Name: tracking bispecific antibody-induced t cell trafficking using luciferase-transduced human t cells
Uploaded: 2023-05-12T12:05:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Tracking Bispecific Antibody-Induced T Cell Trafficking Using Luciferase-Transduced Human T Cells at JoVE.com

The authors would like to thank Dr. Vladimir Ponomarev for sharing the luciferase constructs used in the experiments described in the representative results section of this article.

The following procedures have been evaluated and approved by Memorial Sloan Kettering&#39;s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
1. Transfection of 293T cells with luciferase and harvest of viral supernatant
<ol>
	<li>Culture of 293T cells
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare media by adding the following to a liter of DMEM each: 110 mL of heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), 11 mL of penicillin-streptomycin.</li>
		<li>Thaw 5 x 106 293T cells and transfer them into ...

<ol>
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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+regular+cytolytic+T+cell+synapses+by+bispecific+single-chain+antibody+constructs+on+MHC+class+I-negative+tumor+cells.">Induction of regular cytolytic T cell synapses by bispecific single-chain antibody constructs on MHC class I-negative tumor cells.</a> Molecular Immunology. 43 (6), 763-771 (2006).</li><li>Santich, B. H., Cheung, N. V., Klein, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Editorial:+Bispecific+antibodies+for+T-cell+based+immunotherapy.">Editorial: Bispecific antibodies for T-cell based immunotherapy.</a> Frontiers in Oncology. 10, 628005 (2020).</li><li>Santich, B. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interdomain+spacing+and+spatial+configuration+drive+the+potency+of+IgG-[L]-scFv+T+cell+bispecific+antibodies.">Interdomain spacing and spatial configuration drive the potency of IgG-[L]-scFv T cell bispecific antibodies.</a> Science Translational Medicine. 12 (534), eaax1315 (2020).</li><li>Wang, L., Hoseini, S. S., Xu, H., Ponomarev, V., Cheung, N. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Silencing+Fc+domains+in+T+cell-engaging+bispecific+antibodies+improves+T-cell+trafficking+and+antitumor+potency.">Silencing Fc domains in T cell-engaging bispecific antibodies improves T-cell trafficking and antitumor potency.</a> Cancer Immunology Research. 7 (12), 2013-2024 (2019).</li><li>Park, J. A., Cheung, N. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GD2+or+HER2+targeting+T+cell+engaging+bispecific+antibodies+to+treat+osteosarcoma.">GD2 or HER2 targeting T cell engaging bispecific antibodies to treat osteosarcoma.</a> Journal of Hematology &amp; Oncology. 13 (1), 172 (2020).</li><li>Wu, Z., Guo, H. F., Xu, H., Cheung, N. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+tetravalent+anti-GPA33/anti-CD3+bispecific+antibody+for+colorectal+cancers.">Development of a tetravalent anti-GPA33/anti-CD3 bispecific antibody for colorectal cancers.</a> Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. 17 (10), 2164-2175 (2018).</li><li>Lin, T. Y., Park, J. A., Long, A., Guo, H. F., Cheung, N. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+potent+anti-STEAP1+bispecific+antibody+to+redirect+T+cells+for+cancer+immunotherapy.">Novel potent anti-STEAP1 bispecific antibody to redirect T cells for cancer immunotherapy.</a> Journal for Immunotherapy of Cancer. 9 (9), e003114 (2021).</li><li>Hoseini, S. S., Espinosa-Cotton, M., Guo, H. F., Cheung, N. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overcoming+leukemia+heterogeneity+by+combining+T+cell+engaging+bispecific+antibodies.">Overcoming leukemia heterogeneity by combining T cell engaging bispecific antibodies.</a> Journal for Immunotherapy of Cancer. 8 (2), e001626 (2020).</li><li>Hoseini, S. S., Guo, H., Wu, Z., Hatano, M. N., Cheung, N. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+potent+tetravalent+T-cell-engaging+bispecific+antibody+against+CD33+in+acute+myeloid+leukemia.">A potent tetravalent T-cell-engaging bispecific antibody against CD33 in acute myeloid leukemia.</a> Blood Advances. 2 (11), 1250-1258 (2018).</li><li>Hoseini, S. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T+cell+engaging+bispecific+antibodies+targeting+CD33+IgV+and+IgC+domains+for+the+treatment+of+acute+myeloid+leukemia.">T cell engaging bispecific antibodies targeting CD33 IgV and IgC domains for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia.</a> Journal for Immunotherapy of Cancer. 9 (5), e002509 (2021).</li><li>Li, H., Er Saw, P., Song, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Challenges+and+strategies+for+next-generation+bispecific+antibody-based+antitumor+therapeutics.">Challenges and strategies for next-generation bispecific antibody-based antitumor therapeutics.</a> Cellular and Molecular Immunology. 17 (5), 451-461 (2020).</li><li>Rajabzadeh, A., Hamidieh, A. A., Rahbarizadeh, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spinoculation+and+retronectin+highly+enhance+the+gene+transduction+efficiency+of+Mucin-1-specific+chimeric+antigen+receptor+(CAR)+in+human+primary+T+cells.">Spinoculation and retronectin highly enhance the gene transduction efficiency of Mucin-1-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) in human primary T cells.</a> BMC Molecular and Cell Biology. 22 (1), 57 (2021).</li><li>Kleeman, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+guide+to+choosing+fluorescent+protein+combinations+for+flow+cytometric+analysis+based+on+spectral+overlap.">A guide to choosing fluorescent protein combinations for flow cytometric analysis based on spectral overlap.</a> Cytometry Part A. 93 (5), 556-562 (2018).</li><li>Park, J. A., Santich, B. H., Xu, H., Lum, L. G., Cheung, N. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potent+ex+vivo+armed+T+cells+using+recombinant+bispecific+antibodies+for+adoptive+immunotherapy+with+reduced+cytokine+release.">Potent ex vivo armed T cells using recombinant bispecific antibodies for adoptive immunotherapy with reduced cytokine release.</a> Journal for Immunotherapy of Cancer. 9 (5), e002222 (2021).</li><li>Park, J. A., Wang, L., Cheung, N. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulating+tumor+infiltrating+myeloid+cells+to+enhance+bispecific+antibody-driven+T+cell+infiltration+and+anti-tumor+response.">Modulating tumor infiltrating myeloid cells to enhance bispecific antibody-driven T cell infiltration and anti-tumor response.</a> Journal of Hematology &amp; Oncology. 14 (1), 142 (2021).</li><li>Str&#246;hlein, M. A., Heiss, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+trifunctional+antibody+catumaxomab+in+treatment+of+malignant+ascites+and+peritoneal+carcinomatosis.">The trifunctional antibody catumaxomab in treatment of malignant ascites and peritoneal carcinomatosis.</a> Future Oncology. 6 (9), 1387-1394 (2010).</li><li>Rabinovich, B. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualizing+fewer+than+10+mouse+T+cells+with+an+enhanced+firefly+luciferase+in+immunocompetent+mouse+models+of+cancer.">Visualizing fewer than 10 mouse T cells with an enhanced firefly luciferase in immunocompetent mouse models of cancer.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (38), 14342-14346 (2008).</li><li>Skovgard, M. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+CAR+T-cell+kinetics+in+solid+tumors:+Translational+implications.">Imaging CAR T-cell kinetics in solid tumors: Translational implications.</a> Molecular Therapy Oncolytics. 22, 355-367 (2021).</li></ol>

While the T-BsAb blinatumomab has been approved for CD19-positive hematological malignancies, the successful implementation of T-BsAbs in solid tumors has proven much more difficult. Catumaxomab, a T-BsAb directed against epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EPCAM), was approved for the treatment of malignant ascites in ovarian cancer patients, but production of the drug was subsequently halted for commercial reasons19. No other T-BsAbs have been approved for solid tumors, underlining the challenges...

T cell-engaging bispecific antibodies (T-BsAbs) are engineered antibodies used to provide artificial specificity to polyclonal T cells by engaging T cells through one binding arm and a tumor antigen through another binding arm. This technology has been successfully applied to hematological cancers (CD19-targeting blinatumomab1), and numerous T-BsAbs are in preclinical and clinical development for a variety of solid tumors as well2. T-BsAbs engage polyclonal T cells in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent manner, and therefore even tumors that downregulate human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) are susceptible to this type of therapy3,4. T-BsAbs have been developed in dozens of different formats, with differences in the valency and spatial arrangement of the T cell and tumor binding arms, interdomain distances, and the inclusion of an Fc domain, which affects the half-life and can induce effector functions if present5. Previous work in our lab has shown that these factors significantly affect the anti-tumor efficacy of T-BsAbs, with up to 1,000-fold differences in potency6. Through this work, we identified the IgG-[L]-scFv format as the ideal platform for T-BsAbs (see Representative Results section for more detail regarding T-BsAb formats), and have applied this platform to targets including GD2 (neuroblastoma), HER2 (breast cancer and osteosarcoma), GPA33 (colorectal cancer), STEAP1 (Ewing Sarcoma), CD19 (B cell malignancies), and CD33 (B cell malignancies)7,8,9,10,11,12,13.
One of the major challenges to successfully implementing T-BsAb therapy in solid tumors is overcoming an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) to drive T cell trafficking to tumors14. The factors affecting T-BsAb efficacy described above have a significant impact on the ability of T-BsAbs to effectively induce T cell homing to tumors, but this effect is difficult to evaluate in an in vivo system in real time. This manuscript provides a detailed description of the use of luciferase-transduced T cells in preclinical studies of T-BsAbs to evaluate T cell trafficking to various tissues in experimental immunocompromised mouse models during treatment. The overall goal of this method is to provide a means to evaluate T cell infiltration in tumors and other tissues, as well as real-time insight into T cell homing kinetics and persistence, without the need to sacrifice animals during treatment. For the increasing number of researchers focusing on cellular immunotherapies, the ability to track T cells in vivo in preclinical animal models is crucial. We aim to provide a thorough, detailed description of the method we have employed for tracking luciferase-transduced T cells to enable other researchers to easily replicate this technique.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>293T cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-11268</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7030-10G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD3/CD28 beads</td>
			<td>Gibco (ThermoFisher)</td>
			<td>11161D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Luciferin, Potassium Salt</td>
			<td>Goldbio</td>
			<td>LUCK-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Gibco (ThermoFisher)</td>
			<td>11965092</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA in vitro transfection reagent (polyjet)</td>
			<td>SignaGen Laboratories</td>
			<td>SL100688</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>E9884-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Gibco (ThermoFisher)</td>
			<td>10437028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gag/pol plasmid</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>14887</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GFP plasmid</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>11150-DNA.cg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicilin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco (ThermoFisher)</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant human IL-2</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>202-IL-010/CF</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retronectin</td>
			<td>Takara</td>
			<td>T100B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin</td>
			<td>Gibco (ThermoFisher)</td>
			<td>25-300-120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VSV-G plasmid</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>8454</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

tracking bispecific antibody-induced t cell trafficking using luciferase-transduced human t cells

T cell-engaging bispecific antibodies (T-BsAbs) are in various stages of preclinical development and clinical testing for solid tumors. Factors such as valency, spatial arrangement, interdomain distance, and Fc mutations affect the anti-tumor efficacy of these therapies, commonly by influencing the homing of T cells to tumors, which remains a major challenge. Here, we describe a method to transduce activated human T cells with luciferase, allowing in vivo tracking of T cells during T-BsAb therapy studies. The ability of T-BsAbs to redirect T cells to tumors can be quantitatively evaluated at multiple time points during treatment, allowing researchers to correlate the anti-tumor efficacy of T-BsAbs and other interventions with the persistence of T cells in tumors. This method alleviates the need to sacrifice animals during treatment to histologically assess T cell infiltration and can be repeated at multiple time points to determine the kinetics of T cell trafficking during and after treatment.

As described in step 4.3, mice can be oriented in different positions during imaging to evaluate the presence of T cells in different tissues. Supine positioning allows for the assessment of T cells in the lungs, which is common at early time points after injection. Lateral positioning with the subcutaneous xenograft facing up is used to best assess T cell trafficking to the tumor. Female C.Cg-Rag2tm1Fwa Il2rgtm1Sug/JicTac mice were used for all experiments described in this manuscript. <st...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Tracking Bispecific Antibody-Induced T Cell Trafficking Using Luciferase-Transduced Human T Cells at JoVE.com

Tracking Bispecific Antibody-Induced T Cell Trafficking Using Luciferase-Transduced Human T Cells

Here, we describe a method for transducing human T cells with luciferase to facilitate in vivo tracking of bispecific antibody-induced T cell trafficking to tumors in studies to evaluate the anti-tumor efficacy and mechanism of T cell-engaging bispecific antibodies.

T cell-engaging bispecific antibodies (T-BsAbs) are in various stages of preclinical development and clinical testing for solid tumors. Factors such as ...

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