Name: left lung orthotopic transplantation in a juvenile porcine model for eslp
Uploaded: 2022-02-14T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Left Lung Orthotopic Transplantation in a Juvenile Porcine Model for ESLP at JoVE.com

This research is funded on behalf of the University Hospital Foundation.

All the procedures were performed in compliance with the guidelines of the Canadian Council on Animal Care and the guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. The protocols were approved by the institutional animal care committee of the University of Alberta. This protocol has been applied in female juvenile Yorkshire pigs between 35-50 kg. Pigs are pathogen-free, food-grade specimens. They are purchased from the Swine Research and Technology Centre in Edmonton, AB, Canada (https://srtc.ualberta.ca). All individual...

<ol>
	<li>Chambers, D. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+international+thoracic+organ+transplant+registry+of+the+international+society+for+heart+and+lung+transplantation:+Thirty-fifth+adult+lung+and+heart-lung+transplant+report-2018;+focus+theme:+Multiorgan+transplantation.">The international thoracic organ transplant registry of the international society for heart and lung transplantation: Thirty-fifth adult lung and heart-lung transplant report-2018; focus theme: Multiorgan transplantation.</a> The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation: The Official Publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation. 37 (10), 1169-1183 (2018).</li><li>Valapour, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=OPTN/SRTR+2017+annual+data+report:+Lung.">OPTN/SRTR 2017 annual data report: Lung.</a> American Journal of Transplantation: Official Journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. 19, 404-484 (2019).</li><li>Klein, A. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organ+donation+and+utilization+in+the+united+states,+1999-2008.">Organ donation and utilization in the united states, 1999-2008.</a> American Journal of Transplantation: Official Journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. 10 (4), 973-986 (2010).</li><li>Kotecha, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continued+successful+evolution+of+extended+criteria+donor+lungs+for+transplantation.">Continued successful evolution of extended criteria donor lungs for transplantation.</a> The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 104 (5), 1702-1709 (2017).</li><li>Singh, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequence+of+refusals+for+donor+quality,+organ+utilization,+and+survival+after+lung+transplantation.">Sequence of refusals for donor quality, organ utilization, and survival after lung transplantation.</a> The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. 38 (1), 35-42 (2019).</li><li>Cypel, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Normothermic+ex+vivo+lung+perfusion+in+clinical+lung+transplantation.">Normothermic ex vivo lung perfusion in clinical lung transplantation.</a> The New England Journal of Medicine. 364 (15), 1431-1440 (2011).</li><li>Wallinder, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+results+in+transplantation+of+initially+rejected+donor+lungs+after+ex+vivo+lung+perfusion:+A+case-control+study.">Early results in transplantation of initially rejected donor lungs after ex vivo lung perfusion: A case-control study.</a> European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery: Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 45 (1), 40-44 (2014).</li><li>Sage, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lung+transplantation+from+initially+rejected+donors+after+ex+vivo+lung+reconditioning:+The+french+experience.">Lung transplantation from initially rejected donors after ex vivo lung reconditioning: The french experience.</a> European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery: Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 46 (5), 794-799 (2014).</li><li>Valenza, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracorporeal+lung+perfusion+and+ventilation+to+improve+donor+lung+function+and+increase+the+number+of+organs+available+for+transplantation.">Extracorporeal lung perfusion and ventilation to improve donor lung function and increase the number of organs available for transplantation.</a> Transplantation Proceedings. 44 (7), 1826-1829 (2012).</li><li>Fildes, J. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+outcome+of+patients+transplanted+with+marginal+donor+lungs+via+ex+vivo+lung+perfusion+compared+to+standard+lung+transplantation.">Clinical outcome of patients transplanted with marginal donor lungs via ex vivo lung perfusion compared to standard lung transplantation.</a> Transplantation. 99 (5), 1078-1083 (2015).</li><li>Cypel, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experience+with+the+first+50+ex+vivo+lung+perfusions+in+clinical+transplantation.">Experience with the first 50 ex vivo lung perfusions in clinical transplantation.</a> The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 144 (5), 1200-1206 (2012).</li><li>Clark, S. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+porcine+model+of+reperfusion+injury+after+lung+transplantation.">A new porcine model of reperfusion injury after lung transplantation.</a> Laboratory Animals. 33, 135-142 (1999).</li><li>Karimi, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Technical+pearls+for+swine+lung+transplantation.">Technical pearls for swine lung transplantation.</a> Journal of Surgical Research. 171, 107-111 (2011).</li><li>Kruger, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Porcine+pulmonary+auto-transplantation+for+ex+vivo+therapy+as+a+model+for+new+treatment+strategies.">Porcine pulmonary auto-transplantation for ex vivo therapy as a model for new treatment strategies.</a> Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery. 23, 358-366 (2016).</li><li>Mariscal, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pig+lung+transplant+survival+model.">Pig lung transplant survival model.</a> Nature Protocols. 13, 1814-1828 (2018).</li><li>Aboelnazar, N. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Negative+pressure+ventilation+decreases+inflammation+and+lung+edema+during+normothermic+ex+vivo+lung+perfusion.">Negative pressure ventilation decreases inflammation and lung edema during normothermic ex vivo lung perfusion.</a> The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation: The Official Publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation. 37 (4), 520-530 (2018).</li></ol>

Several critical surgical steps are involved in this protocol, and troubleshooting is needed to ensure successful transplantation and lung assessment. Juvenile porcine lungs are incredibly delicate compared to adult human lungs, so the operating surgeon must be cautious when handling porcine lungs. This is especially true after a 12 h run of ESLP as the organ will have taken on fluid volume and be susceptible to injury from excessive manipulation. Any undue pressure will cause atelectasis or trauma to the experimental lu...

Lung transplantation is the preeminent long-term treatment for end-stage lung disease. Over 4,600 lung transplantations are performed worldwide annually1. However, lung transplantation currently has significant limitations. For one, the necessity for organs continues to eclipse available donors. Despite rates of lung transplantation increasing every year since 2012 due to the combined effects of more candidates being listed for transplant, an increase in the number of donors, and improved use of recovered organs, the transplant waitlist mortality has not decreased significantly2. Organ quality concerns represent another major limitation, with reported organ utilization rates as low as 20%-30%3,4,5. Finally, the trends in the post-operative outcomes of lung transplantation are less than satisfactory, with long-term graft and patient outcomes still lagging that of other solid organ transplantations2.
An emerging technology, ex situ lung perfusion (ESLP), has the potential to mitigate these limitations. ESLP has been increasingly applied as a method to assess and recondition marginal donor lungs and has demonstrated acceptable short- and long-term outcomes following transplantation of extended criteria donor (ECD) lungs6,7,8,9,10. Consequently, ESLP has increased utilization rates in some centers by 15%-20%6,7,8,9,10,11.
Proper ESLP research requires the in vivo validation of in vitro findings; however, there is limited literature on porcine lung transplantation models for ESLP12,13,14,15. Furthermore, available literature provides inadequate details regarding anesthetic management of Yorkshire pigs for lung transplantation, which can be highly unstable hemodynamically12,13,14,15. Establishing an easily reproducible model would permit the in vivo validation of current ESLP strategies and the preclinical evaluation of various interventions to reduce lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. The objective of the present study is to describe a porcine model of orthotopic left lung allotransplantation for use with ESLP. The protocol includes descriptions of the anesthetic and surgical techniques, a custom surgical checklist, and details regarding the troubleshooting experience and protocol modifications. The limitations and benefits of the left lung porcine transplantation model have also been discussed in this work. This manuscript does not outline the retrieval process of porcine lungs in 35-50 kg Yorkshire pigs, nor does it cover the establishment and termination of ESLP. This protocol exclusively addresses the recipient transplantation operation.

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left lung orthotopic transplantation in a juvenile porcine model for eslp

Lung transplantation is the gold-standard treatment for end-stage lung disease, with over 4,600 lung transplantations performed worldwide annually. However, lung transplantation is limited by a shortage of available donor organs. As such, there is high waitlist mortality. Ex situ lung perfusion (ESLP) has increased donor lung utilization rates in some centers by 15%-20%. ESLP has been applied as a method to assess and recondition marginal donor lungs and has demonstrated acceptable short- and long-term outcomes following transplantation of extended criteria donor (ECD) lungs. Large animal (in vivo) transplantation models are required to validate ongoing in vitro research findings. Anatomic and physiologic differences between humans and pigs pose significant technical and anesthetic challenges. An easily reproducible transplant model would permit the&#160;in vivo&#160;validation of current ESLP strategies and the preclinical evaluation of various interventions designed to improve donor lung function. This protocol describes a porcine model of orthotopic left lung allotransplantation. This includes anesthetic and surgical techniques, a customized surgical checklist, troubleshooting, modifications, and the benefits and limitations of the approach.

All of the results are in the context of 4 h of reperfusion following 12 h of NPV-ESLP16. During lung explant, there are several clinical outcomes to anticipate (Figure 3). Typically, the pig will remain hemodynamically stable following a successful left lung explantation but may require a low dose infusion of phenylephrine (dose range: 2-10 mg/h) due to a vasodilatory response to surgery. Heart rate should target approximately 100-120 bpm, respiratory rate (RR) 8-30 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Left Lung Orthotopic Transplantation in a Juvenile Porcine Model for ESLP at JoVE.com

Left Lung Orthotopic Transplantation in a Juvenile Porcine Model for ESLP

This protocol describes a juvenile porcine model of orthotopic left lung allotransplantation designed for use with ESLP research. Focus is made on anesthetic and surgical techniques, as well as critical steps and troubleshooting.

Lung transplantation is the gold-standard treatment for end-stage lung disease, with over 4,600 lung transplantations performed worldwide annually. ...

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