has several limitations, though. First and foremost, the carbon fiber contains mostly basal plane carbon, which has a relatively low surface area and yields lower sensitivities than other nanomaterials. Furthermore, the graphitic carbon is limited by its temporal resolution, and its relatively low conductivity. Lastly, neurochemicals and macromolecules have been known to foul at the surface of carbon electrodes where they form non-conductive polymers that block further neurotransmitter adsorption. For this study, we modify CFMEs with gold nanoparticles to enhance neurochemical testing with fast scan cyclic voltammetry. Au3+ was electrodeposited or dipcoated from a colloidal solution onto the surface of CFMEs. Since gold is a stable and relatively inert metal, it is an ideal electrode material for analytical measurements of neurochemicals. Gold nanoparticle modified (AuNP-CFMEs) had a stability to dopamine response for over 4 h. Moreover, AuNP-CFMEs exhibit an increased sensitivity (higher peak oxidative current of the cyclic voltammograms) and faster electron transfer kinetics (lower &#916;EP or peak separation) than bare unmodified CFMEs. The development of AuNP-CFMEs provides the creation of novel electrochemical sensors for detecting fast changes in dopamine concentration and other neurochemicals at lower limits of detection. This work has vast applications for the enhancement of neurochemical measurements. The generation of gold nanoparticle modified CFMEs will be vitally important for the development of novel electrode sensors to detect neurotransmitters in vivo in rodent and other models to study neurochemical effects of drug abuse, depression, stroke, ischemia, and other behavioral and disease states.

In this study, we modify carbon-fiber microelectrodes with gold nanoparticles to enhance the sensitivity of neurotransmitter detection.

For over 30 years, carbon-fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) have been the standard for neurotransmitter detection. Generally, carbon fibers are aspirated into ...

Electrochemical Roughening of Thin-Film Platinum Macro and Microelectrodes

This protocol demonstrates a method for electrochemical roughening of thin-film platinum electrodes without preferential dissolution at grain boundaries of the metal. Using this method, a crack free, thin-film macroelectrode surface with up to 40 times increase in active surface area was obtained. The roughening is easy to do in a standard electrochemical characterization laboratory and incudes the application of voltage pulses followed by extended application of a reductive voltage in a perchloric acid solution. The protocol includes the chemical and electrochemical preparation of both a macroscale (1.2 mm diameter) and microscale (20 &#181;m diameter) platinum disc electrode surface, roughening the electrode surface and characterizing the effects of surface roughening on electrode active surface area. This electrochemical characterization includes cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy and is demonstrated for both the macroelectrodes and the microelectrodes. Roughening increases electrode active surface area, decreases electrode impedance, increases platinum charge injection limits to those of titanium nitride electrodes of same geometry and improves substrates for adhesion of electrochemically deposited films.

This protocol demonstrates a method for electrochemical roughening of thin-film platinum electrodes without preferential dissolution at grain boundaries. The electrochemical techniques of cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy are demonstrated to characterize these electrode surfaces.

This protocol demonstrates a method for electrochemical roughening of thin-film platinum electrodes without preferential dissolution at grain boundaries ...

Growth of Gold Dendritic Nanoforests on Titanium Nitride-coated Silicon Substrates

In this study, a high-power impulse magnetron sputtering system is used to coat a flat and firm titanium nitride (TiN) film on silicon (Si) wafers, and a fluoride-assisted galvanic replacement reaction (FAGRR) is employed for the rapid and easy deposition of gold dendritic nanoforests (Au DNFs) on the TiN/Si substrates. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy patterns of TiN/Si and Au DNFs/TiN/Si samples validate that the synthesis process is accurately controlled. Under the reaction conditions in this study, the thickness of the Au DNFs increases linearly to 5.10 &#177; 0.20 &#181;m within 15 min of the reaction. Therefore, the employed synthesis procedure is a simple and rapid approach for preparing Au DNFs/TiN/Si composites.

This study presents a feasible procedure for synthesizing gold dendritic nanoforests on titanium nitride/silicon substrates. The thickness of gold dendritic nanoforests increases linearly within 15 min of a synthesis reaction.

In this study, a high-power impulse magnetron sputtering system is used to coat a flat and firm titanium nitride (TiN) film on silicon (Si) wafers, and a ...

Asymmetric Thermoelectrochemical Cell for Harvesting Low-grade Heat under Isothermal Operation

Low-grade heat is abundantly available in the environment as waste heat. The efficient conversion of low-grade heat into electricity is very difficult. We developed an asymmetric thermoelectrochemical cell (aTEC) for heat-to-electricity conversion under isothermal operation in the charging and discharging processes without exploiting the thermal gradient or the thermal cycle. The aTEC is composed of a graphene oxide (GO) cathode, a polyaniline (PANI) anode, and 1M KCl as the electrolyte. The cell generates a voltage due to the pseudocapacitive reaction of GO when heating from room temperature (RT) to a high temperature (TH, ~40-90 &#176;C), and then current is successively produced by oxidizing PANI when an external electrical load is connected. The aTEC demonstrates a remarkable temperature coefficient of 4.1 mV/K and a high heat-to-electricity conversion efficiency of 3.32%, working at a TH = 70 &#176;C with a Carnot efficiency of 25.3%, unveiling a new promising thermoelectrochemical technology for low-grade heat recovery.

Low-grade heat is abundant, but its efficient recovery is still a great challenge. We report an asymmetric thermoelectrochemical cell using graphene oxide as a cathode and polyaniline as an anode with KCl as the electrolyte. This cell works under isothermal heating, exhibiting a high heat-to-electricity conversion efficiency in low-temperature regions.

Low-grade heat is abundantly available in the environment as waste heat. The efficient conversion of low-grade heat into electricity is very difficult. We ...

Quantitative SERS Detection of Uric Acid via Formation of Precise Plasmonic Nanojunctions within Aggregates of Gold Nanoparticles and Cucurbit[n]uril

This work describes a rapid and highly sensitive method for the quantitative detection of an important biomarker, uric acid (UA), via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with a low detection limit of ~0.2 &#956;M for multiple characteristic peaks in the fingerprint region, using a modular spectrometer. This biosensing scheme is mediated by the host-guest complexation between a macrocycle, cucurbit[7]uril (CB7), and UA, and the subsequent formation of precise plasmonic nanojunctions within the self-assembled Au NP: CB7 nanoaggregates. A facile Au NP synthesis of desirable sizes for SERS substrates has also been performed based on the classical citrate-reduction approach with an option to be facilitated using a lab-built automated synthesizer. This protocol can be readily extended to multiplexed detection of biomarkers in body fluids for clinical applications.

Quantitative SERS Detection of Uric Acid via Formation of Precise Plasmonic Nanojunctions within Aggregates of Gold Nanoparticles and Cucurbit[n]uril

A host-guest complex of cucurbit[7]uril and uric acid was formed in an aqueous solution before adding a small amount into Au NP solution for quantitative surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) sensing using a modular spectrometer.

This work describes a rapid and highly sensitive method for the quantitative detection of an important biomarker, uric acid (UA), via surface-enhanced ...