Name: induction of myocardial infarction and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice
Uploaded: 2022-01-19T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Induction of Myocardial Infarction and Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Mice at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82070317, 81700390 to Jibin Lin, 8210021880 to Bingjie Lv and 82000428 to Boyuan Wang) and the National Key R&#38;D Program of China ( 2017YFA0208000 to Shaolin He).

Animal studies have been approved by the Animal Care and Utilization Committee of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Wuhan, China).
NOTE: Male C57BL/6J mice (8-10 weeks) are used as models. Mice have free access to food and water and are bred in specific pathogen-free conditions. The room is maintained under controlled temperature (22 &#176;C &#177; 2 &#176;C) and humidity (45%-65%). Mice are exposed to a 12-h light/dark environment at the Animal Care Facility of Tongji Medical Sch...

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In recent years, the creation of models for MI and MIRI in clinical and scientific research has developed rapidly20,21. However, there are still some questions, such as the mechanisms of actions and how to ameliorate MI/MIRI, that must be resolved. Here, a modified protocol for establishing a murine model of MI and MIRI is described. Several key points must be considered carefully.
The first key point is endotracheal intubation. Some p...

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a common cardiovascular disease worldwide and carries high mortality1. Advances in technologies make early and efficacious revascularization available for AMI patients. After these treatments in some patients, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) can occur2. Thus, it is of great significance to understand the mechanisms of actions and how to ameliorate MI/MIRI. Mice are widely used as models because of their low cost, rapid breeding time, and ease for making genetic alterations3. Scholars have developed different methods to model MIRI and MI in animal4,5,6,7,8,9. This strategy promotes research, but the different criteria and methods employed complicate the interpretation of results among research teams.
In mice, MI has been induced by isoproterenol10, cryoinjury11,12, or cauterization13. MI can be induced readily by isoproterenol, but the pathophysiological process is different from that in clinical MI. Cryoinjury-induced MI has poor consistency, elicits excessive myocardial damage around the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), and can easily induce arrhythmia. Cauterization-induced MI is quite different from the natural process of myocardial infarction, and the inflammatory reaction in the burning area is more intense; in addition, the surgical approach has technical difficulties. Moreover, there are some labs14 developing MI model in minipigs using balloon blocking or embolization or thrombosis method through interventional technique. All these methods can cause coronary artery occlusion directly, but needing coronary angiography devices and, above all, the too-thin mouse coronary arteries makes these operations not practical. For MIRI, the differences among different models were quite modest, such as using respirators /micromanipulation or not5,6.
Here, a simple and reliable method that can induce MI and the MIRI model, adapted from previously published methods4,5,6,7,8,9,15, is described. This method can simulate pathophysiological processes by direct blockade of the LAD through ligation. Moreover, by relieving the ligation, this model can also simulate reperfusion injury. In this protocol, a dissecting microscope is used for LAD visualization. Then, the researcher can identify the LAD readily. Subsequently, accurate ligation of the LAD leads to reproducible and predictable blood occlusion and ventricular ischemia. Moreover, electrocardiography (ECG) changes can be used to confirm ischemia and reperfusion in addition to the color changes of the LAD observed under a microscope. This strategy leads to a shorter procedure duration, lower surgical complications risk, and fewer experimental mice needed. The methods for the troponin-T test, cardiac ultrasound, and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining are also described. Overall, this protocol is useful for studies of MI/MIR mechanism, as well as for drug discovery.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.9 % sodium chloride solution</td>
			<td>Kelun Industry Group,China</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% paraformaldehyde fixing solution</td>
			<td>Servicebio,China</td>
			<td>G1101</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-0 silk suture</td>
			<td>Shanghai Pudong Jinhuan Medical Products,China</td>
			<td>C412</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8-0 suture</td>
			<td>Shanghai Pudong Jinhuan Medical Products,China</td>
			<td>H801</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine</td>
			<td>IsoReag,China</td>
			<td>IR-11190</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Camera</td>
			<td>Canon,Japan</td>
			<td>EOS 80D</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Depilatory cream</td>
			<td>Veet,French</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Elecsys Troponin T hs STAT</td>
			<td>Roche,Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrochemical luminescence immunoanalyzer</td>
			<td>Roche,Germany</td>
			<td>Elecsys 2010</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Evans blue</td>
			<td>Sigma,America</td>
			<td>E2129</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eye scissors</td>
			<td>Shanghai Medical Instruments,China</td>
			<td>JC2303</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Haemostatic forceps</td>
			<td>Shanghai Medical Instruments,China</td>
			<td>J31020</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High frequency in vivo imaging systems</td>
			<td>Visualsonics,Canada</td>
			<td>Vevo2100</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ibuprofen</td>
			<td>PerFeMiKer,China</td>
			<td>CLS-12921</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Intravenous catheter</td>
			<td>Introcan,Germany</td>
			<td>4254090B</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich,America</td>
			<td>&#160;K2753</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medical alcohol</td>
			<td>Huichang ,China</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microneedle holders</td>
			<td>Shanghai Medical Instruments,China</td>
			<td>WA2040</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscopic shears</td>
			<td>Shanghai Medical Instruments,China</td>
			<td>WA1040</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsurgical forceps</td>
			<td>Shanghai Medical Instruments,China</td>
			<td>WA3020</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse electrocardiograph</td>
			<td>Techman,China</td>
			<td>BL-420F</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle holders</td>
			<td>Shanghai Medical Instruments,China</td>
			<td>JC3202</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>operating floor</td>
			<td>Chico,China</td>
			<td>ZK-HJPT</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE-10 tube</td>
			<td>Huamei,China</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pentobarbital</td>
			<td>Merck,America</td>
			<td>1030001</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rodent Ventilator</td>
			<td>Shanghai Alcott Biotech,China</td>
			<td>ALC-V8S-P</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereo microscope</td>
			<td>Aomei Industry,China</td>
			<td>SZM0745-STL3-T3</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical thermostatic heating pad</td>
			<td>Globalebio, China</td>
			<td>GE0-20W</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triphenyltetrazolium chloride</td>
			<td>Servicebio,China</td>
			<td>G1017</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
			<td>Huamaike Biochemicals and Life Science Research Prouducts,China</td>
			<td>323004</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

induction of myocardial infarction and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice

Acute myocardial infarction is a common cardiovascular disease with high mortality. Myocardial reperfusion injury can counteract the beneficial effects of heart reflow and induce secondary myocardial injury. A simple and reproducible model of myocardial infarction and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury is a good tool for researchers. Here, a customizable method to create a myocardial infarction (MI) model and MIRI by precision ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) through micromanipulation is described. Accurate and reproducible ligature positioning of the LAD helps obtain consistent results for heart injury. ST-segment changes can help to identify model accuracy. The serum level of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) is used to assess the myocardial injury, cardiac ultrasound is employed to evaluate the myocardial systolic function, and Evans-Blue/triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining is used to measure infarct size. In general, this protocol reduces procedure duration, ensures controllable infarct size, and improves mouse survival.

The experimental workflow is shown in Figure 1A. The researcher can schedule the time nodes according to the experimental design upon study initiation. The duration of LAD ligation is according to the research purpose. For MI, the research can ignore the reperfusion step. Cardiac ultrasound is available at different stages of the study because it is non-invasive, while Evans-Blue/TTC staining can be performed only when the mouse is sacrificed. For research that focuses on fibrosis and ventri...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Induction of Myocardial Infarction and Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Mice at JoVE.com

Induction of Myocardial Infarction and Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Mice

Here we describe a simple and reproducible method that can induce myocardial infarction or myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice by precision ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery through micromanipulation.

Acute myocardial infarction is a common cardiovascular disease with high mortality. Myocardial reperfusion injury can counteract the beneficial effects of ...

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